Visual System Disease

Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase, Bacillus cereus is a sphingomyelin hydrolase and Insecticide. Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase, Bacillus cereus catalyzes the decomposition of sphingomyelin into ceramide and phosphorylcholine. Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase, Bacillus cereus causes rapid paralysis and death in injected insects, including German cockroaches and black cutworms. Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase, Bacillus cereus reduces H₂O₂ production. Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase, Bacillus cereus can be used in studies related to sepsis and endophthalmitis.

Aminoguanidine (Pimagedine) is an inhibitor of diamine oxidase (DAO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Aminoguanidine can reduce the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Aminoguanidine has a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on Doxorubicin (HY-15142)-induced cell apoptosis. Aminoguanidine has antioxidant properties. Aminoguanidine can be used in the research of diabetic nephropathy.

(R)-Asundexian ((R)-BAY-2433334) is the enantiomer of Asundexian (HY-137431). (R)-Asundexian can be used in studies of cardiovascular disease, edema, and ophthalmic disease.

Medifoxamine is an orally active monoamine reuptake inhibitor and antidepressant. Medifoxamine preferentially inhibits presynaptic dopamine reuptake. Medifoxamine acts as an intraocular pressure-lowering agent to reduce intraocular pressure, and also functions as a miotic agent to decrease pupil diameter. Medifoxamine exhibits characteristic properties of antidepressant compounds, including preventing hypothermia induced by Reserpine (HY-N0480) or Apomorphine (HY-12723), potentiating the toxic effects of Yohimbine (HY-N0127) in mice, and reducing immobility behavior in mice and rats in the "behavioral despair" model. Medifoxamine has no anticholinergic activity. Medifoxamine can be used in research related to depression.

ANX-M1 Mouse IgG1 is a brain-penetrant C1q inhibitor. ANX-M1 Mouse IgG1 blocks classical complement pathway activation, reduces C1q concentrations in brain and plasma, and inhibits microglia-mediated synapse engulfment. ANX-M1 Mouse IgG1 can be used for the research of Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, retinopathy and neuropathic pain.

Epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine TFA (Standard) (H-Glu(H-Lys-OH)-OH TFA (Standard)) is the analytical standard of Epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine TFA (HY-113089A). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine TFA (H-Glu (H-Lys-OH)-OH) is an isodipeptide formed during the proteolytic degradation of proteins containing Nε-(γ-glutamyl)-lysine cross-links. Epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine TFA serves as a substrate for γ-glutamylamine cyclotransferase, which specifically cleaves it. Epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine TFA is applicable to studies related to transglutaminase-mediated protein cross-linking and turnover, γ-glutamylamine cyclotransferase activity, glaucoma, and tissue scar formation.

Anti-CD160 Antibody (MAT 302) (CL1-R2) is a human monoclonal antibody targeting CD160. Anti-CD160 Antibody (MAT 302) blocks the CD160-HVEM protein interaction, inhibits FGF2-mediated renal tubular vascular growth, and induces endothelial cell apoptosis. Anti-CD160 Antibody (MAT 302) targets CD160 on neovascularization to exert anti-angiogenic and vascular normalization effects, trigger the production of IFN-γ, TNF and IL-6 by NK cells, and enhance glucose metabolism of NK cells through the AKT/mTOR/s6k signaling pathway. Anti-CD160 Antibody (MAT 302) reduces vascular density, normalizes remaining tumor blood vessels, and inhibits tumor growth in melanoma-bearing mice. Anti-CD160 Antibody (MAT 302) can be used in research related to neovascularization, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and melanoma.

Vonaprument (ANX-007) is an intravitreally injected C1q antibody fragment (with a molecular weight of approximately 48 kDa) and a human monoclonal antibody. Vonaprument inhibits the activation of the classical complement cascade by specifically recognizing the globular head of C1q and blocking substrate binding. After intravitreal injection, Vonaprument distributes to the retina, choroid and optic nerve, and achieves complete C1q target binding in the aqueous humor and retinal tissues. Vonaprument can be used in research related to neurodegenerative eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma.

Norbixin is an orally active natural product with multiple activities such as retinal protection and oxidative stress regulation. Norbixin scavenges ROS, chelates metal ions, regulates plasmid and genomic DNA breakage, inhibits H₂O₂-induced mutagenesis, activates PPAR-α, modulates lipid levels, restores or regulates antioxidant enzyme activity, and alters NO levels. Norbixin prevents A2E accumulation and protects photoreceptor cells and retinal pigment epithelial cells. Norbixin is a derivative of Bixin (HY-N6884). Norbixin can be used in research related to diseases such as macular degeneration and diabetes, and also serves as a natural textile dye.

Zifibancimig (RO-7250284) is a monoclonal antibody against VEGF-A and Ang-2, with affinities of 4 pM and 2 pM, respectively. Zifibancimig has high stability, maintains target-binding capability under physiological stress and storage conditions, and is designed for sustained long-term ocular delivery via the Port Delivery implant device. Zifibancimig can be used in the research of retinal diseases.

ISTH0036 sodium is a phosphorothioate LNA-modified antisense oligonucleotide gapmer that selectively targets and downregulates TGF-β2 mRNA. ISTH0036 sodium suppresses TGF-β2 expression, reduces choroidal neovascularization and vascular leakage, inhibits fibrosis, blocks epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and inhibits angiogenesis while promoting bleb survival. ISTH0036 sodium exhibits long-lasting, dose-dependent ocular tissue distribution and target engagement in rabbit and non-human primate eyes. ISTH0036 sodium can be used for the study of various ocular disorders, such as glaucoma and neovascular retinal diseases.

ISTH0036 is a phosphorothioate LNA-modified antisense oligonucleotide gapmer that selectively targets and downregulates TGF-β2 mRNA. ISTH0036 suppresses TGF-β2 expression, reduces choroidal neovascularization and vascular leakage, inhibits fibrosis, blocks epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and inhibits angiogenesis while promoting bleb survival. ISTH0036 exhibits long-lasting, dose-dependent ocular tissue distribution and target engagement in rabbit and non-human primate eyes. ISTH0036 can be used for the study of various ocular disorders, such as glaucoma and neovascular retinal diseases.

11-cis-Retinal (11-cis Retinaldehyde; 11-cis Vitamin A aldehyde), oxidized form of 11-cis-Retinol (HY-W587807), is a naturally occurring visual component. 11-cis-Retinal binds to opsin in the mammalian visual system as an inverse agonist forming the inactive conformation of rhodopsin. 11-cis-Retinal plays a crucial role in vision, growth and development. 11-cis-Retinal can restore visual function in moths with visual impairments. 11-cis-Retinal can restore retinal function in an early-age LCA2 retinal degeneration 12 mouse model.

MRS2768 tetrasodium salt is a potent, selective, and metabolically stable P2Y₂ receptor agonist with an EC₅₀ of 1.89 μM for the human P2Y₂ receptor. MRS2768 tetrasodium salt activates Gq/PLC/PKC signaling, leading to downstream phosphorylation of Akt, eNOS, and ERK, with effects varying by cell type. MRS2768 tetrasodium salt inhibits ENaC via Gq/PKC/Src/Akt to promote natriuresis and lower blood pressure in the kidney. MRS2768 tetrasodium salt activates eNOS to increase NO secretion in endothelial cells. MRS2768 tetrasodium salt drives proliferation via PI3K/Akt in fibroblasts and cancer cells. MRS2768 tetrasodium salt exerts anti-apoptotic effects through PKC/Src/Akt in cardiomyocytes. MRS2768 tetrasodium salt can be applied to investigate P2Y₂-dependent pathological processes, including acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease and renal fibrosis, DOCA-salt induced hypertension, myocardial infarction, pulmonary arterial hypertension, pancreatic cancer, cardiac fibrosis, dry eye disease, as well as shear stress-mediated vascular remodeling and atherosclerosis.

EYE1118 is an orally active, photoactivatable VEGFR2 inhibitor without acute hepatotoxicity. EYE1118 mediates light-enhanced inhibition via azide-functionalized receptor binding, and can utilize light-guided targeting to regulate its biodistribution in vivo. EYE1118 effectively inhibits angiogenesis, endothelial cell migration, VEGF-induced retinal leakage, and the size of choroidal neovascular lesions. EYE1118 has been applied in studies related to age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and choroidal neovascularization.

Sepetaprost (ONO-9054) is a dual agonist of the prostaglandin E3 receptor and prostaglandin F receptor. Sepetaprost reduces intraocular pressure in animal models. Sepetaprost is applicable for research on ocular hypertension and open-angle glaucoma.

(4R,6R)-Dorzolamide ((4R,6R)-L671152; (4R,6R)-MK507) is a carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) inhibitor and the undesired chiral enantiomer of Dorzolamide. (4R,6R)-Dorzolamide inhibits CAII isoenzymes, thereby modulating the rate of aqueous humor formation. (4R,6R)-Dorzolamide serves as a stereoisomeric reference standard in chiral HPLC separation studies. (4R,6R)-Dorzolamide can be used for research on ocular hypertension and glaucoma.

PIPE-791 is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable selective antagonist of LPAR1. PIPE-791 inhibits LPA-induced calcium mobilization, collagen expression, histamine release, and the activation of fibroblasts, microglia and macrophages. PIPE-791 induces oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation, myelination and remyelination, and increases the number of microglia in the retina of normotensive rats. PIPE-791 protects mature oligodendrocytes from cytokine-induced death, reduces the levels of pulmonary fibrosis markers and alleviates neuroinflammation in preclinical models. PIPE-791 can be used in the research of glaucoma, neuroinflammatory diseases, chronic osteoarthritis pain, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and multiple sclerosis.

SU10944 is a selective, orally active VEGFR inhibitor, with an IC₅₀ of 6 nM against VEGFR-1, an IC₅₀ of 96 nM and a K_i of 21 nM against VEGFR-2. SU10944 only exhibits weak inhibitory activity against PDGFRβ (IC₅₀ = 1 μM), SCFR (IC₅₀ = 1.58 μM) and FGFR-1 (IC₅₀ = 1.6 μM). SU10944 selectively inhibits VEGFR receptor downstream signaling, neovascularization, vascular permeability, VEGF-mediated tissue factor production, and induces tumor growth delay. SU10944 can be used in research related to diabetic retinopathy, exudative age-related macular degeneration or cancer.

TH251 is a LIMK1 and LIMK2 inhibitor with IC₅₀s of 52 nM and 47 nM against LIMK1 and LIMK2, respectively. TH251 binds to inactive αC-out and DFG-out LIMK1 conformations, inhibits unphosphorylated LIMK1 and LIMK2 enzymatic activity, and exhibits unchanged potency despite PAK-mediated phosphorylation of either kinase. TH251 can be used for the research of cancers, glaucoma, and CNS diseases.