Psicose

C57BL/6J (male, 48 weeks old)^[1]

3% (w/w)

p.o.; ad libitum daily; 12 weeks

Reduced final body weight to 37.59 g, total body weight gain to 1.36 g, and food efficiency ratio to 0.00, all significantly lower than controls.
Reduced liver weight to 3.71 g per 100 g BW, and increased kidney weight to 1.10 g per 100 g BW compared to controls.
Increased left hind leg thickness significantly at weeks 8 and 12 compared to controls.
Increased grip strength (normalized to body weight) significantly compared to controls.
Increased right quadriceps, left quadriceps, and left anterior tibialis weights (normalized to body weight) significantly compared to controls.
Increased muscle fiber cross-sectional area significantly, and reduced muscle collagen (% area) significantly to levels matching young control mice.
Increased insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) protein expression significantly, and suppressed myostatin protein expression significantly compared to controls.
Increased mRNA expression of myogenic transcription factor genes Myf5, Myf6, and Myogenin significantly compared to controls.
Increased protein levels of Akt, phosphorylated Akt, PI3K, phosphorylated PI3K, AMPK, phosphorylated AMPK, mTOR, and PGC1-α significantly compared to controls.
Upregulated mRNA expression of CISH and CerS1 significantly, and downregulated mRNA expression of Adiponectin, Adipsin, CIDEC, Haptoglobin, Neuronatin, and SCD1 significantly in gastrocnemius tissue compared to controls.
Increased hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase levels and mitochondrial complex IV activity significantly compared to controls.
Reduced hepatic triglyceride levels significantly compared to controls.
Increased hepatic GSH, PON, and GR activities, plus plasma PON activity, significantly compared to controls.
Reduced hepatic H₂O₂ content significantly compared to controls.
Reduced fasting blood glucose at week 12 significantly compared to controls.
Reduced visceral fat and total adipose tissue weights (normalized to body weight) significantly, and increased the total muscle tissue to total adipose tissue weight ratio significantly compared to controls.