Phorone
Based on 1 Customer Validation
Phorone (Diisopropylidene acetone) is a glutathione (GSH)-depleting agent with a Km of 0.9 mM. Phorone exacerbates the hepatotoxicity of substances such as Acetaminophen (HY-66005) by depleting GSH, while also inducing heme oxygenase (HO) activity and reducing the binding capacity of hepatic glucocorticoid receptor (GRc). Phorone specifically depletes intracellular free GSH primarily through glutathione S-transferase (GST)-mediated enzymatic conjugation, a process that is independent of oxidative stress pathways. Phorone can be used for research on liver injury and hepatotoxicity.
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- Pureza : 99.9%
- No. CAS: 504-20-1
- Fòrmula: C9H14O
- Peso molecular:138.21
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Almacenamiento:Pure form -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 6 months , -20°C, 1 month
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Actividad biológica
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Chemical Information
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Solvente y solubilidad
- Protocolo
- Pureza y Documentación
- Referencias
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Help & FAQs
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Actividad biológica
Descripciòn
IC50 & Target
[1]|
Caspase-3 |
In Vitro
Phorone (1 μM-0.1 mM) does not directly increase glutathione S-transferase activity in rat intestinal mucosa assays[4].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
In Vivo
Phorone (62.5-500 mg/kg; i.p.; once) rapidly depletes hepatic glutathione in healthy mice without causing GSSG accumulation[3].
Phorone (250 mg/kg; intraperitoneal injection; single administration) increases glutathione S-transferase activity in the intestinal mucosa in a tissue-specific manner (but not in the liver or kidney) in the Wistar rat model[4].
Phorone (25-250 mg/kg; intraperitoneal injection; single administration; 4 h) dose-dependently decreases hepatic GSH levels in the Sprague-Dawley rat model, but does not alter reproductive tract GSH levels at 25 mg/kg[5].
Phorone (25 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg; intraperitoneal injection; administered as a single dose for pre-exposure administration; followed by EMS exposure) significantly enhances EMS-induced fetal resorptions in the Ethyl methanesulfonate (HY-W015854)-induced dominant lethal mutation Sprague-Dawley rat model[5].
Phorone (100-650 mg/kg; intraperitoneal injection; single administration; 2 h) depletes hepatic GSH in a dose-dependent manner in the Swiss mouse model, and it does not by itself elevate serum transaminases[6].
Phorone (320 mg/kg; intraperitoneal injection; single administration) combined with bromobenzene or Acetaminophen causes severe hepatic GSH depletion and hepatotoxicity in mice[6].
Phorone (75-400 mg/kg; intraperitoneal injection; single administration; 3 h) decreases hepatic GSH concentration, reduces the maximum binding concentration of hepatic cytosolic glucocorticoid receptors, and decreases nuclear uptake of glucocorticoid receptors in intact and 7-10 day adrenalectomized Sprague-Dawley rat models[7].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Animal Model:BALB/c mice (male) [3]
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Dosage:62.5 mg/kg, 125 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg
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Administration:i.p., single dose, administered 1 hour before CD95 antibody injection
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Result:Dose-dependently prevented CD95-mediated hepatocyte death (assessed by measuring plasma enzyme activities such as ALT).
Completely protected mice from death induced by a lethal dose of anti-CD95 antibody, with survival exceeding 3 months.
Dose-dependently inhibited the activation of CD95-mediated hepatic caspase-3-like proteases.
Prevented CD95-mediated hepatic DNA fragmentation.
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Animal Model:Swiss mice (27-35 g; male)[6]
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Dosage:100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 320 mg/kg, 650 mg/kg
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Administration:i.p.; single administration; 2 h
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Result:Depleteed hepatic GSH in a dose-dependent manner in the Swiss mouse model, and it does not by itself elevate serum transaminases.
Chemical Information
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No. CAS 504-20-1
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Appearance <28°C Solid,>28°C Liquid
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Peso molecular 138.21
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Fòrmula C9H14O
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Color Colorless to light yellow
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SMILES
O=C(/C=C(C)/C)/C=C(C)\C
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Synonyms
Diisopropylidene acetone
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Structure Classification
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Initial Source
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Envío
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Almacenamiento
Pure form -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Solvente y solubilidad
In Vitro:
DMSO : 100 mg/mL (723.54 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
In Vivo:
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (18.09 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (18.09 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
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%DMSO +
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
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%+
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+%Tween-80 + +
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%Saline +
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO. Stock solution concentration: mg/mL.
1. Take μL DMSO stock solution;
2. Add μL .
μL , mix evenly;
3. Then add μL Tween 80, mix evenly;
4. Then add μL
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Pureza y Documentación
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Ficha de datos (278 KB)
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SDS (396 KB)
- English - EN (396 KB)
- Français - FR (396 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (396 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (396 KB)
- Español - ES (396 KB)
- Swedish - SV (396 KB)
- Italian - IT (396 KB)
- Korean - KR (396 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (396 KB)
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Instrucciones de manejo (2659 KB)
Referencias
[2]. Mostert V, et al. Serum iron increases with acute induction of hepatic heme oxygenase-1 in mice. Drug metabolism reviews. 2007;39(2-3):619-26. [Content Brief]
[6]. van Doorn R, et al. Synergistic effects of phorone on the hepatotoxicity of bromobenzene and paracetamol in mice. Toxicology. 1978 Nov;11(3):225-33. [Content Brief]
[7]. Sunahara GI, et al. Phorone (diisopropylidene acetone), a glutathione depletor, decreases rat glucocorticoid receptor binding in vivo. Carcinogenesis. 1992 Jul;13(7):1083-9. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMSO | 1 mM | 7.2354 mL | 36.1768 mL | 72.3537 mL | 180.8842 mL |
| 5 mM | 1.4471 mL | 7.2354 mL | 14.4707 mL | 36.1768 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.7235 mL | 3.6177 mL | 7.2354 mL | 18.0884 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.4824 mL | 2.4118 mL | 4.8236 mL | 12.0589 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.3618 mL | 1.8088 mL | 3.6177 mL | 9.0442 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.2894 mL | 1.4471 mL | 2.8941 mL | 7.2354 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.2412 mL | 1.2059 mL | 2.4118 mL | 6.0295 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.1809 mL | 0.9044 mL | 1.8088 mL | 4.5221 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.1447 mL | 0.7235 mL | 1.4471 mL | 3.6177 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.1206 mL | 0.6029 mL | 1.2059 mL | 3.0147 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0904 mL | 0.4522 mL | 0.9044 mL | 2.2611 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0724 mL | 0.3618 mL | 0.7235 mL | 1.8088 mL |
Phorone Related Classifications
HY-W017785 Related Classifications
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Keywords
- Phorone
- 504-20-1
- Diisopropylidene acetone
- Glutathione S-transferase
- Heme Oxygenase (HO)
- Caspase
- Glutathione transferases
- GSTs
- Heme Oxygenase
- CD95-mediated liver injury
- HO-1
- apoptosis
- caspase
- glucocorticoid receptor
- glutathione
- glutathione S-transferase
- heme oxygenase
- heme synthesis
- oxidative stress
- Inhibitor
- inhibitor
- inhibit