2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-175263
    Aminochalcone 4AAF
    		Inhibitor
    Aminochalcone 4AAF is a neuroprotective agent that exerts anxiolytic effects through GABAA and 5-HT receptors. Aminochalcone 4AAF has high selectivity for 5-HT3A and 5-HT2C receptors, and stimulates allosteric behavior toward the 5-HT2A receptor. Aminochalcone 4AAF shows hypoglycemic effects and reduces the level of ROS in the liver. Aminochalcone 4AAF delays the clonic stage of the epileptic seizures . Aminochalcone 4AAF can be used in the study of anxiety, hyperglycemia, and seizures.
    Aminochalcone 4AAF
  • HY-183538
    Necroptosis inducer 2
    		Inducer
    Necroptosis inducer 2 is a necroptosis inducer and copper chelator. Necroptosis inducer 2 chelates intracellular free copper ions, disrupts redox homeostasis, elevates ROS levels, disrupts mitochondrial membrane potential, and induces cancer cell necroptosis. Necroptosis inducer 2 upregulates the necroptosis markers p-MLKL and p-RIP3 expression. Necroptosis inducer 2 exhibits anti-tumor activity in mice. Necroptosis inducer 2 can be used for the research of cancer, such as triple-negative breast cancer.
    Necroptosis inducer 2
  • HY-B1272A
    Desipramine
    		Inducer
    Desipramine is a first-generation tricyclic antidepressant. Desipramine selectively binds to norepinephrine transporter and blocks neuronal norepinephrine reuptake. Desipramine activates MAPK signaling via ERK1/2, JNK, and p38, represses NF-κB and AP-1 activity, and induces apoptosis via ROS elevation, mitochondrial membrane potential reduction, and intracellular calcium increase. Desipramine also shows anyi-inflammatory activity, inhibiting TNF-α production. Desipramine can be used for the research of hepatocellular cancer, inflammation, and neurological diseases.
    Desipramine
  • HY-150791
    FLDP-5
    		Inducer
    FLDP-5 is a blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetrant curcuminoid analogues. FLDP-5 can induce production of ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species), DNA damage and cell cycle S phase arrest. FLDP-5 exhibits highly potent tumour-suppressive effects with anti-proliferative and anti-migratory activities on LN-18 cells.
    FLDP-5
  • HY-179018
    Topoisomerase II-IN-25
    Topoisomerase II-IN-25 (Compound 6a) is a selective inhibitor of topoisomerase II and has no inhibitory activity on topoisomerase I. Topoisomerase II-IN-25 exhibits significant anti-PC-3 cell activity. Topoisomerase II-IN-25 significantly increases intracellular ROS levels, inducing oxidative stress. Topoisomerase II-IN-25 causes depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and promotes cell apoptosis. Topoisomerase II-IN-25 blocks PC-3 cells in the G2/M phase. Topoisomerase II-IN-25 can be used for the study of prostate cancer.
    Topoisomerase II-IN-25
  • HY-N16527
    7-O-Galloyl-D-sedoheptulose
    		Inhibitor
    7-O-Galloyl-D-sedoheptulose is an orally effective polyphenolic compound. 7-O-Galloyl-D-sedoheptulose lowers the serum levels of glucose, leptin, insulin, C-peptide, resistin, TNF-α, IL-6, and increases the serum level of adiponectin. 7-O-Galloyl-D-sedoheptulose significantly reduces the levels of ROS and lipid peroxidation products (TBARS) by down-regulating the protein expression of NADPH oxidase subunit Nox-4 and p22phox. 7-O-Galloyl-D-sedoheptulose down-regulates NF-κB and related pro-inflammatory factors (COX-2, iNOS), inhibits the phosphorylation of JNK and the activity of its downstream AP-1. 7-O-Galloyl-D-sedoheptulose reduces the expression of TGF-β1 and fibronectin, indicating its potential in anti-tissue fibrosis. 7-O-Galloyl-D-sedoheptulose can be used for the study of type 2 diabetes and its hepatic and pancreatic complications.
    7-O-Galloyl-D-sedoheptulose
  • HY-N6929R
    Angelic acid (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Angelic acid (Standard)) is the analytical standard of Angelic acid (HY-N6929). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Angelic acid is a ferroptosis inducer, targeting NRF2 degradation. Angelic acid binds to NRF2 protein and promotes NRF2 degradation via ubiquitination-proteasome pathway, relieves the inhibitory effect of NRF2 on oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Then, Angelic acid induces ferroptosis in tumor cells. Angelic acid can enhance the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), upregulate ferroptosis-related markers CHAC1 and PTGS2, and synergize with ferroptosis inducers to enhance anti-tumor effects. Angelic acid also has the activity of scavenging UVA-induced ROS in vitro, inhibiting skin fibroblast senescence and extracellular matrix degradation. Angelic Acid helps wound healing with sedative activity.
    Angelic acid (Standard)
  • HY-113308AS2
    Taurolithocholic acid-d4-1 sodium
    		Inhibitor
    Taurolithocholic acid-d4-1 (sodium) is the deuterium labeled Taurolithocholic acid. Taurolithocholic acid sodium is an orally active bile acid and antiviral agent. Taurolithocholic acid sodium upregulates FADS2 by activating the TGR5-PI3K/AKT-SREBP2 signaling axis, inhibits SFTSV-induced ferroptosis, viral replication and viral entry of HBV/HDV, while reducing the release of IL-1β, lipid ROS and LDH. While exerting antiviral protective effects, Taurolithocholic acid sodium also stimulates the recycling of hepatocellular membrane transporters, impairs canalicular bile acid secretion function, and induces hepatocyte cholestasis, apoptosis and acute hepatocellular injury. Taurolithocholic acid sodium serves as an experimental model compound for hepatocellular cholestasis. At concentrations ≤200 μM, Taurolithocholic acid sodium shows no cytotoxicity and does not activate the interferon pathway. Taurolithocholic acid sodium not only protects mice from lethal SFTSV infection but also is suitable for studies related to severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome and cholestasis.
    Taurolithocholic acid-d<sub>4</sub>-1 sodium
  • HY-181801
    FASN-IN-8
    		Inducer
    FASN-IN-8 is a fatty acid synthase (FASN) inhibitor. FASN-IN-8 inhibits FASN-mediated de novo lipogenesis. FASN-IN-8 blocks PI3K/AKT pathway activation, inhibits cancer cells proliferation, migration and invasion. FASN-IN-8 induces apoptosis and ROS production. FASN-IN-8 can be used for the research of hepatocellular carcinoma.
    FASN-IN-8
  • HY-155662
    ROS inducer 3
    		Inducer
    ROS inducer 3 (Compound I6) is a ROS inducer. ROS inducer 3 has excellent in vitro bioactivity with an EC50 of 2.86 μg/mL. ROS inducer 3 has significant protective activity for preventing Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae. ROS inducer 2, as a bactericidal agent, can be used for the research of intractable plant bacterial diseases.
    ROS inducer 3
  • HY-N4093R
    Astringin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Astringin (trans-Astringin) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Astringin (HY-N4093). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Astringin (trans-Astringin) is an orally active natural flavonoid compound. Astringin can inhibit the production of oxidative stress, inflammatory factors, etc. Astringin has multiple activities such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis. Astringin is also an inhibitor of ferroptosis. Astringin can be used in the research of diseases such as acute lung injury.
    Astringin (Standard)
  • HY-182026
    FXR agonist 17
    		Inhibitor
    FXR agonist 17 is an orally active, steroidal FXR agonist with EC50 values of 42.2 nM (TR-FRET) and 176.4 nM (luciferase reporter assay), respectively. FXR agonist 17 activates TGR5 (EC50 = 2.6 μM) but does not activate hMRGPRX4. FXR agonist 17 exerts anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antifibrotic effects, improves the non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD) activity score and reduces the severity of liver fibrosis. FXR agonist 17 can be used for the research of NAFLD, cholestatic liver disease and liver fibrosis.
    FXR agonist 17
  • HY-W001083S1
    3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid-d5
    		Inhibitor
    2-(3-Hydroxyphenyl-2,4,6-d3)acetic-2,2-d2 acid is the deuterium labeled 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HY-W001083). 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is an orally active flavonoid metabolite produced by intestinal flora, with blood pressure-lowering activity. 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can also inhibit ferroptosis by upregulating the expression of GPX4, thereby improving spermatogenic dysfunction in aged mice. In addition, abnormal levels of 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid are closely related to certain diseases, such as autism spectrum disorders.
    3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-W754114
    Nalmefene Sulfate-d3
    Nalmefene Sulfate-d3 is the deuterium labeled Nalmefene (HY-107744). Nalmefene is a BBB-penetrable opioid receptor modulator. Nalmefene is an antagonist of MOR and DOR, and a partial agonist of KOR. Nalmefene has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. Nalmefene can be used in the research of reducing alcohol-dependent disorders.
    Nalmefene Sulfate-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-175567
    Apoptosis inducer 41
    		Agonist
    Apoptosis inducer 41 is an apoptosis inducer that induces apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. Apoptosis inducer 41 exhibits remarkable inhibitory effects against MCF-7 cells (IC50 = 6.2 μM). Apoptosis inducer 41 significantly arrests MCF-7 cells in the G2/M phase, increases ROS accumulation, induces mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization. Apoptosis inducer 41 can used for the study of breast cancer.
    Apoptosis inducer 41
  • HY-182040
    Nrf2 activator-24
    		Inhibitor
    Nrf2 activator-24 is a Nrf2 activator with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Nrf2 activator-24 promotes the nuclear translocation of Nrf2, thereby inducing the expression of downstream antioxidant and cytoprotective genes. Nrf2 activator-24 inhibits cytokine-driven inflammatory responses in keratinocytes. Nrf2 activator-24 attenuates inflammation, nitrosation and oxidative stress responses in macrophages. Nrf2 activator-24 alleviates local inflammation and atopic dermatitis-like symptoms in DNCB-induced mouse models. Nrf2 activator-24 can be used in research related to atopic dermatitis.
    Nrf2 activator-24
  • HY-146505
    Tubulin polymerization-IN-6
    		Inducer
    Tubulin polymerization-IN-6 (compound 5f) is a potent tubulin polymerization inhibitor, with an IC50 of 1.09 μM. Tubulin polymerization-IN-6 inhibits cell migration and tube formation and contributes to the anti-angiogenesis. Tubulin polymerization-IN-6 can greatly inhibit tumor growth on HT29 xenograft Balb/c nude mice.
    Tubulin polymerization-IN-6
  • HY-DY1058
    2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate (solution)
    2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH2-DA) (solution) is a cell-permeable fluorescent probe. 2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate can be used to detect the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates and for assessing the overall oxidative stress in toxicological phenomenon.
    Solvent and concentration: DMSO: 10 mM
    The 1 mL volume is defined as the base specification. All larger sizes correspond to incremental volumes of this base.
    2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate (solution)
  • HY-173144
    AChE-IN-85
    		Inhibitor
    AChE-IN-85 (Compound 7k) is an AChE inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.083 μM. AChE-IN-85 can inhibit the release of NO, the production of TNF-α and IL-1β, the levels of LDH and ROS, as well as the aggregation of Aβ42. AChE-IN-85 has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects and can be used in the research of diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.
    AChE-IN-85
  • HY-114977S
    Avenanthramide A-d4
    		Inducer
    Avenanthramide A-d4 is the deuterium labeled Avenanthramide A (HY-114977). Avenanthramide A is an orally active phytoalexin that targets the RNA helicase DDX3 with a KD of 8.8 μM. Avenanthramide A induces mitochondrial swelling and increased ROS production, and triggers apoptosis in CRC cells. Avenanthramide A inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation and enhances nitric oxide production. Avenanthramide A can be used in research on colorectal cancer and atherosclerosis.
    Avenanthramide A-d<sub>4</sub>
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity