Protease Substrate

C12FDG (5-Dodecanoylaminofluorescein di-β-D-Galactopyranoside) is a lipophilic green fluorescent substrate for β-galactosidase detection. C12-FDG is more sensitive than Fluorescein di(β-D-galactopyranoside) (HY-101895) for beta-galactosidase activity determinations in animal cells (Ex/Em = 488/523 nm).

Suc-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-AMC is a membrane-permeable calpain-specific fluorogenic substrate (Ex/Em = 390/480 nm).

4-MUNANA is a substrate of influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) with high selectivity and irreversible reaction. In the enzymatic reaction, 4-MUNANA is hydrolyzed by NA to generate fluorescent 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU). By detecting the fluorescence intensity of 4-MU, quantitative analysis of NA activity can be achieved. 4-MUNANA can be used in influenza-related research, such as screening NA inhibitors, developing new anti-influenza drugs, and studying the infection mechanism of influenza viruses.

X-GAL (BCIG) is a widely used chromogenic β-galactosidase substrate. X-GAL is a colorless compound until cleaved by β-galactosidase, at which point X-GAL turns to an insoluble and detectable blue compound, making X-GAL particularly useful in techniques such as blue-white screening for cloning in bacteria. X-GAL can also be used for detection of β-galactosidase activity.

ABTS diammonium salt (AzBTS-(NH4)2) is a substrate for horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugate. ABTS diammonium salt can be used to evaluate antioxidant capacity.

Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride (NBT) is a substrate for dehydrogenases; is used with the alkaline phosphatase substrate 5-Bromo-4-Chloro-3-Indolyl Phosphate (BCIP) in western blotting and immunohistological staining procedures.

C6 NBD Glucosylceramide is a glucosylceramide fluorescent derivative (Ex=466 nm, Em=535 nm). C6 NBD Glucosylceramide can be used to study the metabolism and internalization of glucosylceramide and also for the determination of glucosyl ceramide synthase activity.

4-Methylumbelliferyl palmitate is an excellent fluorophore for measuring acid lipase in human leukocytes. Acidity and solvent have important influence on its fluorescence. 4-Methylumbelliferyl palmitate exists mainly as neutral molecular form which can be produced strong fluorescence at 445 nm in near neutral aqueous solutions, and exist mainly as anion form which can be produced stronger fluorescence at 445 nm in weak alkaline solutions.

Dansylcadaverine (Monodansyl cadaverine) is an autofluorescent compound used for the labeling of autophagic vacuoles. Dansylcadaverine, a high affinity substrate of transglutaminases, can block the receptor-mediated endocytosis of many ligands.

Nicotinamide 1,N6-ethenoadenine dinucleotide (ε-NAD) is a fluorescent analog of NAD. Nicotinamide 1,N6-ethenoadenine dinucleotide can be cleaved by phosphodiesterase I (from C. adamanteus venom) and binds to bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase. Nicotinamide 1,N6-ethenoadenine dinucleotide can serve as a substrate for G-ADP ribosylation of G proteins catalyzed by bacterial toxins. Nicotinamide 1,N6-ethenoadenine dinucleotide can be used as a fluorescent substrate for the study of ADP ribosylation reactions.

Z-Gly-Pro-AMC is a fluorogenic substrate. Z-Gly-Pro-AMC is hydrolyzed by prolyl endopeptidase to generate highly fluorescent 7-Amino-4-methylcoumarin (HY-D0027). (λ_ex=380 nm, λ_em=465 nm).

N-[3-(2-Furyl)acryloyl]-Phe-Gly-Gly (FAPGG) is a specific substrate of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) with a Ki of 2.546×10^-4 M. It is used as a chromogenic probe for quantitative detection of ACE activity. N-[3-(2-Furyl)acryloyl]-Phe-Gly-Gly can be hydrolyzed by ACE to generate N-[3-(2-furyl)acryloyl]-Phe (FAP) and Gly-Gly, and the ACE inhibitory effect is monitored by photometry. FAPGG competitively binds to the active center of ACE and is a key tool for screening ACE inhibitors such as Captopril (HY-B0368) and Dioscorin. Its reversible mechanism of action supports hypertension research and drug development targeting the renin-angiotensin system.

MeOSuc-AAPV-AMC is a fluorogenic substrate for human leukocyte and porcine pancreatic elastase (K_m: 362 μM, Ex=380 nm, Em=460 nm).

5-Bromo-3-indolyl β-D-galactopyranoside (Bluo-Gal) is a chromogenic substrate for β-galactosidase. 5-Bromo-3-indolyl β-D-galactopyranoside is hydrolyzed by the enzyme to generate a 5-bromoindole intermediate, which is further oxidized to form an insoluble blue precipitate. 5-Bromo-3-indolyl β-D-galactopyranoside can specifically recognize bacterial β-galactosidases (such as the product of the Escherichia coli lacZ gene) and reacts at pH 7.4, making it suitable for light and electron microscopic observations. 5-Bromo-3-indolyl β-D-galactopyranoside can be used in histochemical detection of reporter gene expression in transgenic organisms, such as the localization analysis of β-galactosidase activity in mouse embryos or muscle tissues.

Fluorescein di(β-D-galactopyranoside) is a fluorogenic substrate for β-galactosidase (λ_ex=485 nm, λ_em=535 nm).

Z-Gly-Gly-Arg-AMC is a thrombin-specific fluorogenic substrate for testing of thrombin generation in PRP and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) (Ex/Em = 390/480 nm).

Ac-DEVD-AFC is a fluorogenic substrate (λ_ex=400 nm, λ_em=530 nm).

Ac-DEVD-AMC is a fluorescent substrate of caspase-3/caspase-7. When treating Ac-DEVD-AMC with cell lysate, Ac-DEVD-AMC releases amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC) for fluorescence detection, with an excitation wavelength of 380 nm and an emission wavelength of 460 nm.

Z-Gly-Gly-Arg-AMC acetate is a thrombin-specific fluorogenic substrate for testing of thrombin generation in PRP and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) (Ex/Em = 390/480 nm).

Boc-Val-Pro-Arg-AMC hydrochloride is a sensitive fluorogenic substrate for measuring trypsin-like serine proteases activity.