Monosaccharides

N-Acetyl-D-mannosamine (ManNAc) is an oral active sialic acid precursor that can prevent hypertension by increasing sialylation of IgG, making it a promising candidate for cardiovascular disease research. Additionally, N-Acetyl-D-mannosamine can activate hypocretin (HCRT) gene expression in orexin neurons and improve neurodegeneration caused by aging, offering potential avenues for research in neurological disorders.

FR054 is an inhibitor of the HBP enzyme PGM3, with a remarkable anti-breast cancer effect.

Ac4GlcNAz (N-azidoacetylglucosamine-tetraacylated) is an azido-containing fully acetylated N-acetylglucosamine analog, a metabolic glycan marker, and also an inducer of S-glycosylation. Ac4GlcNAz can be taken up by bacteria, processed via endogenous carbohydrate biosynthesis pathways, and integrated into glycans by replacing natural monosaccharides. Under alkali promotion, Ac4GlcNAz undergoes β-elimination to form α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, which then bind to cysteine residues via Michael addition. Ac4GlcNAz can be integrated into glycoproteins. Ac4GlcNAz is applicable to research related to Helicobacter pylori infection.

D-Saccharic acid 1,4-lactone hydrate is an orally active β-glucuronidase inhibitor (IC₅₀=48.4 μM). D-Saccharic acid 1,4-lactone hydrate can be used as a standard agent compared with novel β-glucuronidase inhibitors. D-Saccharic acid 1,4-lactone hydrate possesses anticarcinogenic, detoxifying, and antioxidant properties.

MAC glucuronide linker-2 is a cleavable ADC linker used in the synthesis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).

Thyminose is a natural product, a 2-deoxyaldopentose, that can be obtained by hydrolyzing the nucleosides that make up thym nucleic acid.

Fagomine is a mild glycosidase inhibitor. The K_i of the iminosugar Fagomine is 4.8 μM, 39 μM, and 70 μM for Amyloglucosidase (A.niger), β-Glucosidase (bovine), and Isomaltase (yeast), respectively.

meso-Erythritol is a sugar alcohol that found in a variety of foods (e.g., pear, watermelon), is 60-80% as sweet as sucrose, and can be used as low-calorie sweetener food additives.

DTE (Dithioerythritol) is a sulfur-containing sugar derived from the corresponding 4-carbon monosaccharide erythrose. DTE is an epimer of Dithiothreitol (DTT) (HY-15917). DTE is a thiol reducing agent.

D-psicose is an orally active rare sugar. D-psicose inhibits p38-MAPK phosphorylation and MCP-1 expression. D-psicose inhibits the AGEs/RAGE/NF-κB pathway. D-psicose protects pancreatic β-islets, improves hyperglycemia and high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Lacto-N-tetraose is the significant core structure of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) naturally existing in human milk. Lacto-N-tetraose is consist of galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and glucose moieties. Lacto-N-tetraose has prebiotic effect, immune regulatory effect, anti-inflammatory effects, intestinal cell responses regulatory effect, antibacterial activity and antiviral activity. Lacto-N-tetraose has been widely added to infant formula.

D-Glucuronic acid is a major component of many anti-inflammatory proteoglycans, which can promote embryonic development and inhibit cell aggregation. After being metabolized into ethyl glucuronide (HY-113093), D-Glucuronic acid activates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), causing pain. D-Glucuronic acid and its derivative glucurono-lactone can serve as liver detoxifiers, and its derivatives also possess anti-tumor activity.

D-Ribose(mixture of isomers) is an energy enhancer, and acts as a sugar moiety of ATP, and widely used as a metabolic therapy supplement for chronic fatigue syndrome or cardiac energy metabolism. D-Ribose(mixture of isomers) is active in protein glycation, induces NF-κB inflammation in a RAGE-dependent manner.

Migalastat (GR181413A free base) hydrochloride is an orally active α-galactosidase A molecular chaperone, with an IC₅₀ value of 0.04 μM for human α-Gal A. Migalastat binds to the active site of certain unstable mutant forms of α-galactosidase A, facilitating their transport to the lysosome. After dissociation in the acidic environment, Migalastat enables the mutant α-galactosidase A to exhibit biological activity.

D-Gluconic acid (solution) (49-53% w/w in water) is the carboxylic acid by the oxidation with antiseptic and chelating properties.

N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc) is a terminal essential amino sugar derived from galactose and forms the antigens of blood group A in humans. N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc) interact with Soya bean agglutinin (SBA), hence decreasing the effects of SBA on cellular membrane permeability and tight junction protein expression in piglets. N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc) inhibits the hemagglutinating activity by the lectin.

Fructosyl-lysine (Fructoselysine) is an amadori glycation product from the reaction of glucose and lysine by the Maillard reaction. Fructosyl-lysine is the precursor to glucosepane, a lysine–arginine protein cross-link that can be an indicator in diabetes?detection.

β-D-Glucose, also known as glucose, is a monosaccharide, the most important carbohydrate in biological systems, the main energy source of cells, and plays a key role in various metabolic processes. β-D-Glucose has unique chemical properties that make it an abundant component in plant and animal tissues and is readily metabolized by organisms to produce cellular energy. It is commonly used to improve hypoglycemia and dehydration, and as a sweetener and preservative in food and beverage production.

D-Erythrose is a four-carbon sugar classified as an aldose. D-Erythrose has unique chemical properties that make it an important intermediate in various metabolic pathways, especially in the biosynthesis of amino acids and nucleotides. It also plays a role in the pentose phosphate pathway, which generates reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions and cellular defense against oxidative damage.

Hexa-N-acetylchitohexaose is an inducer of disease resistance in crop plants, which could elicit an increase of lignification-related and antioxidative enzymes in soybean plants. Hexa-N-acetylchitohexaose is a substrate of lysozyme. Hexa-N-acetylchitohexaose shows antitumor effect.