Fatty Acids

9-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid (9-HSA) is an HDAC1 inhibitor that inhibits ∼66.4% HDAC1 enzymatic activity at 5 μM. 9-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid shows anticancer activity.

Bovinic acid is an orally active anti-inflammatory agent. Bovinic acid inhibits oxidative stress and ferroptosis by regulating the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway. Bovinic acid exerts hepatoprotective effects against alcohol-associated liver disease. Bovinic acid can be used for the research of alcohol-associated liver disease.

Docosatrienoic acid is a rare ω-3 fatty acid; inhibits LTB4 binding to pig neutrophil membranes with an K_i of 5 μM.

16-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid (Juniperic acid) is one of the main monomers of cutin in Vicia faba flower petals. 16-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid can be used as an internal standard for the measurement of hydroxy and hydroperoxy fatty acids in plasma.

Leucic acid (α-Hydroxyisocaproic acid) is an orally active end-product of the microbial metabolism of leucine. Leucic acid can bind to HCAR2, alters AMPK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation status, suppresses lipid synthesis, promotes catabolism, reduces adiposity, enhances lean mass and exercise capacity. Leucic acid suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, inflammation-related gene mRNA expression. Leucic acid decreases basal protein synthesis, attenuates myotube atrophy. Leucic acid can be used for the research of obesity.

Royal Jelly Acid ((E)-Queen Bee Acid) is a major fatty acid found in royal jelly with oral bioavailability, exhibiting anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimalarial, antiprotozoal, and neuroregulatory activities. Royal Jelly Acid can be used for research in various fields, including cancer, infections, immune inflammation, and neurological diseases.

6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid (6-HHA) is a bacterial effector molecule with metabolic and immunomodulatory activities. 6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid activates the JAK1-STAT1 signaling pathway, promotes phenotypic conversion of M2 macrophages to M1 macrophages, and exerts anti-tumor effects by regulating macrophage polarization. 6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid inhibits lipolysis in adipocytes mediated by Gαi family GPCR, and reduces high-fat diet-induced weight gain and obesity. 6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid can be used in studies related to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, obesity, and insulin resistance.

(S)-2-Hydroxybutanoic acid is the S-enantiomer of 2-Hydroxybutanoic acid. 2-Hydroxybutanoic acid, a coproduct of protein metabolism, is an insulin resistance (IR) biomarker.

(±)11(12)-EET is a NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor. (±)11(12)-EET can be used for the research of anti-inflammatory, angiogenic and cardioprotective.

N-Oleoyl glycine is a lipoamino acid, which stimulates adipogenesis associated with activation of CB1 receptor and Akt signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocyte.

Lactic acid (DL-Lactic acid) calcium is a hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1) activator and an epigenetic modulator inducing lysine residues lactylation. Lactic acid calcium is a glycolysis end-product, bridging the gap between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Lactic acid calcium is an oncometabolite and has immune protective role of lactate in anti-tumor immunity. Lactic acid calcium also has antimicrobial activity, which can be used as a food preservative.

Linoleyl carnitine is an acylcarnitine and metabolite. Linoleyl carnitine in the liver is negatively correlated with pantothenic acid and citric acid in serum. Linoleyl carnitine accumulates in mitochondrial CPT II deficiency.

cis-5-Dodecenoic acid is an inhibitor of COX-I and COX-II with anti-inflammatory activity. cis-5-Dodecenoic acid reduces prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting COX enzyme activity and is involved in the fatty acid -β oxidative metabolic pathway. The metabolic rate of cis-5-Dodecenoic acid is significantly lower than that of saturated fatty acids. cis-5-Dodecenoic acid can be used in the research of anti-inflammation, fatty acid metabolism mechanisms and related physiological and pathological processes.

Erucamide is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable TMEM19 ligand and T3SS inhibitor. Erucamide exerts retinal neuroprotective effects in mouse models of retinal degeneration. Erucamide attenuates depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in mice.\n\nErucamide binds to the conserved hydrophobic pocket in HrcC, disrupts its outer membrane localization, and blocks T3SS-mediated effector protein secretion in Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Erucamide enhances the antimicrobial immunity of plants against pathogenic bacteria. Erucamide can be used in research related to retinitis pigmentosa, anxiety and depression, bacterial wilt, and bacterial blight.

(±)9,10-DiHOME is the racemate of 9,10-DiHOME.

9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid is an oxidation product of oleic acid. 9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid can improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in KKAy mice.

Adipic acid (Hexanedioic acid) is an orally active compound with anti-HSV-1 activity. Adipic acid has low toxicity and can be used as a food additive and a gelling agent. Adipic acid can also be used in the synthesis of lubricants, artificial resins, plastics, etc.

NSC 16590 inhibits the production of endogenous ethylene in the cotyledonary segments of cocklebur.

(S)-Leucic acid ((S)-2-Hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid) is an α-hydroxy acid found in the fermentation products of Bacillus granulobacter pectinovorum. (S)-Leucic acid is an isomer of Leucic acid (HY-30216A) and a leucine metabolite. (S)-Leucic acid acts as a D-unit subunit precursor in the biosynthesis of cryptophycins in the Nostoc cyanobacterial symbiont. (S)-Leucic acid is used in metabolism-related studies.

(R)-2-Hydroxybutanoic acid is the isomer of 2-Hydroxybutyric acid (HY-113381), and can be used as an experimental control. 2-Hydroxybutyric acid (α-Hydroxybutyric acid ) is converted from 2-Aminobutyric acid, with 2-oxobutyric acid as an intermediate metabolite.