Protease Substrate

C12FDG (5-Dodecanoylaminofluorescein di-β-D-Galactopyranoside) is a lipophilic green fluorescent substrate for β-galactosidase detection. C12-FDG is more sensitive than Fluorescein di(β-D-galactopyranoside) (HY-101895) for beta-galactosidase activity determinations in animal cells (Ex/Em = 488/523 nm).

Suc-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-AMC is a membrane-permeable calpain-specific fluorogenic substrate (Ex/Em = 390/480 nm).

4-MUNANA is a substrate of influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) with high selectivity and irreversible reaction. In the enzymatic reaction, 4-MUNANA is hydrolyzed by NA to generate fluorescent 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU). By detecting the fluorescence intensity of 4-MU, quantitative analysis of NA activity can be achieved. 4-MUNANA can be used in influenza-related research, such as screening NA inhibitors, developing new anti-influenza drugs, and studying the infection mechanism of influenza viruses.

X-GAL (BCIG) is a widely used chromogenic β-galactosidase substrate. X-GAL is a colorless compound until cleaved by β-galactosidase, at which point X-GAL turns to an insoluble and detectable blue compound, making X-GAL particularly useful in techniques such as blue-white screening for cloning in bacteria. X-GAL can also be used for detection of β-galactosidase activity.

ABTS diammonium salt (AzBTS-(NH4)2) is a substrate for horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugate. ABTS diammonium salt can be used to evaluate antioxidant capacity.

NIR-ASM is a near-infrared fluorescent probe that can cross cell membranes and be activated by NQO1. NIR-ASM can distinguish NQO1-expressing cancer cells from normal cells via fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. NIR-ASM generates near-infrared fluorescence with a high signal-to-noise ratio in tumor models with NQO1 activity, enabling the detection of endogenous NQO1 activity in vivo. NIR-ASM is applicable to the research of lung cancer and breast cancer.

Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride (NBT) is a substrate for dehydrogenases; is used with the alkaline phosphatase substrate 5-Bromo-4-Chloro-3-Indolyl Phosphate (BCIP) in western blotting and immunohistological staining procedures.

Dansylcadaverine (Monodansyl cadaverine) is an autofluorescent compound used for the labeling of autophagic vacuoles. Dansylcadaverine, a high affinity substrate of transglutaminases, can block the receptor-mediated endocytosis of many ligands.

Nicotinamide 1,N6-ethenoadenine dinucleotide (ε-NAD) is a fluorescent analog of NAD. Nicotinamide 1,N6-ethenoadenine dinucleotide can be cleaved by phosphodiesterase I (from C. adamanteus venom) and binds to bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase. Nicotinamide 1,N6-ethenoadenine dinucleotide can serve as a substrate for G-ADP ribosylation of G proteins catalyzed by bacterial toxins. Nicotinamide 1,N6-ethenoadenine dinucleotide can be used as a fluorescent substrate for the study of ADP ribosylation reactions.

Z-Gly-Pro-AMC is a fluorogenic substrate. Z-Gly-Pro-AMC is hydrolyzed by prolyl endopeptidase to generate highly fluorescent 7-Amino-4-methylcoumarin (HY-D0027). (λ_ex=380 nm, λ_em=465 nm).

N-[3-(2-Furyl)acryloyl]-Phe-Gly-Gly (FAPGG) is a specific substrate of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) with a Ki of 2.546×10^-4 M. It is used as a chromogenic probe for quantitative detection of ACE activity. N-[3-(2-Furyl)acryloyl]-Phe-Gly-Gly can be hydrolyzed by ACE to generate N-[3-(2-furyl)acryloyl]-Phe (FAP) and Gly-Gly, and the ACE inhibitory effect is monitored by photometry. FAPGG competitively binds to the active center of ACE and is a key tool for screening ACE inhibitors such as Captopril (HY-B0368) and Dioscorin. Its reversible mechanism of action supports hypertension research and drug development targeting the renin-angiotensin system.

MeOSuc-AAPV-AMC is a fluorogenic substrate for human leukocyte and porcine pancreatic elastase (K_m: 362 μM, Ex=380 nm, Em=460 nm).

5-Bromo-3-indolyl β-D-galactopyranoside (Bluo-Gal) is a chromogenic substrate for β-galactosidase. 5-Bromo-3-indolyl β-D-galactopyranoside is hydrolyzed by the enzyme to generate a 5-bromoindole intermediate, which is further oxidized to form an insoluble blue precipitate. 5-Bromo-3-indolyl β-D-galactopyranoside can specifically recognize bacterial β-galactosidases (such as the product of the Escherichia coli lacZ gene) and reacts at pH 7.4, making it suitable for light and electron microscopic observations. 5-Bromo-3-indolyl β-D-galactopyranoside can be used in histochemical detection of reporter gene expression in transgenic organisms, such as the localization analysis of β-galactosidase activity in mouse embryos or muscle tissues.

Fluorescein di(β-D-galactopyranoside) is a fluorogenic substrate for β-galactosidase (λ_ex=485 nm, λ_em=535 nm).

Z-Gly-Gly-Arg-AMC is a thrombin-specific fluorogenic substrate for testing of thrombin generation in PRP and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) (Ex/Em = 390/480 nm).

Ac-DEVD-AFC is a fluorogenic substrate (λ_ex=400 nm, λ_em=530 nm).

Ac-DEVD-AMC is a fluorescent substrate of caspase-3/caspase-7. When treating Ac-DEVD-AMC with cell lysate, Ac-DEVD-AMC releases amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC) for fluorescence detection, with an excitation wavelength of 380 nm and an emission wavelength of 460 nm.

Z-Gly-Gly-Arg-AMC acetate is a thrombin-specific fluorogenic substrate for testing of thrombin generation in PRP and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) (Ex/Em = 390/480 nm).