Oxidopamine hydrochloride
Based on 52 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Oxidopamine (6-OHDA) hydrochloride is an antagonist of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Oxidopamine hydrochloride is a widely used neurotoxin and selectively destroys dopaminergic neurons. Oxidopamine hydrochloride promotes COX-2 activation, leading to PGE2 synthesis and pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β secretion. Oxidopamine hydrochloride can be used for the research of Parkinson’s disease (PD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
Para uso exclusivo en investigación. No vendemos a pacientes.
- Pureza : 98.97%
- No. CAS: 28094-15-7
- Fòrmula: C8H12ClNO3
- Peso molecular:205.64
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Almacenamiento:
4°C, stored under nitrogen, away from moisture
* The compound is unstable in solutions, freshly prepared is recommended.
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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Oxidopamine hydrochloride
More- Cell. 2026 Jun 11;189(12):3571-3588.e27. [Abstract]
- Cell Metab. 2026 Apr 7;38(4):763-778.e7. [Abstract]
- Cell Metab. 2022 Dec 6;34(12):1999-2017.e10. [Abstract]
- Immunity. 2024 Feb 13;57(2):364-378.e9. [Abstract]
- Cell Mol Immunol. 2026 May;23(5):546-559. [Abstract]
- Cell Stem Cell. 2023 Jun 1;30(6):832-850.e6. [Abstract]
- Cell Host Microbe. 2025 Jan 8;33(1):104-118.e7. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2026 Jun 16. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2025 Dec 1;16(1):10796. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2024 Nov 28;15(1):10361. [Abstract]
- Metabolism. 2025 Jul:168:156262. [Abstract]
- Biosens Bioelectron. 2026 Dec 1:313:119137.
- J Immunother Cancer. 2024 Dec 9;12(12):e009910. [Abstract]
- J Transl Med. 2025 Jan 23;23(1):112. [Abstract]
- NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2025 Nov 28;11(1):342. [Abstract]
- Free Radic Biol Med. 2026 Oct:254:714-729.
- Free Radic Biol Med. 2025 Jan:226:84-95. [Abstract]
- Am J Chin Med. 2025;53(3):863-888. [Abstract]
- J Agric Food Chem. 2026 May 20;74(19):15073-15087. [Abstract]
- CNS Neurosci Ther. 2026 Jan;32(1):e70749. [Abstract]
- CNS Neurosci Ther. 2024 Feb;30(2):e14407. [Abstract]
- CNS Neurosci Ther. 2023 Oct;29(10):2925-2939. [Abstract]
- Ind Crops Prod. 2025 Nov 19;238:122328.
- Gene Ther. 2024 Nov;31(11-12):614-624. [Abstract]
- Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Mar 19;26(6):2762. [Abstract]
- Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2025 Jun 2;66(6):13. [Abstract]
- Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2025 Apr 18. [Abstract]
- Biogerontology. 2025 Dec 16;27(1):24. [Abstract]
- Molecules. 2024 Oct 31;29(21):5160. [Abstract]
- Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2026 Jun 26;31(6):47325. [Abstract]
- Funct Integr Genomics. 2024 Sep 17;24(5):161. [Abstract]
- Bone. 2026 Jun:207:117859. [Abstract]
- Metab Brain Dis. 2026 Mar 23;41(1):65. [Abstract]
- Metab Brain Dis. 2021 Apr;36(4):609-625. [Abstract]
- Stem Cells Int. 2024 Sep 3:2024:2792909. [Abstract]
- J Radiat Res Appl Sci. 2026 Apr 16;19(2):102380.
- Brain Res. 2023 Jun 1:1808:148320. [Abstract]
- Mol Biol Rep. 2023 Jan;50(1):331-338. [Abstract]
- Chem Biodivers. 2024 Jun;21(6):e202301509. [Abstract]
- Behav Brain Res. 2024 Mar 28:462:114871. [Abstract]
- Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2025 Sep 30:782:152582. [Abstract]
- Biomed Rep. 2025 Feb 25;22(4):74. [Abstract]
- J Neurophysiol. 2025 Jan 1;133(1):22-33. [Abstract]
- Neurol Res. 2018 Sep;40(9):736-743. [Abstract]
- bioRxiv. 2026 Aug 24.
- bioRxiv. 2026 Jun 19.
- Res Sq. 2025 Jun 12.
- Res Sq. 2025 Apr 27.
