ERK Activator

Tubulozole (R 46846) is an orally active inhibitor of tubulin polymerization with an ID₅₀ of 0.34 μM. Tubulozole induces activation of the Chk1 kinase and phosphorylation of ERK1/2, which is required for microtubule formation. Tubulozole arrests Mitosis at the metaphase stage. Tubulozole causes cells to accumulate in the radiosensitive mitotic phase of the cell cycle. Tubulozole exerts anticancer activity against colon cancer. Tubulozole produces a radiosensitizing effect in mouse tumor models and enhances the tumor growth delay effect when combined with γ-ray irradiation. Tubulozole is used in studies related to colon cancer, fascioliasis, MO4 fibrosarcoma, and Lewis lung carcinoma.

12 (S)-HEPE is an oxidation product of Eicosapentaenoic acid (HY-B0660). 12 (S)-HEPE activates p38α, GSKβ, CREB, and ERK1/2. 12 (S)-HEPE induces DNA synthesis. 12 (S)-HEPE leads to activation of the PI3K-mTORC2-Akt signaling pathway and translocation of Glut4 to the plasma membrane. 12 (S)-HEPE increases glucose uptake. 12 (S)-HEPE reduces body weight gain in HFD mice. 12 (S)-HEPE can be used in research on colorectal cancer, zymosan-induced peritonitis, diabetes, and obesity.

Gestodene-d₇ (SHB 331-d₇; WL 70-d₇) is the deuterated-labeled Gestodene (HY-B0110). Gestodene is an orally active synthetic progestogen compound of the 19-nortestosterone class. Gestodene binds with high affinity to the progesterone receptor, inhibits 5α-reductase, binds to androgen and aldosterone receptors, and inactivates CYP3A. Gestodene acts as a positive allosteric modulator of PAR1, enhances PAR1-mediated signaling pathways, and is capable of increasing the activation potency of PAR1-AP toward PAR1, thereby promoting ERK1/2 phosphorylation, receptor internalization, cell morphological changes, and human platelet aggregation. Gestodene and its A-ring reduced metabolites promote the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of neonatal rat osteoblasts. Gestodene itself has no binding capacity for estrogen receptors, and this osteogenic activity depends on intracellular metabolism to generate A-ring reduced products with estrogen-like agonistic activity. Gestodene is useful for research on diseases related to progesterone secretion and diseases related to thrombosis.

α,δ-NAG is an orally active glutaminase-resistant less-hydrolyzable L-Glutamine derivative. α,δ-NAG is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) allosteric modulator. α,δ-NAG suppresses neutrophilic airway inflammation by activating the GPCR/ERK/MKP-1 pathway. α,δ-NAG can be used for the researches of inflammation and immunology, such as asthma.

Phoenixin-14 (PNX-14) TFA is an endogenous neuropeptide with multiple biological activities, and serves as the endogenous ligand of GPR173. Phoenixin-14 TFA reduces ROS production by inhibiting the HMGB1/TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling axis, thereby exerting antioxidant and mitochondrial protective effects. Phoenixin-14 TFA inhibits FOXO3 phosphorylation by upregulating SIRT3 expression, suppresses apoptosis, and improves myocardial systolic/diastolic function. Phoenixin-14 TFA resists ferroptosis by activating the ATF4/SLC7A11/GPX4 axis; it activates ERK1/2 phosphorylation via GPR173. Phoenixin-14 TFA can be used in researches on neuroprotection, diabetes, cardiomyopathy, reproductive protection and so on.

INH2BP is a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor with antioxidant and anti-apoptotic activities. INH2BP reduces the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), modulates the expression of apoptosis-related proteins such as Bax, Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3 and enhances cell survival through the activation of the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. INH2BP is promising for research of cardiovascular diseases.

Salbutamol (Albuterol) adipate is an orally active short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist. Salbutamol adipate promotes tumorigenesis in gastric cancer cells through the β2-AR/ERK/EMT pathway. Salbutamol adipate can relax bronchial smooth muscle and is used to study bronchospasm induced by asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

TriDAP (L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-meso-diaminopimelic acid) is a NOD1 agonist with a K_d value of 34.5 μM. TriDAP enhances the binding of NOD1-RICK, promotes RICK phosphorylation, and activates the NF-κB, TAK1, MEK/ERK, p38 and interferon response pathways. TriDAP downregulates Runx2 via increasing ubiquitination and reduces trabecular bone parameters. TriDAP decreases IκBα levels and increases p65 levels. TriDAP induces the secretion of proinflammatory mediators IL-8 and prostaglandins, triggers tissue inflammation and innate immune activation, and inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in lung epithelial cells. TriDAP increases the RANKL/OPG ratio in mice, reduces bone mass and enhances osteoclast activity, and inhibits new bone formation by decreasing the mineralization deposition rate in mice. TriDAP can be used in research related to pulpitis, chronic ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Acifran (Standard) (AY 25712 (Standard)) is the analytical standard of Acifran (HY-107579). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Acifran (AY 25712) is an orally active, full GPR109A and GPR109B agonist and hypolipidemic agent. Acifran reduces Forskolin (HY-15371)-induced cAMP elevation, triggers ERK1/ERK2 phosphorylation, and inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue through G_i-coupled GPCR activation. Acifran is used for research on atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, and type 2 diabetes.

A-582941 is a selective, orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable α7 nAChR agonist, with K_i values of 10.8 nM and 17 nM in rat brain and human frontal cortex, respectively. A-582941 exhibits agonistic activity at 5-HT3 receptors, with a K_i of 150 nM. A-582941 triggers phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and CREB, inhibits GSK-3β via Ser-9 phosphorylation, increases acetylcholine release, induces the expression of Arc and c-Fos, activates brain regions associated with working memory and attention, and reduces cell death caused by nerve growth factor (NGF) deprivation. A-582941 is applicable for the research of Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia.

ML138 is a blood-brain barrier-permeable κ-opioid receptor (KOR) agonist, with an EC₅₀ value of 0.87 μM and a human K_i value of 2.4 nM for human receptors; it exhibits high selectivity for KOR over μ, δ and other receptors. ML138 activates β-arrestin (beta-arrestin)-mediated signaling pathways, stimulates G protein coupling, and activates the downstream extracellular regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) signaling pathway. ML138 is applicable to research related to addictive behaviors.

Desipramine is a first-generation tricyclic antidepressant. Desipramine selectively binds to norepinephrine transporter and blocks neuronal norepinephrine reuptake. Desipramine activates MAPK signaling via ERK1/2, JNK, and p38, represses NF-κB and AP-1 activity, and induces apoptosis via ROS elevation, mitochondrial membrane potential reduction, and intracellular calcium increase. Desipramine also shows anyi-inflammatory activity, inhibiting TNF-α production. Desipramine can be used for the research of hepatocellular cancer, inflammation, and neurological diseases.

β-Neo-Endorphin acetate is an endogenous opioid peptide. β-Neo-Endorphin acetate is a hypothalamic "big" Leu-enkephalin of porcine origin. β-Neo-Endorphin acetate shows activation of the Erk1/2, MMP-2 and MMP-9.

Fenoprofen-¹³C₆ (LILLY-53858-¹³C₆) sodium hydrate is the ¹³C labeled Fenoprofen (HY-B1456A).Fenoprofen (LILLY-53858) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) and inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX). Fenoprofen is a melanocortin receptors (MCRs) positive allosteric modulator (PAM). Fenoprofen also increases ERK1/2 activation in HEK293T cells. Fenoprofen has anti-arthritic activities and can be used for the study of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

20:4 Lyso PI acts as an activator of GPR55 and RhoA. 20:4 Lyso PI activates the GPR55-RhoA-ROCK pathway, thereby inducing morphological changes, cytoskeleton assembly, cell rounding and stress fiber formation. 20:4 Lyso PI can be used in research related to diseases such as those of the nervous system.

Gestodene-d₆ (SHB 331-d₆; WL 70-d₆) is the deuterated-labeled Gestodene (HY-B0110). Gestodene is an orally active synthetic progestogen compound of the 19-nortestosterone class. Gestodene binds with high affinity to the progesterone receptor, inhibits 5α-reductase, binds to androgen and aldosterone receptors, and inactivates CYP3A. Gestodene acts as a positive allosteric modulator of PAR1, enhances PAR1-mediated signaling pathways, and is capable of increasing the activation potency of PAR1-AP toward PAR1, thereby promoting ERK1/2 phosphorylation, receptor internalization, cell morphological changes, and human platelet aggregation. Gestodene and its A-ring reduced metabolites promote the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of neonatal rat osteoblasts. Gestodene itself has no binding capacity for estrogen receptors, and this osteogenic activity depends on intracellular metabolism to generate A-ring reduced products with estrogen-like agonistic activity. Gestodene is useful for research on diseases related to progesterone secretion and diseases related to thrombosis.

β-Glycerophosphate disodium salt pentahydrate (Standard) is the analytical standard of β-Glycerophosphate disodium salt pentahydrate (HY-D0886). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. β-Glycerophosphate disodium salt pentahydrate is a bioactive endogenous metabolite and a phosphatase inhibitor. β-Glycerophosphate disodium salt pentahydrate plays an important role in inducing and maintaining osteoblast differentiation, mineral metabolism and signal transduction, and can be used as a drug carrier to form heat-sensitive hydrogels. β-Glycerophosphate disodium salt hydrate accelerates the calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells.

MRS2693 ammonium is a selective P2Y6 receptor agonist. MRS2693 ammonium exerts biological effects by activating the Gq-coupled P2Y6 receptor, the ERK1/2 pathway, and the P2RY6-PLCB3-CAMKK2-PRKAA1-ULK1 signaling cascade. MRS2693 ammonium attenuates TNFα-induced NF-κB activation, stabilizes XIAP via AKT-mediated phosphorylation, induces autophagy, and reactivates PRKAA1. MRS2693 ammonium can be used in research on diseases including skeletal muscle ischemia/reperfusion injury, TNFα-induced skeletal muscle apoptosis, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, and dry eye disease.

Glutathione trisulfide TFA (GSSSG TFA) is an orally active, blood-brain barrier permeable neuroprotective agent. Glutathione trisulfide TFA inactivates intracellular tyrosinase, regulates the expression of Cars2, Cbs, MITF and TYR, inhibits α-MSH (HY-P0252)-induced melanogenesis, and restores intracellular persulfide levels reduced by α-MSH. Glutathione trisulfide TFA scavenges free radicals, quenches ROS, reduces Paclitaxel (HY-B0015)-induced superoxide production, upregulates the expression of antioxidant protein genes, and inhibits oxidative stress-induced cell death. Glutathione trisulfide TFA promotes ERK1/2 activation, prevents NF-κB p65 activation, inhibits TAK1 phosphorylation, reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and blocks microglial activation. Glutathione trisulfide TFA can be used in research related to dry age-related macular degeneration, inflammation-associated eye diseases, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, etc.

Elaidic acid-d₁₇ is deuterium labeled Elaidic acid (HY-113016). Elaidic acid is an orally active trans fatty acid. Elaidic acid enhances the stemness of colorectal cancer cells by activating the Wnt/ERK1/2 pathway, thereby promoting cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis, and inhibiting apoptosis. Elaidic acid also inhibits the growth of Lactobacillus and alters the cell surface hydrophobicity of Lactobacillus. Elaidic acid reduces basal 2-deoxyglucose uptake in muscle cells and adipocytes. Elaidic acid can be used in research on colorectal cancer, insulin and other related areas.