iNOS
iNOS is an inducible nitric oxide synthase that produces nitric oxide from L-arginine and acts as a key mediator of immune activation and inflammation[1]. Mechanistically, inflammatory cells such as macrophages produce nitric oxide mainly through iNOS during inflammatory processes, where nitric oxide functions as an innate immune effector molecule[2]. iNOS expression is regulated by inflammatory signaling pathways, including PKC, NF-κB, STAT3-NF-κB interaction, and PKCδ-IRF1 signaling, which connect cytokine or LPS stimulation to nitric oxide production[2][3][4]. In disease models, dysregulated iNOS has been linked to sepsis, cancer, neurodegeneration, pain, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, liver fibrosis, and neurological disease models[1][5][6][7]. Compared with nNOS and eNOS, iNOS differs by stimulus-responsive expression and high nitric oxide output, whereas nNOS mainly supports neuronal signaling and eNOS supports endothelial vascular regulation[8]. However, iNOS is not solely pathological, because traumatic brain injury models showed worse outcomes after iNOS inhibition or iNOS gene deletion[9]. For experimental applications, selective iNOS inhibitors remain useful tools for testing nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms, although no iNOS inhibitor is approved for human use[1].
References:
- [1]. Cinelli MA, et al. Inducible nitric oxide synthase: Regulation, structure, and inhibition. Med Res Rev. 2020 Jan;40(1):158-189. [Content Brief]
- [2]. Leppänen T, et al. Protein kinase C and its inhibitors in the regulation of inflammation: inducible nitric oxide synthase as an example. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014 Jan;114(1):37-43. [Content Brief]
- [3]. Yu Z, et al. Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) inhibits transcription of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene by interacting with nuclear factor kappaB. Biochem J. 2002 Oct 1;367(Pt 1):97-105. [Content Brief]
- [4]. Leppänen T, et al. Down-regulation of protein kinase Cδ inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase expression through IRF1. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e52741. [Content Brief]
- [5]. Kolios G, et al. Nitric oxide in inflammatory bowel disease: a universal messenger in an unsolved puzzle. Immunology. 2004 Dec;113(4):427-37. [Content Brief]
- [6]. Cinar R, et al. Hybrid inhibitor of peripheral cannabinoid-1 receptors and inducible nitric oxide synthase mitigates liver fibrosis. JCI Insight. 2016;1(11):e87336. [Content Brief]
- [7]. Gage MC, et al. Inhibitors of Src Family Kinases, Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, and NADPH Oxidase as Potential CNS Drug Targets for Neurological Diseases. CNS Drugs. 2021 Jan;35(1):1-20. [Content Brief]
- [8]. Förstermann U, et al. Nitric oxide synthases: regulation and function. Eur Heart J. 2012 Apr;33(7):829-37, 837a-837d. [Content Brief]
- [9]. Sinz EH, et al. Inducible nitric oxide synthase is an endogenous neuroprotectant after traumatic brain injury in rats and mice. J Clin Invest. 1999 Sep;104(5):647-56. [Content Brief]
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iNOS Related Products (206)
Related Products (206)
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CIAC101
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-179646CAS No.: 3122563-80-5CIAC101 is a potent and brain-penetrant TLR4 antagonist with an IC50 of 17.0 nM in NO assay. CIAC101 blocks Lipopolysaccharides (HY-D1056) (LPS)-induced NF-κB activation and reduces the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (iNOS, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6). CIAC101 robust antineuroinflammatory activity with efficacy against drug-evoked neurobehavioral adaptations. CIAC101 can be used for the research of addiction and neurological disease.
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Sargachromanol E
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-123364CAS No.: 856414-54-5Sargachromanol E is an apoptosis inducer, anti-inflammatory agent, and anti-aging agent. Sargachromanol E activates caspase-3, mediates PARP cleavage, downregulates Bcl-xL and upregulates Bax levels, and drives sub-G1 phase cell cycle arrest, inhibits LPS-induced COX-2 and iNOS transcription and expression (NO: IC50 = 6.99 μg/mL), reduces p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation levels, and suppresses the release of pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Sargachromanol E can be used for research on skin aging, leukemia, oral squamous cell carcinoma, and inflammation-related studies.
