2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-W115789
    Sodium silicate
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    Sodium silicate is a water-soluble silicate. Sodium silicate is widely used as a binder, particularly in the production of detergents, soaps, and cleaners. Sodium silicate promotes the deposition of suberin polyphenols and lignin at wound sites of potato tubers, accelerates callus structure formation, enhances ROS production, and induces the synthesis of total phenols and flavonoids. Sodium silicate reduces the weight loss rate and disease index of wounded potato tubers during storage.
    Sodium silicate
  • HY-121641
    Nitrosobenzene
    		99.32%
    Nitrosobenzene is a radical scavenger that can be used to study oxidative DNA damage and the respiratory burst reaction of neutrophils induced by nitro compounds.
    Nitrosobenzene
  • HY-12033S2
    2-Methoxyestradiol-d5
    		Activator 98.67%
    2-Methoxyestradiol-d5 is the deuterium labeled 2-Methoxyestradiol. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME2), an orally active endogenous metabolite of 17β-estradiol (E2), is an apoptosis inducer and an angiogenesis inhibitor with potent antineoplastic activity. 2-Methoxyestradiol also destablize microtubules. 2-Methoxyestradio, also a potent superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor and a ROS-generating agent, induces autophagy in the transformed cell line HEK293 and the cancer cell lines U87 and HeLa.
    2-Methoxyestradiol-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-N8804
    Shatavarin IV
    		Inhibitor 99.83%
    Shatavarin IV is a steroidal saponin, that can be isolated from the roots of Asparagus racemosus (Liliaceae). Shatavarin IV shows anticancer activity. Shatavarin IV elicits lifespan extension and alleviates Parkinsonism in Caenorhabditis elegans.
    Shatavarin IV
  • HY-A0272
    Sodium laureth sulfate (70% in water)
    		Inducer
    Sodium laureth sulfate (70% in water) (Sodium lauryl polyoxyethylene ether sulfate) is an anionic active agent with excellent decontamination, emulsification, dispersion, wetting, antifungal and other properties.
    Sodium laureth sulfate (70% in water)
  • HY-N1745A
    3-Deoxysappanchalcone
    		Inducer 99.77%
    3-Deoxysappanchalcone is a natural chalcone compound isolated from the heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan L. 3-Deoxysappanchalcone induces cell cycle arrest, ROS production, and apoptosis. 3-Deoxysappanchalcone exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anticoagulant, and antithrombotic activities. 3-Deoxysappanchalcone is applicable to research related to lung cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, thrombosis, and influenza virus infection.
    3-Deoxysappanchalcone
  • HY-N1510
    Kaempferol 3-O-gentiobioside
    		Inhibitor 99.88%
    Kaempferol 3-O-gentiobioside is an orally active flavonoid, with a Ka value of 57 µM against human NOTCH1 and an IC50 value of 50 μM against α-glucosidase. Kaempferol 3-O-gentiobioside inhibits the NOTCH signaling pathway. It downregulates the expression of TLR4 and NLRP3, and suppresses the activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Kaempferol 3-O-gentiobioside inhibits the expression of MUC5AC, reduces nitrite and ROS levels, and attenuates excessive mucus secretion. It exhibits antibacterial activity, reducing the formation and growth of MRSA biofilms. Kaempferol 3-O-gentiobioside blocks the TGF-β/ALK5/Smad signaling pathway and inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition. It suppresses the proliferation, migration, invasion and metastatic growth of tumor cells. Kaempferol 3-O-gentiobioside alleviates airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion in mice with allergic asthma. It reduces the volume of ovarian cancer xenografts in mice. Kaempferol 3-O-gentiobioside can be used in research related to allergic asthma, diabetes, MRSA infection, breast cancer, gastric cancer and ovarian cancer.
    Kaempferol 3-O-gentiobioside
  • HY-111806
    3,7,4'-Trihydroxyflavone
    		Inhibitor 99.11%
    3,7,4'-Trihydroxyflavone (5-Deoxykampferol) is a flavonoid compound that can be isolated from the stems of Rhus javanica var. roxburghiana. 3,7,4'-Trihydroxyflavone has the effect of cleaving DNA in the presence of copper ions. 3,7,4'-Trihydroxyflavone also has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and can scavenge various reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS).
    3,7,4'-Trihydroxyflavone
  • HY-N1983
    Caudatin
    		Inducer 99.95%
    Caudatin is an orally active and brain-penetrant C-21 steroidal found in Cynanchum bungei decne with a variety of biological activities. Caudatin can inhibit cell proliferation, migration, invasion, cause cell phase arrest, induce apoptosis, autophagy, ROS prodution and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Caudatin activates PARP, caspase-3, -7, -9, upregulates pro-apoptotic Bad and Bax and downregulates anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. Caudatin suppresses VEGF, FAK phosphorylation, upregulates p21, p27, DR5 protein expression, activates the p38 MAPK, JNK and PPARα/TFEB-mediated autophagy-lysosomal signaling pathways. Caudatin can be used for the research of cancer, inflammation and neurological disease, such as glioma and Alzheimer's disease.
    Caudatin
  • HY-N1401
    20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2
    		Inhibitor 99.84%
    20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 is an orally active protopanaxadiol-type saponin with multiple biological activities. 20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 exerts a significant inhibitory effect on non-small cell lung cancer and liver cancer by inducing cell cycle arrest and promoting apoptosis. 20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 exerts anti-γ-herpesvirus effects by inhibiting viral DNA replication. 20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits inflammatory mediators by reducing the levels of NO, PGE2, and ROS; it can delay skin photoaging by reducing ROS and inhibiting MMP-9/2 activity. 20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 accelerates the recovery after muscle injury by activating the Akt1/PKB signaling pathway. 20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 can inhibit osteoclast formation and exert an anti-osteoporosis effect.
    20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2
  • HY-147855
    ACA-28
    		Inducer 99.70%
    ACA-28 is a potent ERK MAPK signaling modulator. ACA-28 selectively inhibits cancer cell growth and induces apoptosis. ACA-28 can activate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling via inducing ROS production. ACA-28 can be used for the research of cancer, such as melanoma .
    ACA-28
  • HY-B0166S1
    L-Ascorbic acid-13C
    		99.90%
    L-Ascorbic acid-13C is the 13C-labeled L-Ascorbic acid. L-Ascorbic acid (L-Ascorbate), an electron donor, is an endogenous antioxidant agent. L-Ascorbic acid inhibits selectively Cav3.2 channels with an IC50 of 6.5 μM. L-Ascorbic acid is also a collagen deposition enhancer and an elastogenesis inhibitor. L-Ascorbic acid exhibits anti-cancer effects through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and selective damage to cancer cells.
    L-Ascorbic acid-<sup>13</sup>C
  • HY-W009300
    4-Hydroxyestrone
    		≥99.0%
    4-Hydroxyestrone (4-OHE1) is a brain-penetrant estrogen metabolite. 4-Hydroxyestrone shows neuroprotective effects involving increased cytoplasmic localization of p53 resulting from SIRT1-mediated p53 deacetylation. 4-Hydroxyestrone relies on PDI to mediate its protective effect against chemically induced ferroptosis in estrogen receptor-negative cancer cells. 4-Hydroxyestrone inhibits lipid peroxidation and lipid-ROS accumulation. 4-Hydroxyestrone blocks preovulatory luteinizing hormone surges in Rattus norvegicus. 4-Hydroxyestrone can be used for the researches of neurodegeneration, breast cancer and endocrine disease.
    4-Hydroxyestrone
  • HY-105005
    Crisdesalazine
    		Inhibitor 98.92%
    Crisdesalazine (AAD-2004) is a microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) inhibitor. Crisdesalazine acts as a potent free radical scavenger that directly neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydrogen peroxide, exerting neuroprotective effects against apoptosis and axonal damage. Crisdesalazine inhibits PGE2 production, mediates inflammatory responses, and promotes the conversion of macrophages from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Crisdesalazine is applicable to neuroprotection research in multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury.
    Crisdesalazine
  • HY-15930B
    TMB dihydrochloride x.hydrate
    		99.89%
    TMB (dihydrochloride x.hydrate) is the dihydrochloride x hydrate form of TMB (HY-15930). TMB (dihydrochloride x.hydrate) is a non-toxic, non-mutagenic, colorless dye that is also used as a chromogenic agent in enzyme detection systems based on horseradish peroxidase (HRP). TMB (dihydrochloride x.hydrate) can function as a photoacoustic probe for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), reacting with hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, and nitrogen dioxide to produce blue oxidation products. TMB (dihydrochloride x.hydrate) can detect the singlet oxygen produced by the outer membrane of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922.
    TMB dihydrochloride x.hydrate
  • HY-172209
    PPIA-IN-1
    		Inducer
    PPIA-IN-1 is a PPIA inhibitor with a Kd value of 0.52 μM. PPIA-IN-1 inhibits the PPIA/MAPK signaling pathway to exert antiproliferative activity. PPIA-IN-1 induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in cancer cells. PPIA-IN-1 upregulates the expression of Bax and caspase-3, downregulates Bcl-2 expression, and induces apoptosis in cancer cells. PPIA-IN-1 induces increased ROS levels, DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer cells. PPIA-IN-1 exhibits antitumor activity in a mouse colon cancer xenograft model. PPIA-IN-1 can be used for the research of colorectal cancer.
    PPIA-IN-1
  • HY-W106456
    3-Methoxy-9H-Carbazole
    		Inducer 99.64%
    3-Methoxy-9H-Carbazole induces caspase-3 activities and the cellular generation of eactive oxygen species. 3-Methoxy-9H-Carbazole inhibits cancer cell proliferation and induces apoptosis.
    3-Methoxy-9H-Carbazole
  • HY-W040971
    Creosol
    		Inhibitor 99.82%
    Creosol (2-Methoxy-4-methylphenol) is an endogenous metabolite that acts as an important chemical intermediate and potential biofuel mainly derived from lignocellulosic biomass. Creosol is blood brain barrier penetrable.
    Creosol
  • HY-N3026
    Soyasaponin Ab
    		Inhibitor 99.20%
    Soyasaponin Ab is an orally active soyasaponin. Soyasaponin Ab inhibits PPARγ transcriptional activity. Soyasaponin Ab induces apoptosis in high concentrations. Soyasaponin Ab exerts anti-obesity, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-aging effects. Soyasaponin Ab prevents Scopolamine (HY-N0296)-induced memory impairment.
    Soyasaponin Ab
  • HY-N3138
    Ombuoside
    		Inhibitor 99.68%
    Ombuoside has antioxidant properties, inhibiting ROS production and apoptosis. Ombuoside exerts neuroprotective effects through the ERK-JNK-caspase-3 system. Ombuoside promotes Dopamine biosynthesis through TH and CREB activation. Ombuoside exhibits antimicrobial activity against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as Candida albicans
    Ombuoside
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity