KAFDITYVRLKF

Sprague-Dawley (male, 200-250 g, 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic neuron degeneration)^[2]

2 mg/100 g

i.v.; once daily; 14 consecutive days

Ameliorated locomotor impairment in the open field test (increased total traveled distance and mean velocity relative to vehicle-treated 6-OHDA rats).
Improved motor coordination in the rotarod test (increased time spent on the rotating device relative to vehicle-treated 6-OHDA rats).
Rescued spatial cognitive impairment in the novel object recognition test (increased discrimination score relative to vehicle-treated 6-OHDA rats).
Reduced synchronous contraction of agonist and antagonist hindlimb muscles relative to vehicle-treated 6-OHDA rats.
Reduced serum IL-6 and ROS levels relative to vehicle-treated 6-OHDA rats.
Reduced CNS inflammatory cell infiltration.
Suppressed microglial activation (reduced Iba-1⁺ cell count in striatum and substantia nigra relative to vehicle group).
Reduced astrocyte activation (reduced GFAP⁺ cell count relative to vehicle group).
Downregulated pro-inflammatory mediators NF-κB and COX-2 in striatal and nigral tissues relative to vehicle group.
Reduced blood vessel leakage and BBB permeability relative to vehicle-treated 6-OHDA rats.
Increased expression of tight junction protein ZO-1 relative to vehicle group.
Increased NG2⁺ pericyte area density relative to vehicle group.
Increased survival of TH⁺ dopaminergic neurons in the striatum and substantia nigra relative to vehicle group.
Restored GABA transporter-positive neuron count in the striatum relative to vehicle group.
Restored CHAT⁺ neuron count in striatal and nigral tissues relative to vehicle group.
Reduced expression of neuronal apoptosis marker active caspase-3 relative to vehicle group.
Restored expression of synapse-associated protein Syn relative to vehicle group.
Reduced expression of PD progression marker pS129-α-syn relative to vehicle group.
Upregulated expression of neuronal activation marker cFos relative to vehicle group.
Suppressed upregulation of phospho-DARPP-32 relative to vehicle group.
Reversed downregulation of prodynorphin and upregulation of preproenkephalin relative to vehicle group.