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Hordenine-d6 hydrochloride
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-N0113BSSynonyms: Ordenina-d6 hydrochloride; Peyocactine-d6 hydrochlorideHordenine-d6 hydrochloride (Ordenina-d6 hydrochloride; Peyocactine-d6 hydrochloride) is the deuterated-labeled Hordenine hydrochloride (HY-N0113B). Hordenine hydrochloride (Ordenina hydrochloride; Peyocactine hydrochloride) is a multifunctional alkaloid with oral activity and blood-brain barrier penetration. Hordenine hydrochloride inhibits LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38, JNK, ERK1/2, p65, IκB, and AKT, prevents p65 nuclear translocation, and suppresses inflammatory cytokines and mediators. Hordenine hydrochloride inhibits melanin synthesis in melanocytes and reconstructed epidermis. Hordenine hydrochloride activates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Hordenine hydrochloride activates DRD2, acts as a D3R partial agonist, α2A-AR full agonist, and 5-HT2A-R antagonist, and inhibits SERT and DAT. Hordenine hydrochloride inhibits α-synuclein accumulation and ameliorates motor deficits in Parkinson's disease models. Hordenine hydrochloride limits alcohol intake, reduces relapse drinking behavior. Hordenine hydrochloride can be used for research on mastitis, skin pigmentation, acute lung injury, foodborne diseases, hair loss, Parkinson's disease, bacterial infections, and alcohol use disorder.
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Anti-inflammatory agent 109
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-180291Anti-inflammatory agent 109 (Compound 2m) is an anti-inflammatory agent. Anti-inflammatory agent 109 directly interacts with p65, attenuates aberrant activation of the NF-κB pathway. Anti-inflammatory agent 109 significantly suppresses the release of key pro-inflammatory mediators, including IL-1β, COX-2, and iNOS. Anti-inflammatory agent 109 conferres robust protection against LPS-induced acute liver injury in septic mice.
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Longiferone B
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-137957CAS No.: 1639810-67-5
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Isofouquierol
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-N16735CAS No.: 53822-99-4Isofouquierol is a selective inhibitor targeting nitric oxide (NO) production with anti-inflammatory activity. Isofouquierol blocks NO overproduction by inhibiting the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-related pathway. Isofouquierol can be used in the study of inflammation-related diseases (such as chronic inflammation, immune disorders).
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Arnicolide B
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-N19215CAS No.: 34532-66-6Arnicolide B is a sesquiterpene lactone. Arnicolide B is isolated from Centipeda minima. Arnicolide B inhibits the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and p38 proteins in the MAPK signaling pathway. Arnicolide B reduces the production of inflammatory mediators NO, PGE2 and IL-6. Arnicolide B downregulates the overexpression of inflammatory proteins iNOS and COX-2. Arnicolide B has no effect on IκB-α degradation or NF-κB pathway activation. Arnicolide B is applicable to inflammation-related research.
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(-)-Salcolin B
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-N21550CAS No.: 1292294-32-6Synonyms: Tricin 4'-O-(threo-β-guaiacylglyceryl)ether(-)-Salcolin B (Tricin 4'-O-(threo-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether) is an isomer of Salcolin B (HY-N16766) and anti-inflammatory agent. (-)-Salcolin B is isolable from Njavara. (-)-Salcolin B downregulates the activities of NF-κB and STAT3, reduces the expressions of iNOS and COX-2, activates the ERK signaling pathway, and inhibits LPS-induced NO and ROS production. (-)-Salcolin B induces Apoptosis. (-)-Salcolin B inhibits TPA (HY-18739)-induced ear edema. (-)-Salcolin B possesses antioxidant activity. (-)-Salcolin B can be used in research related to inflammatory diseases, colon adenocarcinoma, ovarian cancer and breast cancer.
