Umbelliferae/Apiaceae Extract

Thapsigargin, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducer, is an inhibitor of microsomal Ca²⁺-ATPase. Thapsigargin efficiently inhibits coronavirus (HCoV-229E, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2) replication in different cell types.

Apigenin (4',5,7-Trihydroxyflavone) is a competitive CYP2C9 inhibitor with a K_i of 2 μM.

Asiaticoside, a trisaccaride triterpene from Centella asiatica, suppresses TGF-β/Smad signaling through inducing Smad7 and inhibiting TGF-βRI and TGF-βRII in keloid fibroblasts; Asiaticoside shows antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-ulcer properties.

Bindarit (AF2838) is a selective inhibitor of the monocyte chemotactic proteins MCP-1/CCL2, MCP-3/CCL7, and MCP-2/CCL8, and no effect on other CC and CXC chemokines such as MIP-1α/CCL3, MIP-1β/CCL4, MIP-3/CCL23. Bindarit also has anti-inflammatory activity.

7,8-Dihydroxyflavone is a potent and selective TrkB agonist that mimics the physiological actions of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Displays therapeutic efficacy toward various neurological diseases.

Ligustrazine (Chuanxiongzine) is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable alkaloid. It can be isolated from Ligusticum striatum DC. Ligustrazine reduces ROS, upregulates the levels of p-Akt/Akt and p-eNOS/eNOS, and decreases ALT and AST. It inhibits glutamate excitotoxicity, calcium overload, oxidative stress, ischemia-reperfusion injury and atherosclerotic plaque progression, enhances synaptic plasticity, and improves neurological function, cerebral infarct volume and brain water content. Ligustrazine possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, lipid-lowering, endothelial protective and hepatoprotective activities. It can be used in studies related to ischemic stroke, cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and atherosclerosis.

Cynaroside (Luteolin 7-glucoside) is a flavonoid compound that exhibits anti-oxidative capabilities. Cynaroside is also a potent influenza RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 32 nM. Cynaroside also is a promising inhibitor for H₂O₂-induced apoptosis, has cytoprotection against oxidative stress-induced cardiovascular diseases. Cynaroside also has antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activities, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Asiatic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene found in Centella asiatica (Centella asiatica), has anticancer activity. Asiatic acid induces apoptosis in melanoma cells and has barrier protective effects on human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC). Asiatic acid also has anti-inflammatory activity and inhibits tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction. Asiatic acid also inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and NF-κB pathway, effectively inhibits inflammation in rats, and has neuroprotective effects in rat spinal cord injury (SCI) model.

Coumarin 6, a fluorescent dye, is used as a fluorescent probe in a microparticle drug delivery system to conduct in vivo tracking, cell uptake, and transport mechanism studies of drug delivery systems (λ_exc=450 nm, λ_em=505 nm).

Butylphthalide (3-n-Butylphthalide) is an active molecule against cerebral ischemia. It was originally isolated from celery species and has been shown to be effective in stroke animal models.

(Z)-Ligustilide is extracted from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort, has antimicrobial and antifungal activity, exhibits an average antifungal score of 5.6. (Z)-Ligustilide is orally active, it inhibits the expression of FATP5 and DGAT, inhibits fatty acid uptake and esterification in mice and has potential as therapeutics for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) . (Z)-Ligustilide is also able to reactivate ERα, has epigenetic regulation, and is used in the study of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer.

Madecassoside is a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from Centella asiatica and has anti-inflammatory properties. Antioxidant and anti-aging effects. Madecassoside is a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from Centella asiatica. Madecassoside is orally active and has inhibitory properties against inflammation, oxidation, apoptosis and autophagy. Madecassosid inhibits activities of p38 MAPK and NF-kB, exhibits an anti-apopototic property, activates Nrf2 expression to reduce the neurotoxicity. Madecassoside can be used in endocrine diseases, cardiovascular diseases, skin diseases and other diseases.

Saikosaponin D is a triterpene saponin isolated from Bupleurum, with anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-tumor, and anti-allergic activities; Saikosaponin D inhibits selectin, STAT3 and NF-kB and activates estrogen receptor-β.

Imperatorin is an effective of NO synthesis inhibitor (IC₅₀=9.2 μmol), which also is a BChE inhibitor (IC₅₀=31.4 μmol). Imperatorin is a weak agonist of TRPV1 with EC₅₀ of 12.6±3.2 μM.

Coumarin is a potent and orally active anti-inflammatory agent. Coumarin shows an antinociceptive effect. Coumarin shows antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activity.

Vanillic acid is a flavoring agent found in edible plants and fruits, also found in Angelica sinensis. Vanillic acid inhibits NF-κB activation. Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and chemopreventive effects.

Saikosaponin A is the main active ingredient in Bupleurum chinense, which can regulate lipid metabolism and promote cholesterol efflux in early atherosclerosis. In addition, Saikosaponin A may also serve as a potential peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) agonist, significantly promoting the expression of PPAR-γ. Saikosaponin A can be used in the study of hyperlipidemic pancreatitis.

Linalool is a natural monoterpene which is a competitive NMDA receptor antagonist. Linalool is orally active and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Linalool has anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anxiolytic, antidepressant, anti-stress, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and pulmonary protective activities.

β-phellandrene is an orally active monocyclic monoterpenes. β-Phellandrene is obtained from Carum petroselinum. β-phellandrene has strong ability to kill pest. β-phellandrene can be used as oil additives, natural pesticides and synthetic materials.

Madecassic acid is isolated from Centella asiatica (Umbelliferae). Madecassic acid has anti-inflammatory properties caused by iNOS, COX-2, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 inhibition via the downregulation of NF-κB activation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.