2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-18705
    Azoramide
    		Inhibitor 99.57%
    Azoramide is a potent, orally active small-molecule modulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Azoramide improves ER protein folding and elevates ER chaperone capacity, which together protects cells against ER stress. Azoramide alleviates PLA2G6 mutant-induced ER stress through modulating unfolded protein response, and enhances the CERB signaling to rescue mitochondrial function, thereby preventing apoptosis of DA neurons. Azoramide has antidiabetic activity.
    Azoramide
  • HY-N2037
    Higenamine
    		Inhibitor 99.31%
    Higenamine (Norcoclaurine), a β2-AR agonist with antioxidant capability, is a key component of the Chinese herb aconite root that prescribes for treating symptoms of heart failure in the oriental Asian countries. Higenamine is also a α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist with hypotensive effect. is a selective LSD1 inhibitor (IC50=1.47 μM) that can be isolated from aconite. Higenamine hydrochloride has anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity. Higenamine protects myocyte Apoptosis and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury through selective activation of beta2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR). Higenamine also reduces I/R-induced myocardial infarction in mice. Higenamine can attenuate IL-1β-induced Apoptosis through ROS-mediated PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Higenamine protects brain cells from oxygen deprivation. Higenamine can promote bone formation in osteoporosis through the SMAD2/3 pathway. Higenamine can be used to study cancer, inflammation, cardiorenal syndrome and other diseases.
    Higenamine
  • HY-100753
    STAT3-IN-1
    		Inducer
    STAT3-IN-1 (compound 7d) is an excellent, selective and orally active STAT3 inhibitor, with IC50 values of 1.82 μM and 2.14 μM in HT29 and MDA-MB 231 cells, respectively. STAT3-IN-1 (compound 7d) induces tumor cells apoptosis.
    STAT3-IN-1
  • HY-13246
    Apitolisib
    		Inducer 99.29%
    Apitolisib (GDC-0980; GNE 390; RG 7422) is a selective, potent, orally bioavailable Class I PI3 kinase and mTOR kinase (TORC1/2) inhibitor with IC50s of 5 nM/27 nM/7 nM/14 nM for PI3Kα/PI3Kβ/PI3Kδ/PI3Kγ, and with a?Ki?of 17 nM for mTOR.
    Apitolisib
  • HY-112037A
    IACS-010759 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.66%
    IACS-010759 hydrochlorideis an orally active, potent mitochondrial complex I of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) inhibitor. IACS-010759 hydrochlorideinhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in models of brain cancer and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) reliant on OXPHOS. IACS-010759 hydrochloride has the potential for relapsed/refractory AML and solid tumors research.
    IACS-010759 hydrochloride
  • HY-78131C
    Ibuprofen sodium
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Ibuprofen ((±)-Ibuprofen) sodium is an orally active, selective COX-1 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 13 μM. Ibuprofen sodium inhibits cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and induces cell apoptosis. Ibuprofen sodium is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent and a nitric oxide (NO) donor. Ibuprofen sodium can be used in the research of pain, swelling, inflammation, infection, immunology, cancers.
    Ibuprofen sodium
  • HY-13229
    BOC-D-FMK
    		Inhibitor
    Boc-D-FMK is a cell-permeable, irreversible and broad spectrum caspase inhibitor. Boc-D-FMK inhibits apoptosis stimulated by TNF-α with an IC50 of 39 μM.
    BOC-D-FMK
  • HY-N0279
    Cardamonin
    		Inducer 99.80%
    Cardamonin can be found from cardamom, and can target various signaling molecules, transcriptional factors, cytokines and enzymes. Cardamonin can inhibit mTOR, NF-κB, Akt, STAT3, Wnt/β-catenin and COX-2. Cardamonin shows anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antidiabetic activities.
    Cardamonin
  • HY-100958
    4-DAMP
    		Inducer 99.96%
    4-DAMP (4-DAMP methiodide) is a potent and selective antagonist of M3 receptors and also has a high affinity for the closely-related M5 receptors. 4-DAMP combined with 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) (HY-90006) could significantly reduce the cell viability and enhance apoptosis in MKN45 and BGC823 gastric cancer cells. 4-DAMP inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and tobacco-induced pulmonary inflammation and reduces mucin 5AC (MUC5AC), oligomeric mucus/gel-forming secretion.
    4-DAMP
  • HY-B0303A
    Diphenhydramine hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Diphenhydramine hydrochloride is a first-generation histamine H1-receptor antagonist with anti-cholinergic effect. Diphenhydramine hydrochloride can across the ovine blood-brain barrier (BBB).