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Ginsenoside Rb3 (Standard)
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-N0041RCAS No.: 68406-26-8Synonyms: Gypenoside IV (Standard)Ginsenoside Rb3 (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ginsenoside Rb3. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ginsenoside Rb3 is extracted from steamed Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Ginsenoside Rb3 exhibits inhibitory effect on TNFα-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity with an IC50 of 8.2 μM in 293T cell lines. Ginsenoside Rb3 also inhibits the induction of COX-2 and iNOS mRNA.
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IAV-IN-5
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-183313CAS No.: 3038861-11-6IAV-IN-5 is an orally active inhibitor of influenza A virus (IAV). IAV-IN-5 inhibits viral replication, blocks virus-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and cytokine storm, and regulates host immune signaling pathways. IAV-IN-5 reduces viral load and inflammatory cytokine levels in lung tissues of IAV-infected mouse models, alleviates body weight loss and pulmonary pathological damage. IAV-IN-5 can be used in studies related to influenza A virus infection.
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Anabsinthin
0 ImagesAnabsinthin is a dimeric sesquiterpene lactone. Anabsinthin can be found in Artemisia absinthium L. (wormwood). Anabsinthin modulates intracellular calcium levels, mediates anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Anabsinthin inhibits Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (HY-18739)-induced superoxide anion production, increased iNOS and MUC5AC protein expression, and IL-1β transcription upregulation. Anabsinthin can be used for the research of citrus canker.
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Ginsenoside C-K (Standard)
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-N0904RCAS No.: 39262-14-1Synonyms: Ginsenoside compound K(Standard); Ginsenoside K (Standard)Ginsenoside C-K (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ginsenoside C-K. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ginsenoside C-K, a bacterial metabolite of G-Rb1, exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by reducing iNOS and COX-2. Ginsenoside C-K exhibits an inhibition against the activity of CYP2C9 and CYP2A6 in human liver microsomes with IC50s of 32.0±3.6 μM and 63.6±4.2 μM, respectively.
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Acutissimalignan B
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-N17562CAS No.: 1005390-47-5Acutissimalignan B is a natural product. Acutissimalignan B can be isolated from Daphne kiusiana var. atrocaulis (Rehd.) F. Maekawa. Acutissimalignan B can reduce the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines (iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), inhibit the phosphorylation of IκBα, and inhibit the nuclear translocation of NK-κB p65. Acutissimalignan B shows anti-neuroinflammatory effects.
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Albaconol
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-N20661CAS No.: 338405-64-4Albaconol is a prenylresorcinol compound. Albaconol is isolated from the mushroom A. confluens. Albaconol inhibits NF-κB and DNA topoisomerase II, and induces Apoptosis. Albaconol inhibits IκB-α phosphorylation and p65 nuclear translocation, enhances SOCS1 expression, reduces the production of proinflammatory cytokines and NO, and suppresses the expression of iNOS, MHC-II and co-stimulatory molecules. Albaconol acts as a weak antagonist of hVR1 and rVR1, with IC50 values of 17 µM and 5.5 µM, respectively. Albaconol induces tracheal contraction and desensitization. Albaconol inhibits the growth of tumor cells. Albaconol can be used in pain-related research.
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SHP2-IN-45
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-178983CAS No.: 2949435-53-2SHP2-IN-45 (Compound 6) is a potent, highly selective, and orally active SHP2 allosteric inhibitor. SHP2-IN-45 significantly reduces the expressions of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and iNOS. SHP2-IN-45 inhibits the polarization of M1-type macrophages. SHP2-IN-45 can inhibit the NF-κB pathway. SHP2-IN-45 can be used in the research of sepsis and acute lung injury.
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Anti-inflammatory agent 122
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-187199Anti-inflammatory agent 122 is an orally active anti-inflammatory agent. Anti-inflammatory agent 122 inhibits the activation of the NF-κB signaling cascade. Anti-inflammatory agent 122 downregulates the phosphorylation levels of JNK, p38 MAPK and ERK, thereby inhibiting the activation of the MAPK pathway. Anti-inflammatory agent 122 reduces the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS and COX-2. Anti-inflammatory agent 122 alleviates paw swelling symptoms in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. Anti-inflammatory agent 122 can be used in studies related to adjuvant-induced arthritis.