- Research Square Preprint. 2023 Jun 28.
- Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022 Aug 8:2022:5392966. [Abstract]
- Research Square Print. 2022 Jul.
- Chinese Pharmacological Bulletin. 2018 May; 34(5): 620-626.
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Ver todos los productos específicos de isoformas Dopamine Receptor
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Actividad biológica
Descripciòn
IC50 & Target
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COX-2 |
IL-1β |
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Caspase-8 |
Caspase-9 |
In Vitro
Oxidopamine hydrochloride (0-500 μM, 24 h) decreases the viability of both Neuro-2a cells and SH-SY5Y cells in a concentration-dependent manner[1].
Oxidopamine hydrochloride (75-150 μM, 0-24 h) induces COX-2 expression and nuclear translocation[1].
Oxidopamine hydrochloride (75-150 μM, 0-24 h) causes PGE2 biosynthesis and pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β production[1].
Oxidopamine hydrochloride (0-150 μM, 12 h) induces apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane depolarization of pheochromocytoma PC12 cells[3].
Oxidopamine hydrochloride (75 μM, 0-12 h) induces p38 phosphorylation[3].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only. Further protocols information, click here.
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Cell Line:Neuro-2a cells and SH-SY5Y cells
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Concentration:0-500 µM
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Incubation Time:24 or 48 h
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Result:Induced neurotoxicity, caused cytotoxicity in both Neuro-2a cells and SH-SY5Y cells in a concentration dependent manner. EC50=111 µM for 24 h incubation and 109 µM for 48 h incubation in the Neuro-2a cells; EC50=118 µM for 24 h incubation and 107 µM for 48 h incubation in the SH-SY5Y cells.
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Cell Line:Neuro-2a cells and SH-SY5Y cells
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Concentration:75 or 150 µM
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Incubation Time:0, 6 or 24 h
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Result:Quickly and robustly induced COX-2 in a time-dependent manner. Induced COX-2 activation characterized by expression induction and nuclear translocation. Substantially increased PGE2 in the culture medium by nearly 5-fold in Neuro-2a cells (at 75 µM) and 3-fold in SH-SY5Y cells (at 150 µM). Significantly upregulated the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) within Neuro-2a cells and SH-SY5Y cells.
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Cell Line:PC12 cells
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Concentration:0, 25, 50, 75, and 150 μM
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Incubation Time:0, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 20 h
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Result:Induced apoptosis of PC12 cells. Increased the activities of caspase-3, -8 and -9 in PC12 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Increased these caspase activities at 2-4 h and reached a maximum at 12 h. Decreased cells with high mitochondrial membrane potential (JC-1 aggregate) in a time- and concentration-dependent manner.
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Cell Line:PC12 cells
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Concentration:75 μM
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Incubation Time:0, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, and 12 h
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Result:Increased the level of p-p38 in a time-dependent manner.
Induced Disease Models
Please do not refer to only one article to determine the experimental conditions. It is recommended to determine the optimal experimental conditions (animal strain, age, dosage, frequency and cycle, detection time and indicators, etc.) through preliminary experiments before the formal experiment.
Oxidopamine (6-OHDA) hydrochloride can induce Parkinson's disease models[5][6].
Administration: 5 μg/2 μL/site • stereotaxically injected in the fight striatum • single dose.
Solvent: dissolved in 0.1%-0.2% Ascorbic acid in PBS or 0.01%-0.02% Ascorbic acid in saline
(1) Lesions were made by the unilateral injection of Oxidopamine hydrochloride (5 μg in 2 μl/site) into the right striatum at the two coordinates:
① AP, 0.7; L, 3.0; DV, 5.5 and 4.5 mm from Bregma.
② AP, 0.2; L, 2.6; DV, 5.5 and 4.5 mm from Bregma.
The two coordinates were injected Oxidopamine hydrochloride 10 μg in 4 μl/2 sites.
(2) Oxidopamine hydrochloride was prepared freshly in dark to avoid autooxidation, and was administered using a 5 μl microinjector at a rate of 0.5 μl/min. The syringe was left in place for 5 min before slowly retracting it to allow for toxin diffusion and prevent the toxin reflux.
(3) On the 56th day after the injury, the animals were decapitated under deep halothane anesthesia. Their brains were quickly removed from the skull, rinsed with chilled saline, and tissue samples containing the caudate-putamen head were dissected from both the lesioned and unlesioned striata on ice.
(4) The animals were housed in an environment with a 12-hour light/dark cycle, with the temperature maintained at 22-23°C. They were allowed free access to food and tap water.
Molecular changes: Elevated levels of COX-2, TNF-α mRNA, and COX-2 protein.
Histopathological changes: Chromatin condensation into clumps around the nucleus, along with evident mitochondrial swelling and vacuolation. Induced nigrostriatal nerve terminal lesions. Decreased striatal dopamine levels and reduced number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive cells in the ipsilateral substantia nigra, accompanied by long-term significant atrophy of remaining dopaminergic neurons.
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Chemical Information
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No. CAS 28094-15-7
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Appearance Solid
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Peso molecular 205.64
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Fòrmula C8H12ClNO3
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Color Off-white to gray
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SMILES
OC1=CC(CCN)=C(O)C=C1O.[H]Cl
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Synonyms
6-Hydroxydopamine Hydrochloride
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Envío
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Almacenamiento
4°C, stored under nitrogen, away from moisture
* The compound is unstable in solutions, freshly prepared is recommended.
Publications (52)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Cell
2026 Jun 11;189(12):3571-3588.e27. PMID: 42019490 -
Cell Metab
Microbial-derived 3-phenylpropionic acid orchestrates immune-progenitor cell crosstalk to promote beige adipogenesis and energy expenditure. [Abstract]2026 Apr 7;38(4):763-778.e7. PMID: 41742426 -
Cell Metab
Cancer cells co-opt nociceptive nerves to thrive in nutrient-poor environments and upon nutrient-starvation therapies. [Abstract]2022 Dec 6;34(12):1999-2017.e10. PMID: 36395769 -
Immunity
Small-molecule CBP/p300 histone acetyltransferase inhibition mobilizes leukocytes from the bone marrow via the endocrine stress response. [Abstract]2024 Feb 13;57(2):364-378.e9. PMID: 38301651 -
Cell Mol Immunol
Acute stress alleviates type 2 lung inflammation by restricting ILC2s through corticosterone-glucocorticoid receptor signaling. [Abstract]2026 May;23(5):546-559. PMID: 41927788 -
Cell Stem Cell
Systematic dissection of coordinated stromal remodeling identifies Sox10+ glial cells as a therapeutic target in myelofibrosis. [Abstract]2023 Jun 1;30(6):832-850.e6. PMID: 37267917 -
Cell Host Microbe
2025 Jan 8;33(1):104-118.e7. PMID: 39706182 -
Nat Commun
Targeting dopamine transporter for treating social transmission of depression-like behaviors in male mice. [Abstract]2026 Jun 16. PMID: 42303982 -
Nat Commun
A nanoMIP sensor for real-time in vivo monitoring of levodopa pharmacokinetics in precision Parkinson's therapy. [Abstract]2025 Dec 1;16(1):10796. PMID: 41326343
Oxidopamine hydrochloride purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2025 Dec 1;16(1):10796. [Abstract]
Schematic of targeted injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (20 μg) into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) to induce a PD rat model.
Oxidopamine hydrochloride purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2025 Dec 1;16(1):10796. [Abstract]
Confocal fluorescence images of brain sections from saline-injected (control) and 6-OHDA (20 μg) -injected (PD) rats, stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, blue FL) and cyanine 3 (Cy3, red FL).