    Diphenhydramine hydrochloride
  • HY-N0038
    Alantolactone
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Alantolactone is a selective STAT3 inhibitor, with potent anticancer activity. Alantolactone induces apoptosis in cancer.
    Alantolactone
  • HY-17503B
    Metoprolol tartrate
    		Inhibitor 99.98%
    Metoprolol tartrate is an orally active, selective β1-adrenoceptor antagonist. Metoprolol tartrate shows anti-inflammation, antitumor and anti-angiogenic properties.
    Metoprolol tartrate
  • HY-B2114
    Escin
    		Inducer
    Escin, a natural compound of triterpenoid saponins that can be isolated from horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) seeds, can be used as a vasoprotective anti-inflammatory, anti-edematous and anti-nociceptive agent.
    Escin
  • HY-W094474
    Lithium chloride hydrate
    		Inducer 99.56%
    Lithium chloride hydrate, an orally active mood stabilizer, is a potent virus inhibitor and effective immunomodulatory agent. Lithium chloride hydrate has antidepressant activity by inhibiting GSK3β and promoting neurogenesis. Lithium chloride hydrate alleviates cognition dysfunction and the symptoms of acute mania and depression. Lithium chloride hydrate can also be used for research of virus infection and Alzheimer's disease.
    Lithium chloride hydrate
  • HY-N0255
    alpha-Hederin
    		Inducer 98.10%
    alpha-Hederin (α-Hederin), a monodesmosidic triterpenoid saponin, exhibits promising antitumor potential against a variety of human cancer cell lines. alpha-Hederin could inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of gastric cancer accompanied by glutathione decrement and reactive oxygen species generation via activating mitochondrial dependent pathway.
    alpha-Hederin
  • HY-13945
    NVP 231
    		Inducer 99.73%
    NVP 231 is a potent, specific, and reversible ceramide kinase (CerK) inhibitor(IC50=12 nM) that competitively inhibits binding of ceramide to CerK. NVP 231 induces cell apoptosis by increasing DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 and caspase-9 cleavage.
    NVP 231
  • HY-170451
    Seldegamadlin
    		Inducer 98.53%
    Seldegamadlin (KT-253) is a selective p53 stabilizer and a MDM2 PROTAC degrader (DC50 = 0.4 nM). Seldegamadlin inhibits the proliferation of cancer cell RS4;11 with an IC50 of 0.3 nM, arrests the cell cycle at G2/M phase, and induces apoptosis. Seldegamadlin upregulates p53 activity and overcomes the p53-MDM2 feedback loop. Seldegamadlin can be used for the study of hematologic and solid tumors, such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). (Pink: ligand for target protein MDM2 ligand 4 (HY-170452); Black: linker (HY-W001478); Blue: ligand for E3 ligase cereblon (HY-163927)).
    Seldegamadlin
  • HY-B0124
    Zonisamide
    		Inhibitor 99.95%
    Zonisamide (AD 810) is an orally active carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with Kis of 35.2 and 20.6 nM for hCA II and hCA V, respectively. Zonisamide exerts neuroprotective effects through anti-apoptosis and upregulating MnSOD levels. Zonisamide also increases the expression of Hrd1, thereby improving cardiac function in AAC rats. Zonisamide can be used in studies of seizure, parkinson’s disease and cardiac hypertrophy.
    Zonisamide
  • HY-15658
    GSK2801
    		Inducer 99.69%
    GSK2801, a chemical probe, is a potent, selective, orally active and cell active acetyl-lysine competitive BAZ2A and BAZ2B bromodomains inhibitor with Kd values of 136 nM and 257 nM, respectively. GSK2801 shows >50-fold selectivity for BAZ2A/B over BRD4.
    GSK2801
  • HY-N6664
    Gum arabic
    		Inducer
    Gum Arabic is an orally active complex branched polysaccharide. Gum Arabic can be isolated from the Acacia senegal tree. Gum Arabic upregulates the expression of maturation markers (CD86, CD40, and CD54), promotes ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and inhibits Apoptosis. Gum Arabic exhibits antimalarial effects against Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Gum Arabic exhibits hepatoprotective, renal, and cardiovascular protective activities. Gum Arabic improves obesity. Gum Arabic is commonly used as a stabilizer and thickener. Gum Arabic can be used in the research of brain tumor imaging.
    Gum arabic
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity