Metabolic Disease

IDE 2 is a cell-permeable inducer of definitive endoderm differentiation that induces the differentiation of mouse and human embryonic stem cells into definitive endoderm. IDE2 activates the TGF‑β/Nodal signaling pathway, induces Smad2 phosphorylation, and increases Sox17 and FoxA2 expression. Endoderm induced by IDE 2 integrates into the developing gut tube, expresses gut tube markers, and differentiates into pancreatic progenitor cells. IDE 2 can be used for research related to directed endoderm differentiation of embryonic stem cells.

Pyridoxal hydrochloride, the hydrochloride form of Pyridoxal (HY-107469), is a newly developed neuroprotective agent. Pyridoxal hydrochloride is one of the major forms of vitamin B6. Pyridoxal hydrochloride is solvolyzed in methanol to form pyridoxal monomethylacetal. Pyridoxal is phosphorylated by pyridoxal kinase to Pyridoxal phosphate (HY-B1744). Pyridoxal is oxidized by the liver to 4-Pyridoxic acid (HY-113493) which is excreted in the urine. Pyridoxal hydrochloride is proming for research of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS).

Triphenyl phosphate is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable aryl organophosphate flame retardant and endocrine disruptor. Triphenyl phosphate disrupts mitochondrial dynamic balance through oxidative stress, induces excessive mitophagy and apoptosis, and ultimately leads to myocardial fibrosis. In the brain, Triphenyl phosphate activates the NF-κB inflammatory pathway by disrupting the gut microbiota, alters tryptophan metabolism and elevates neurotoxins, thereby inducing anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. In the skeletal and reproductive systems, Triphenyl phosphate inhibits osteoblast differentiation and induces germ cell apoptosis by suppressing the MAPK/ERK pathway and activating the JNK signal, respectively. In adipose and placental tissues, Triphenyl phosphate promotes lipid accumulation by activating the PI3K/AKT-PPARγ axis, and disrupts placental metabolism via the MAOA/ROS/NF-κB cascade, impairing neurodevelopment of offspring.

Monobutyl phthalate is an orally active metabolite of Di-n-butyl phthalate (HY-Y0304) and an embryotoxic agent. Monobutyl phthalate regulates mesodermal lineage gene expression, inhibits uterine decidualization, reduces fetal testosterone levels without directly binding to the androgen receptor, and induces teratogenic effects during organogenesis. Monobutyl phthalate induces testicular oxidative stress and sperm abnormalities. Monobutyl phthalate can be used in studies of developmental toxicity and male reproductive toxicity.

Macelignan ((+)-Anwulignan; Anwuligan)?is an orally active lignan isolated from Myristica fragrans. Macelignan possesses many pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetes, and neuroprotective activities.

Alanine aminotransferase, Porcine heart is a pyridoxal enzyme that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutalate to pyruvate and L-glutamate.

Voglibose is an orally active alpha-glucosidase inhibitor that prevents the development of colorectal precancerous lesions induced by obesity and diabetes. Voglibose reduces oxidative stress in an inflammatory environment and inhibits the insulin-like growth factor/insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF/IGF-1R) functional axis.

5α-reductase, Rat (Sprague-Dawley) Liver is an enzyme involved in steroid metabolism and participates in the androgen metabolic pathway. 5α-reductase, Rat (Sprague-Dawley) Liver catalyzes the conversion of testosterone to 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). DHT plays important roles in the development of male sex organs, hair growth, prostate function, and other aspects.

3α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase, Microorganism (3α-HSD) is an enzyme encoded by the AKR1C4 gene, which can catalyze the conversion of 3-ketosteroids into 3α-hydroxy compounds. 3α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase plays an important role in the inactivation of androgen DHT, and can convert DHT into 3α-androstanediol with weak androgen activity, which can be used in the research of hirsutism.

Succinyladenosine, the metabolic product of dephosphorylation of intracellular adenylosuccinic acid (S-AMP) by cytosolic 5-nucleotidase, is a biochemical marker of adenylosuccinase (ASL) deficiency.

3-Ethoxy-3-oxopropanoic acid is an endogenous metabolite. 3-Ethoxy-3-oxopropanoic acid promotes plant growth.

(R)-2-Hydroxybutanoic acid is the isomer of 2-Hydroxybutyric acid (HY-113381), and can be used as an experimental control. 2-Hydroxybutyric acid (α-Hydroxybutyric acid ) is converted from 2-Aminobutyric acid, with 2-oxobutyric acid as an intermediate metabolite.

Alisol B 23-acetate is an orally active prototerpane-type triterpenoid. Alisol B 23-acetate can be isolated from Alisma orientalis. Alisol B 23-acetate induces Apoptosis, promotes ROS generation, downregulates CDK4/6, MMP-2/9, upregulates cleaved PARP, activates FXR and inhibits Syk. Alisol B 23-acetate has anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities. Alisol B 23-acetate protects the kidney from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Alisol B 23-acetate has anticancer activity against ovarian cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, and gastric cancer. Alisol B 23-acetate can be used in the study of atherosclerosis and allergic asthma.

α-Glucosidase, bacillus stearothermophilus is a carbohydrase enzyme that catalyzes the release of α-glucose molecules. α-Glucosidase, bacillus stearothermophilus retains exoglycosidases, which hydrolyze α-glucosidic linkage at the nonreducing end of a substrate.

Metformin hydrochloride (Standard) is the analytical standard of Metformin hydrochloride (HY-17471A). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide) hydrochloride inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to AMPK activation and enhancing insulin sensitivity, and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes. Metformin hydrochloride exerts central glucose-lowering effects by inhibiting Ras-related protein 1 (Rap1) in SF1 hypothalamic neurons. Metformin hydrochloride also inhibits liver oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis caused by liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, Metformin hydrochloride regulates the expression of autophagy-related proteins by activating AMPK and inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway, thereby inducing tumor cell autophagy and inhibiting the growth of renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo.

N-Methylprotoporphyrin IX is a Ferrochelatase inhibitor with a K_i^app value of 3 nM. N-methylprotoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester potently inhibits the synthesis of phycocyanin and chlorophyll a. N-Methylprotoporphyrin IX can be used for the research of haem deficiency-associated disorders.

ST045849 (OGT-IN-2) is a small-molecule OGT inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 30 μM against sOGT and 53 μM against ncOGT. ST045849 is applicable to research on metabolism-related diseases.

Astragaloside II is an orally active Cycloartane-type triterpene glycoside. Astragaloside II can be extracted from Astragalus membranaceus. Astragaloside II inhibits Autophagy, decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β), HIF-α, p-p65, p-IκB and increases SOD. Astragaloside II regulates immunity and reduces inflammatory responses. Astragaloside II can be used in the research of diseases such as liver cancer, osteoporosis, immunosuppressive diseases, and ulcerative colitis.

Dalazatide (ShK-186) is a specific Kv1.3 potassium channel peptide inhibitor. Dalazatide can be used in the study of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease.

TR antagonist 1 is a high-affinity thyroid hormone receptor (TR) antagonist with IC₅₀s of 36 and 22 nM for TRα and TRβ, respectively.