Metabolic Disease

Cyclic AMP (Cyclic adenosine monophosphate), adenosine triphosphate derivative, is an intracellular signaling molecule responsible for directing cellular responses to extracellular signals. Cyclic AMP is an important second messenger in many biological processes.

L-Cysteine (Cysteine) is an orally active conditionally essential amino acid with hypoglycemic effects, which acts as a precursor for biologically active molecules such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), glutathione and taurine. L-Cysteine promotes the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells via the CBS/H2S pathway. L-Cysteine suppresses ghrelin and reduces appetite in rodents and humans. L-Cysteine can be used as an anorectic agent.

Zoledronic Acid (Zoledronate) is a third-generation bisphosphonate (BP), with potent anti-resorptive activity. Zoledronic Acid inhibits the differentiation and apoptosis of osteoclasts. Zoledronic Acid also has anti-cancer effects.

Fisetin is a natural flavonol found in many fruits and vegetables with various benefits, such as antioxidant, anticancer, neuroprotection effects.

Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol; Colecalciferol) is a naturally occuring form of vitamin D. Vitamin D3 induces cell differentiation and prevents proliferation of cancer cells.

Pirinixic acid (Wy-14643) is a potent agonist of PPARα, with EC₅₀s of 0.63 μM, 32 μM for murine PPARα and PPARγ, and 5.0 μM, 60 μM, 35 μM for human PPARα, PPARγ and PPARδ, respectively.

Sodium oleate (Oleic acid sodium) is an abundant monounsaturated fatty acid sodium. Sodium oleate is a Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase activator.

Troglitazone is an orally active PPARγ agonist, with EC₅₀s of 550 nM and 780 nM for human and murine PPARγ receptor, respectively. Troglitazone has anticancer activity, prevents and inhibits the development of type 2 diabetes.

Intralipid 20% is a safe fat emulsion, composed of soybean oil (consisting of a mixture of long-chain triglycerides (C14-24) of predominantly unsaturated fatty acids), and egg phospholipids, can be used as a nutritional supplement. Intralipid 20% effectively inhibits the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, effectively protecting the heart from ischaemia-reperfusion injury and has some potential to modulate the innate immune response.

Adenosine monophosphate is an adenosine A1 receptor agonist. Adenosine monophosphate has significant antiviral activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2. Adenosine monophosphate is a key cellular metabolite regulating energy homeostasis and signal transduction.

L-Glutamine-¹³C₅ is the ¹³C-labeled L-Glutamine (HY-N0390). L-Glutamine is an orally active nutritional agent and cellular metabolism regulator. L-Glutamine is taken up in a Na⁺-dependent manner and targets multiple key molecules including glutaminase, mTORC1, NF-κB, STAT-3 and HIF-1α. L-Glutamine enhances glutaminolytic catabolism, drives the conversion of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate, thereby regulating gene expression, integrating metabolic signals, mediating glutamine flux and maintaining redox homeostasis. L-Glutamine also promotes cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and fracture healing, exerts neuroprotective and cardioprotective effects, and inhibits osteoarthritis. L-Glutamine can be applied to research related to osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, ischemic stroke and acute cantharidin-induced cardiotoxicity.

Prostaglandin E1 (Alprostadil) is a prostanoid receptor ligand, with K_is of 1.1 nM, 2.1 nM, 10 nM, 33 nM and 36 nM for mouse EP3, EP4, EP2, IP and EP1, respectively. Prostaglandin E1 induces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation. Prostaglandin E1 can be used as a vasodilator for the research of peripheral vascular diseases.

3-Indoleacetic acid is is an IAA hormone and growth regulator that can promote plant nutritional growth through processes such as cell expansion, differentiation, morphogenesis, and organogenesis.

Poloxamer 407 (F127) is a nonionic surfactant that is 100% active and relatively non-toxic to cells at low concentrations, and frequently used with dye AM esters such as Indo-1 AM, Fura-2 AM, Calcein AM, Fluo-3 AM, Fluo-4 AM, Quest Fluo-8 AM and Quest Rhod-4 AM, etc. to improve their water solubility. Poloxamer 407 is also a lipoprotein lipase inhibitor.

Sodium 2-oxopropanoate (Sodium pyruvate), a three-carbon metabolite of Glucose, is a compound produced in the glycolytic pathway. Sodium 2-oxopropanoate is a free radical scavenger that can scavenge ROS.

NCT-503 is a blood-brain barrier-permeable, non-competitive PHGDH inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 2.5 μM against human PHGDH. NCT-503 reduces glucose-derived serine production and the incorporation of one-carbon units into nucleotides without decreasing PHGDH protein expression. NCT-503 prevents high selenium-induced insulin resistance in mice by regulating blood glucose and insulin levels and improving glucose tolerance, and also inhibits the growth of tumors overexpressing PHGDH. NCT-503 can be used in research related to insulin resistance and breast cancer.

Betaine (Trimethylglycine) is a natural compound found in many foods and also an active methyl-donor which can maintain normal DNA methylation patterns^[1,2]. Betaine is found ubiquitously in plants, animals, microorganisms, and rich dietary sources including seafood, spinach, and wheat bran. Betaine also acts as an osmolyte, to maintain the avian’s cellular water and ion balance to improve the avian’s capacity against heat stress via preventing dehydration and osmotic inactivation. It helps in maintaining the protective osmolytic activity, especially in heat-stressed birds. Betaine may promote various intestinal microbes against osmotic variations and thus improve microbial fermentation activity.

Zinc Protoporphyrin (Zn(II)-protoporphyrin IX) is an orally active and competitive heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibitor. Zinc Protoporphyrin regulates expression of HO-1 at the transcriptional level. The effect of Zinc Protoporphyrin on HO-1 expression is controversial.  It was shown to induce HO-1 expression in some cells, but suppress it in others. Zinc Protoporphyrin is used as a screening marker of iron deficiency in vivo. Zinc Protoporphyrin has anti-cancer activity.

T0901317 is an orally active and highly selective LXR agonist with an EC₅₀ of 20 nM for LXRα. T0901317 activates FXR with an EC₅₀ of 5 μM. T0901317 is RORα and RORγ dual inverse agonist with K_i values of 132 nM and 51 nM, respectively. T0901317 induces apoptosis and inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-deficient mice.

Cholic acid is a major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion. Cholic acid is orally active.