Cell Function Analysiss

Lucigenin is a chemiluminescence probe. Lucigenin can be used to detect the production of endogenous superoxide anion radical (O^2-). Lucigenin is extremely sensitive to chloride ions, while it combined with chloride ions, the fluorescence will be quenched. Lucigenin also can be used as a chloride indicator. Ex/Em=455/505 nm.

6-FAM (6-Carboxyfluorescein) is an isomer of carboxyfluorescein and is mainly used for sequencing and labeling of nucleic acids.

Lucifer Yellow CH dipotassium is a high-intensity fluorescent probe containing free hydrazyl groups. Lucifer Yellow CH can react with fatty aldehydes at room temperature. Lucifer Yellow CH serves as a biological tracer to monitor neuronal branching, regeneration, gap junction detection and characterization, and selective ablation of cells after aldehyde fixation. Lucifer yellow CH displays the maximum excitation/emission of 430 nm/540 nm, respectively.

7-Aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) a cell-impermeant fluorescent DNA stain, is a potent RNA polymerase inhibitor. 7-Aminoactinomycin D selectively binds to GC regions of the DNA. 7-Aminoactinomycin D also has antibacterial effects.

Pyranine (HPTS; Solvent Green 7) is a cell-impermeant pH-sensitive fluorescent indicator. Pyranine acts as a class of fluorescent chemosensor for the Cu⁺ ion. Pyranine is used as a coloring agent, biological stain, optical detecting reagent, and pH indicator (Ex/Em = 450/510 nm).

Carboxy-SNARF 1 (5/6-mixture) (SNARF 1) is a fluorescent probe that is sensitive to pH (Ex: 488 nm). Carboxy-SNARF 1 (5/6-mixture) can be used for measurement pH. Carboxy-SNARF 1 (5/6-mixture) exhibits a significant emission shift from yellow-orange (Em: 580 nm) to deep red fluorescence (Em: 640 nm) under acidic and basic conditions (pH=7-8), respectively.

Phenol red (Phenolsulfonephthalein) is a pH indicator dye, relying on a distinct color change from pink to yellow in case of a positive reaction .

Di-4-ANEPPDHQ is a polarity-sensitive membrane probe with a doubly positive charge that can be used to visualize membrane microdomains in living Arabidopsis cells. Di-4-ANEPPDHQ produces a fluorescence spectrum shift by changing the polarity of the lipid environment after embedding into the cell membrane, thereby quantifying the degree of lipid accumulation. The excitation wavelength of Di-4-ANEPPDHQ is 488 nm, and the emission wavelengths are 560 nm and 650 nm in the liquid ordered and disordered phases, respectively. Di-4-ANEPPDHQ is often used for fluorescence imaging studies of membrane microstructure, lipid order, and membrane tension response in living cells[1][2][3].

Peroxy Orange 1 (PO1) is a new H₂O₂ specific probe that can bind to green fluorescent highly reactive oxygen species (hROS) probe APF. Peroxy Orange 1 is also a living cell dye.

BCECF is a cell-impermeant pH-sensitive fluorescent dye. BCECF allows measurements in the physiological pH range 6.0-8.0. Excitation ratio: 490/440 nm; Emission intensity: 535 nm.

NIAD-4 is a blood-brain barrier permeable fluorophore for optical imaging of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the central nervous system (CNS) for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). NIAD-4 binds to the same Aβ site with the binding affinity (K_i) of 10 nM.

1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one (DFO) is a chemical that is used to find fingerprints on porous surfaces. 1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one reacts with amino acids present in the fingerprint to form highly fluorescent derivatives (Ex/Em = ~470/570).

DFHO is a fluorogenic ligand of Corn fluorogenic aptamer. The RNA aptamer, Corn binds DFHO with a K_d value of 70 nM and converts it to a fluorescent form, enabling RNA imaging in cells.

BCECF Acetoxymethyl ester is a cell membrane permeable compound widely-used as a fluorescent indicator for intracellular pH. BCECF Acetoxymethyl ester could diffuse through the cell membrane and intracellular esterase cleave the ester bond releasing BCECF (HY-101882). BCECF allows measurements in the physiological pH range 6.0-8.0. Excitation ratio: 490/440 nm; Emission intensity: 535 nm.

DAF-2DA (5,6-Diaminofluorescein diacetat) is most widely probe for NO measurement.

Pyronin Y (Pyronine G) is a cationic dye that intercalates RNA and has been used to target cell structures including RNA, DNA and organelles. Pyronin Y forms fluorescent complexes with double-stranded nucleic acids (especially RNA) enabling semi-quantitative analysis of cellular RNA. Pyronin Y can be used to identify specific RNA subspecies of ribonuclear proteins complexes in live cells.

Resorufin (NSC 12097) is a highly fluorescent pink dye. Resorufin shows favorable properties such as water solubility, red-shifted absorption/emission signals. Resorufin is used for the detection of ROS/RNS and a second analyte.

MHI-148 is a near-infrared heptamethine cyanine dye with tumor-targeting properties for cancer detection, diagnosis and research. MHI-148 is immediately taken up and accumulated by lysosomes and mitochondria of tumor cells, but not in lysosomes and mitochondria of normal cells.

2,3-Diaminonaphthalene is a fluorescent reagent used to detect selenium and nitric oxide (NO). 2,3-Diaminonaphthalene binds to selenium to form pyrazolene selenol, with excitation/emission maxima at 365 nm and 525 nm, respectively. 2,3-Diaminonaphthalene binds to NO2− to form the fluorescent product, 1-(H)-napthotriazole, with excitation/emission maxima at 360 nm and 440 nm, respectively.

Cresyl Violet acetate is a dye, which can be used to stain neurons.