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Nat Commun
A brain-to-liver signal mediates the inhibition of liver regeneration under chronic stress in mice. [Abstract]2024 Nov 28;15(1):10361. PMID: 39609433 -
Metabolism
Mechanical activation of adipose tissue macrophages mediated by Piezo1 protects against diet-induced obesity by regulating sympathetic activity. [Abstract]2025 Jul:168:156262. PMID: 40204210 -
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J Immunother Cancer
CAR T cells secreting NGF-neutralizing scFv enhance efficacy in clear cell renal cell carcinoma by relieving immunosuppression through immunosympathectomy. [Abstract]2024 Dec 9;12(12):e009910. PMID: 39653553 -
J Transl Med
Increased nerve density adversely affects outcome in colorectal cancer and denervation suppresses tumor growth. [Abstract]2025 Jan 23;23(1):112. PMID: 39849539 -
NPJ Parkinsons Dis
GDNF signaling modulation by Akkermansia muciniphila ameliorates constipation-depression comorbidity in Parkinson's disease. [Abstract]2025 Nov 28;11(1):342. PMID: 41315295 -
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Free Radic Biol Med
2025 Jan:226:84-95. PMID: 39542186 -
Am J Chin Med
Puerarin Alleviates Alcoholic Liver Disease via Suppressing Lipolysis Induced by Sympathetic Outflow. [Abstract]2025;53(3):863-888. PMID: 40374377 -
J Agric Food Chem
Ovotransferrin Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis by Modulating Ligilactobacillus murinus-Mediated Bile Acid Metabolism via the Ptgs2/JAK-STAT Signaling Axis. [Abstract]2026 May 20;74(19):15073-15087. PMID: 42098593 -
CNS Neurosci Ther
Acute Stress Attenuates Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via Hypothalamic CRH Neuron-Induced HPA Axis Activation. [Abstract]2026 Jan;32(1):e70749. PMID: 41533055 -
CNS Neurosci Ther
ErbB2pY -1248 as a predictive biomarker for Parkinson's disease based on research with RPPA technology and in vivo verification. [Abstract]2024 Feb;30(2):e14407. PMID: 37564024 -
CNS Neurosci Ther
Amphiregulin blockade decreases the levodopa-induced dyskinesia in a 6-hydroxydopamine Parkinson's disease mouse model. [Abstract]2023 Oct;29(10):2925-2939. PMID: 37101388
Oxidopamine hydrochloride purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: CNS Neurosci Ther. 2023 Oct;29(10):2925-2939. [Abstract]
6-OHDA (4 μg; 4 weeks). The western blot analysis revealed that the marker of dopaminergic neurons (Tyrosine hydroxylase) reduced significantly from the fourth week.
Oxidopamine hydrochloride purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: CNS Neurosci Ther. 2023 Oct;29(10):2925-2939. [Abstract]
Amphiregulin (Areg) is highly expressed in the levodopa‐induced dyskinesia 6‐OHDA (4 μg; 4 weeks) Parkinson's disease mouse model. The Parkinson's disease group treated with a daily 12 mg/kg of levodopa for 15 days developed dyskinetic movement. On western blotting, this group further showed a significant increase of Amphiregulin protein expression relative to the Parkinson's disease group injected with normal saline only .
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Oxidopamine hydrochloride purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Ind Crops Prod. 2025 Nov 19;238:122328.
Representative fluorescence images of DA neurons in worms subjected to 6-OHDA (50 mM; 2 h)-induced toxicity after treatment with vehicle (Control), L-DOPA, or varying concentrations of GPA.
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Gene Ther
Targeting serum response factor (SRF) deactivates ΔFosB and mitigates Levodopa-induced dyskinesia in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. [Abstract]2024 Nov;31(11-12):614-624. PMID: 39384937 -
Int J Mol Sci
Identification of Key Active Constituents in Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Leaves Against Parkinson's Disease and the Alleviative Effects via 4E-BP1 Up-Regulation. [Abstract]2025 Mar 19;26(6):2762. PMID: 40141407 -
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci
Activation of Sympathetic Nervous System Drives Dry Eye Onset Via Norepinephrine-β2-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling in Mice. [Abstract]2025 Jun 2;66(6):13. PMID: 40465266 -
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol
Comprehensive evaluation and application of tissue clearing techniques for 3-D visualization of splenic neural and immune architecture. [Abstract]2025 Apr 18. PMID: 40249862 -
Biogerontology
Effect of Hong Huang Tang on memory enhancement and mitigation of microgravity-induced oxidative stress in C. elegans. [Abstract]2025 Dec 16;27(1):24. PMID: 41400846 -
Molecules
A Study and In Vitro Evaluation of the Bioactive Compounds of Broad Bean Sprouts for the Treatment of Parkinson's Syndrome. [Abstract]2024 Oct 31;29(21):5160. PMID: 39519801 -
Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)
Icariin Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Dopaminergic Degeneration in a Rodent Model of Parkinson's Disease by Promoting the Expansion of Regulatory T Cells. [Abstract]2026 Jun 26;31(6):47325. PMID: 42411473 -
Funct Integr Genomics
Tet1-mediated activation of the Ampk signaling by Trpv1 DNA hydroxymethylation exerts neuroprotective effects in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. [Abstract]2024 Sep 17;24(5):161. PMID: 39285026 -
Bone
Sympathetic overactivity-induced type H endothelial cell senescence contributes to the impairment of vascularized osteogenesis by PKM2-mediated glycolysis in preclinical stages of Alzheimer's mice. [Abstract]2026 Jun:207:117859. PMID: 41833832 -
Metab Brain Dis
Activation of mitophagy via miR-223/NLRP3 axis ameliorates dopaminergic neuronal damage in parkinson's disease. [Abstract]2026 Mar 23;41(1):65. PMID: 41870730 -
Metab Brain Dis
The orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 agonist amodiaquine mediates neuroprotective effects in 6-OHDA Parkinson's disease animal model by enhancing the phosphorylation of P38 mitogen-activated kinase but not PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. [Abstract]2021 Apr;36(4):609-625. PMID: 33507465 -
Stem Cells Int
Astragaloside IV Treats Parkinson's Disease by Regulating the Proliferation and Differentiation of NSCs through the SHH-Nurr1 Pathway. [Abstract]2024 Sep 3:2024:2792909. PMID: 39257865 -
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Brain Res
Acupuncture inhibits autophagy and repairs synapses by activating the mTOR pathway in Parkinson's disease depression model rats. [Abstract]2023 Jun 1:1808:148320. PMID: 36914042 -
Mol Biol Rep
Protective effects of verbenalin and (+)-eudesmin against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced oxidative/nitrosative stress in SH-SY5Y cells. [Abstract]2023 Jan;50(1):331-338. PMID: 36331750 -
Chem Biodivers
Microalgae Octapeptide IIAVEAGC Alleviates Oxidative Stress and Neurotoxicity in 6-OHDA-Induced SH-SY5Y Cells by Regulating the Nrf2/HO-1 and Jak2/Stat3 Pathways. [Abstract]2024 Jun;21(6):e202301509. PMID: 38594219 -
Behav Brain Res
Acupuncture Activates IRE1/XBP1 Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway in Parkinson's Disease Model Rats. [Abstract]2024 Mar 28:462:114871. PMID: 38266778 -
Biochem Biophys Res Commun
Social isolation promotes hyperglycemia through sympathetic activation of inguinal white adipose tissue. [Abstract]2025 Sep 30:782:152582. PMID: 40914032 -
Biomed Rep
2025 Feb 25;22(4):74. PMID: 40083599 -
J Neurophysiol
Isorhamnetin ameliorates dopaminergic neuronal damage via targeting FOSL1 to activate AKT/mTOR in 6-OHDA-induced SH-SY5Y cells. [Abstract]2025 Jan 1;133(1):22-33. PMID: 39560297 -
Neurol Res
Sitagliptin rescues memory deficits in Parkinsonian rats via upregulating BDNF to prevent neuron and dendritic spine loss. [Abstract]2018 Sep;40(9):736-743. PMID: 29781786 -
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Oxid Med Cell Longev
Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion Aggravates Parkinson's Disease Dementia-Like Symptoms and Pathology in 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rat through Interfering with Sphingolipid Metabolism. [Abstract]2022 Aug 8:2022:5392966. PMID: 35979400 -
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Solvente y solubilidad
In Vitro:
DMSO : 83.33 mg/mL (405.22 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
H2O : 50 mg/mL (243.14 mM; Need ultrasonic)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. The compound is unstable in solutions, freshly prepared is recommended.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. The compound is unstable in solutions, freshly prepared is recommended.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
In Vivo:
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 0.02% Ascorbic acid in Saline water
Solubility: 50 mg/mL (243.14 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic
Add each solvent one by one: 0.02% Ascorbic acid in PBS
Solubility: 50 mg/mL (243.14 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
Protocolo
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Human pluripotent stem cell midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation
Human pluripotent stem cells are directed toward midbrain dopaminergic neurons by first inducing a neural floor-plate-like progenitor state, then patterning cells with ventralizing SHH signaling and midbrain/WNT-FGF cues, and finally maturing progenitors into neurons expressing dopaminergic markers such as TH, NURR1/NR4A2, PITX3, DAT/SLC6A3, VMAT2/SLC18A2, GIRK2/KCNJ6, FOXA2, LMX1A, and EN1. The main readouts are loss of pluripotency, acquisition of FOXA2+/LMX1A+ midbrain floor-plate progenitors, emergence of βIII-tubulin+/MAP2+ neurons, and production of TH+ dopaminergic neurons with molecular, dopamine-release, and electrophysiological features of midbrain dopaminergic identity.
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Research Protocol for Inflammation-related Diseases
The NLRP3 inflammasome is a cytosolic innate immune signaling platform that integrates priming signals and danger-signal activation to promote caspase-1 activation, maturation of IL-1β and IL-18, and gasdermin D-mediated pyroptotic cell death. The core experimental logic is to determine whether inflammatory disease phenotypes are driven by increased NLRP3 expression, ASC-containing inflammasome assembly, caspase-1 cleavage, GSDMD cleavage, and extracellular release of IL-1β/IL-18 rather than by nonspecific cell injury alone. The pathway is strongly linked to inflammation-related disease phenotypes because monosodium urate crystals activate NALP3/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling in gout-like crystal inflammation, cholesterol crystals activate NLRP3 inflammasomes in atherogenesis models, and DSS-induced intestinal inflammation has been reported to involve NLRP3 inflammasome activity. However, experimental colitis studies also show context-dependent protective effects of NLRP3 inflammasome co
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Pyroptosis Solutions
Pyroptosis is a lytic inflammatory cell-death pathway executed by gasdermin pores, most classically through inflammasome-mediated activation of caspase-1, cleavage of gasdermin D, membrane pore formation, LDH release, and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18. The canonical pathway is commonly modeled by priming cells with an inflammatory signal such as LPS to induce pro-IL-1β and inflammasome components, followed by an activation signal such as ATP or nigericin to activate NLRP3, ASC speck formation, caspase-1 cleavage, GSDMD cleavage, cytokine release, and pyroptotic membrane rupture. The non-canonical pathway is triggered when cytosolic LPS activates mouse caspase-11 or human caspase-4/5, leading to GSDMD cleavage and pyroptosis, and this can secondarily activate NLRP3-dependent IL-1β release. Pyroptosis is linked to inflammatory injury, infection, cancer, liver disease, ocular disease, placental inflammation, and other disease phenotypes, but unresolved questions include which gasdermin fam
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Referencias
[1]. Kang X, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 contributes to oxidopamine-mediated neuronal inflammation and injury via the prostaglandin E2 receptor EP2 subtype. Sci Rep. 2017 Aug 25;7(1):9459. [Content Brief]
[2]. Jin F, et al. Neuroprotective effect of resveratrol on 6-OHDA-induced Parkinson's disease in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 Dec 14;600(1-3):78-82. [Content Brief]
[3]. Fujita H et al. Cell-permeable cAMP analog suppresses 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells through the activation of the Akt pathway. Brain Res. 2006 Oct 3;1113(1):10-23. [Content Brief]
[4]. Soto-Otero R et al. Autoxidation and neurotoxicity of 6-hydroxydopamine in the presence of some antioxidants: potential implication in relation to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem. 2000 Apr;74(4):1605-12. [Content Brief]
[5]. Jin F, et al. Neuroprotective effect of resveratrol on 6-OHDA-induced Parkinson's disease in rats[J]. European journal of pharmacology, 2008, 600(1-3): 78-82. [Content Brief]
[7]. Ryan RE, et al. Dose-related neuroprotective effects of chronic nicotine in 6-hydroxydopamine treated rats, and loss of neuroprotection in alpha4 nicotinic receptor subunit knockout mice. Br J Pharmacol. 2001 Apr;132(8):1650-6. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. The compound is unstable in solutions, freshly prepared is recommended.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H2O / DMSO | 1 mM | 4.8629 mL | 24.3143 mL | 48.6287 mL | 121.5717 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.9726 mL | 4.8629 mL | 9.7257 mL | 24.3143 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4863 mL | 2.4314 mL | 4.8629 mL | 12.1572 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.3242 mL | 1.6210 mL | 3.2419 mL | 8.1048 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.2431 mL | 1.2157 mL | 2.4314 mL | 6.0786 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.1945 mL | 0.9726 mL | 1.9451 mL | 4.8629 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.1621 mL | 0.8105 mL | 1.6210 mL | 4.0524 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.1216 mL | 0.6079 mL | 1.2157 mL | 3.0393 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0973 mL | 0.4863 mL | 0.9726 mL | 2.4314 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0810 mL | 0.4052 mL | 0.8105 mL | 2.0262 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0608 mL | 0.3039 mL | 0.6079 mL | 1.5196 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0486 mL | 0.2431 mL | 0.4863 mL | 1.2157 mL |
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
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