2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-135849A
    Catalase, Bovine Liver
    Catalase, Bovine Liver is an enzyme widely found in various organisms, including animals, plants and microorganisms. Catalase, Bovine Liver mainly exists in the peroxisome of cells and is an important antioxidant enzyme. Catalase, Bovine Liver plays an important role in removing ROS and maintaining the balance of redox state. Catalase, Bovine Liver is closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors. Catalase, Bovine Liver has the potential to be used in tumor prevention research.
    Catalase, Bovine Liver
  • HY-W000450
    5-Aminolevulinic acid
    		Inhibitor 99.92%
    5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA; δ-Aminolevulinic acid; 5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid) is an orally active heme precursor. 5-Aminolevulinic acid promotes aerobic energy metabolism and increases ATP levels by enhancing the activity of cytochrome c oxidase. 5-Aminolevulinic acid enhances LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine production and gene activation, and restores the phagocytic activity and ROS generation capacity of neutrophils. 5-Aminolevulinic acid selectively accumulates protoporphyrin IX in tumor cells; as a photosensitizer and radiosensitizer, it induces ROS burst upon light or X-ray irradiation to inhibit tumor growth. 5-Aminolevulinic acid can be applied to the research of septic shock, melanoma, and cancer radiotherapy.
    5-Aminolevulinic acid
  • HY-109804
    CORM-401
    		Inhibitor 98.60%
    CORM-401 is an oxidant-sensitive CO-releasing molecule. CORM-401 induces NO increase in the regulation of endothelial calcium signalling. CORM-401 reduces TNF-α/CHX and H2O2-induced ROS production. CORM-401 uncouples mitochondrial respiration and inhibits glycolysis.
    CORM-401
  • HY-113308
    Taurolithocholic acid
    		Inhibitor 99.7%
    Taurolithocholic acid is an orally active bile acid and antiviral agent. Taurolithocholic acid upregulates FADS2 by activating the TGR5-PI3K/AKT-SREBP2 signaling axis, inhibits SFTSV-induced ferroptosis (Ferroptosis), viral replication and viral entry of HBV/HDV, while reducing the release of IL-1β, lipid ROS and LDH. While exerting antiviral protective effects, Taurolithocholic acid also stimulates the recycling of hepatocellular membrane transporters, impairs canalicular bile acid secretion function, and induces hepatocyte cholestasis, apoptosis and acute hepatocellular injury. Taurolithocholic acid serves as an experimental model compound for hepatocellular cholestasis. At concentrations ≤200 μM, Taurolithocholic acid shows no cytotoxicity and does not activate the interferon pathway. Taurolithocholic acid not only protects mice from lethal SFTSV infection but also is suitable for studies related to severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome and cholestasis.
    Taurolithocholic acid
  • HY-N0716A
    Berberine hemisulfate
    		Modulator 99.63%
    Berberine hemisulfate is the hemisulfate form of Berberine (HY-N0716). Berberine hemisulfate is an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine Huanglian. Berberine hemisulfate exhibits anti-inflammatory, antibiobic, antitumor, cardiovascular protective and neuroprotective activity.
    Berberine hemisulfate
  • HY-121026
    DMNQ
    		Activator 99.8%
    DMNQ is a redox cycling agent. DMNQ produces hydrogen peroxide in cells in a concentration-dependent manner. DMNQ can induce the increase of ROS production.
    DMNQ
  • HY-W009203
    L-Cystine dihydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 98.0%
    L-Cystine dihydrochloride is the dihydrochloride salt form of L-Cystine (HY-N0394). L-Cystine dihydrochloride elevates Nrf2 protein expression and activates Nrf2 transcription factor. L-cystine dihydrochloride reduces ROS generation and protects against oxidant- or Doxorubicin (HY-15142A)-induced apoptosis. L-Cystine dihydrochloride combined with L-theanine (HY-15121) enhances the production of antigen-specific IgG by increasing glutathione (GSH) levels and T helper 2 (Th2) mediated responses in mice. L-Cystine dihydrochloride is promising for research of cystinuria and kidney stones
    L-Cystine dihydrochloride
  • HY-D0187R
    L-Glutathione reduced (Standard)
    L-Glutathione reduced (Standard) is the analytical standard of L-Glutathione reduced. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. L-Glutathione reduced (GSH; γ-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) is an endogenous antioxidant and is capable of scavenging oxygen-derived free radicals.
    L-Glutathione reduced (Standard)
  • HY-W015913S
    Pyruvic acid-13C3 sodium
    		Inhibitor 99.7%
    Sodium 2-oxopropanoate-13C3 is the 13C-labeled Sodium 2-oxopropanoate. Sodium 2-oxopropanoate (Sodium pyruvate), a three-carbon metabolite of Glucose, is a compound produced in the glycolytic pathway. Sodium 2-oxopropanoate is a free radical scavenger that can scavenge ROS.
    Pyruvic acid-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>3</sub> sodium
  • HY-N0281
    Daphnetin
    		Inducer 99.77%
    Daphnetin (7,8-dihydroxycoumarin), one coumarin derivative can be found in plants of the Genus Daphne, is a potent, oral active protein kinase inhibitor, with IC50s of 7.67 μM, 9.33 μM and 25.01 μM for EGFR, PKA and PKC in vitro, respectively. Daphnetin triggers ROS-induced cell apoptosis and induces cytoprotective autophagy by modulating the AMPK/Akt/mTOR pathway. Daphnetin has anti-inflammation activitity and inhibits TNF-α, IL-1β, ROS, and MDA production. Daphnetin has schizontocidal activity against malaria parasites. Daphnetin can be used for rheumatoid arthritis , cancer and anti-malarian research.
    Daphnetin
  • HY-N6778
    Paxilline
    		Inhibitor 99.91%
    Paxilline is an indole alkaloid mycotoxin derived from Penicillium paxilli, which effectively inhibits the BK channel through a channel-blocking mechanism. Paxilline also inhibits sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-stimulated ATPase (SERCA), with IC50 values ranging from 5 μM to 50 μM for different SERCA isoforms. Paxilline exhibits significant anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects, as well as certain antioxidant activity.
    Paxilline
  • HY-N0638
    Dendrobine
    		Inducer 99.92%
    Dendrobine is an alkaloid isolated from Dendrobium nobile. Dendrobine possesses antiviral activity against influenza A viruses, with IC50s of 3.39 μM, 2.16 μM and 5.32 μM for A/FM-1/1/47 (H1N1), A/Puerto Rico/8/34 H274Y (H1N1) and A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2), respectively. Dendrobine activates the JNK/p38/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Dendrobine exhibits antiviral, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties.
    Dendrobine
  • HY-135897
    Urolithin C
    		Activator 98.00%
    Urolithin C, a gut-microbial metabolite of Ellagic acid, is a glucose-dependent activator of insulin secretion. Urolithin C is a L-type Ca2+ channel opener and enhances Ca2+ influx. Urolithin C induces cell apoptosis through a mitochondria-mediated pathway and also stimulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation.
    Urolithin C
  • HY-W001083
    3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid
    		Inhibitor 99.77%
    3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is an orally active flavonoid metabolite produced by intestinal flora, with blood pressure-lowering activity. 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can also inhibit ferroptosis by upregulating the expression of GPX4, thereby improving spermatogenic dysfunction in aged mice. In addition, abnormal levels of 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid are closely related to certain diseases, such as autism spectrum disorders.
    3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid
  • HY-18085R
    Quercetin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Quercetin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Quercetin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Quercetin, a natural flavonoid, is a stimulator of recombinant SIRT1 and also a PI3K inhibitor with IC50 of 2.4 μM, 3.0 μM and 5.4 μM for PI3K γ, PI3K δ and PI3K β, respectively.
    Quercetin (Standard)
  • HY-113556
    Sappanone A
    		Inhibitor 99.87%
    Sappanone A is an orally active homoisoflavone found in sappan L. Sappanone A is a PDE4 and NF-κB inhibitor with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect. Sappanone A induces HO-1 expression through activation of Nrf2 pathway. Sappanone A also inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. Sappanone A has great potential in the research of inflammation-related and cardiovascular .
    Sappanone A
  • HY-128973
    Pyropheophorbide-a
    		98.0%
    Pyropheophorbide-a (Ppa) is a photosensitizer used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for tumors. Pyropheophorbide-a exhibits phototoxic effects on tumor cells, such as cervical cancer cells, and also has anti-lipogenesis activity. Pyropheophorbide-a shows potential for research in the fields of cancer and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Pyropheophorbide-a derivatives also demonstrate inhibitory activity against tumor cells.
    Pyropheophorbide-a
  • HY-17577
    Berberine chloride hydrate
    		Activator 99.82%
    Berberine chloride hydrate (Natural Yellow 18 chloride hydrate) is an alkaloid that acts as an antibiotic. Berberine chloride hydrate induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inhibits DNA topoisomerase. Antineoplastic properties.
    Berberine chloride hydrate
  • HY-P2853
    Hemocyanin
    		Activator
    Hemocyanin is an extracellular giant copper-containing glycoprotein. Hemocyanin can be found in the hemolymph of both mollusk and arthropod. Hemocyanin is responsible for oxygen transport. Hemocyanin is also involved in several physiological processes, such as energy storage, osmoregulation, molt cycle and exoskeleton formation. Hemocyanin in shrimp can enhance its immune response by modulating the p38 MAPK pathway. Hemocyanin from Penaeus monodon could act as an antiviral agent against a variety of viruses including DNA and RNA viruses. Hemocyanin from horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda could possess a strong antimicrobial defense by the production of ROS activated with microbial proteases. Hemocyanin from L. vannamei would be effective against cervical cancer cell growth.
    Hemocyanin
  • HY-N2406
    Dihydrocaffeic acid
    		Inhibitor 99.86%
    Dihydrocaffeic acid is a microbial metabolite of flavonoids. Dihydrocaffeic acid scavenges intracellular ROS and increases nitric oxide synthase activity. Dihydrocaffeic acid reduces phosphorylation of MAPK p38 and prevent UVB-induced skin damage. Dihydrocaffeic acid has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cartilage degradation activities.
    Dihydrocaffeic acid
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity