ERK Inhibitor

Sorafenib (Bay 43-9006) is a potent oral active multikinase inhibitor. Sorafenib blocks autophosphorylation and activity of receptor tyrosine kinases (VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3) and RAF family kinases, thereby suppressing the RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways, inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation, and selectively inhibiting the MAPK pathway in cancer cells. Sorafenib induces cell cycle arrest, autophagy, apoptosis, and PARP cleavage, reduces Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, cyclin D1 levels, and activates Bak and Bax. Sorafenib inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in mouse and rat models. Sorafenib can be used for cancer research, such as colon, breast, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), ovarian, pancreatic, melanoma, colorectal and hepatocellular carcinoma.

PD98059 is a potent and selective MEK inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 5 µM. PD98059 binds to the inactive form of MEK, thereby preventing the activation of MEK1 (IC₅₀ of 2-7 µM) and MEK2 (IC₅₀ of 50 µM) by upstream kinases. PD98059 is a ERK1/2 signaling inhibitor. PD98059 is a ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), and suppresses TCDD binding (IC₅₀ of 4 μM) and AHR transformation (IC₅₀ of 1 μM). PD98059 also inhibits Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus CalmetteGuerin (BCG)-induced autophagy.

Erlotinib (CP-358774) is a selective, orally active EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Erlotinib also acts as a substrate and inhibitor of OATP2B1, with an IC₅₀ of approximately 0.079 μM for inhibiting OATP2B1-mediated uptake of estrone 3-sulfate. Erlotinib blocks EGFR phosphorylation, downstream signal transduction, as well as the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. Erlotinib inhibits MMP-10-mediated renal injury, fibrotic lesions, the ERK1/2, GSK-3β and β-catenin signaling pathways, fibronectin, α-SMA, collagen deposition, and renal injury markers. Erlotinib is metabolized via CYP3A to produce the active metabolite OSI-420. Erlotinib can be used in research related to non-small cell lung cancer, gastric cancer, papillary renal cell carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, renal fibrosis, and other conditions.

SCH772984 is a highly selective and ATP-competitive ERK inhibitor, with IC₅₀s of 4 and 1 nM for ERK1 and ERK2, respectively. SCH772984 has antitumor activity in MAPK inhibitor-na?ve and MAPK inhibitor-resistant cells containing BRAF or RAS mutations.

IK-595 is a MEK1/MEK2 inhibitor with high affinity (7.39 nM).IK-595 blocks EGF-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in AsPC-1 cells with IC₅₀ value of 0.1 nM. IK-595 has oral activity and blood-brain barrier penetration. IK-595 can be used for the research of Ras/MAPK pathway-altered cancers.

BBO-11818 is an orally active, highly selective (relative to NRAS and HRAS), non-covalent pan-KRAS inhibitor (IC₅₀=28-120 nM). BBO-11818 specifically binds to the Switch-II/Helix 3 pocket, disrupts the KRAS:RAF1 interaction by inducing conformational changes, and blocks the MAPK signaling pathway. BBO-11818 exhibits significant anti-tumor activity, which not only inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis, but also drives tumor regression in xenograft models. BBO-11818 produces synergistic effects when combined with Cetuximab (HY-P9905), anti-PD-1 antibody or PI3Kα inhibitor. BBO-11818 is used in the research of KRAS mutation-related malignancies such as pancreatic cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer.

Daporinad (FK866) is a non-competitive inhibitor of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt), with a K_i value of 0.3 nM. Daporinad depletes NAD+ and ATP levels, inhibits mTORC1 and MAPK/ERK pathways, and activates TFEB to induce autophagy. Daporinad causes the depletion of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ pool, ultimately weakening the mitogen-induced Ca²⁺ signal and the activation and function of T cells. Daporinad induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and inhibits cell proliferation. Daporinad can be used for the study of myeloma, liver cancer, and immunosuppression.

Tauroursodeoxycholate (Tauroursodeoxycholic acid) is an orally active endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor. Tauroursodeoxycholate significantly reduces expression of apoptosis molecules, such as caspase-3 and caspase-12. Tauroursodeoxycholate also inhibits ERK.

Astragaloside IV, an active component isolated from Astragalus membranaceus, suppresses the activation of ERK1/2 and JNK, and downregulates matrix metalloproteases (MMP)-2, (MMP)-9 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.

Ulixertinib (BVD-523; VRT752271) is a potent, orally active, highly selective, ATP-competitive and reversible covalent inhibitor of ERK1/2 kinases, with an IC₅₀ of <0.3 nM against ERK2. Ulixertinib (BVD-523; VRT752271) inhibits the phosphorylated ERK2 (pERK) and downstream kinase RSK (pRSK) in an A375 melanoma cell line.

RMC-7977 is an orally active triple-complex RAS inhibitor that can simultaneously bind to cyclophilin A (CYPA) (K_d = 195 nM) and KRAS (G12V) (K_d = 292 μM). It exhibits broad-spectrum inhibitory activity against KRAS, NRAS, and HRAS proteins and their various wild-type and mutant variants. RMC-7977 induces apoptosis by inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK, CRAF, and RSK, as well as increasing PARP cleavage. This leads to tumor regression, reduces resistance in KRAS^G12C cancer models, and demonstrates good tolerability across various RAS cancer models.

Sitagliptin (MK-0431) is an orally active and highly selective DPP4 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ value of 19 nM. Sitagliptin blocks the degradation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) by competing inhibition mechanism (Kᵢ = 1 nM), thereby increasing the level of active incretin. Sitagliptin can also directly stimulate the secretion of GLP-1 by intestinal L cells by activating the cAMP/PKA and ERK1/2 pathways, and this effect is independent of DPP-4. Sitagliptin shows protective effects on pancreatic islet grafts in 1-type diabetes models. Sitagliptin can be used for the study of 1-type and 2-type diabetes.

Tauroursodeoxycholate (Tauroursodeoxycholic acid; TUDCA) sodium is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor. Tauroursodeoxycholate significantly reduces expression of apoptosis molecules, such as caspase-3 and caspase-12. Tauroursodeoxycholate also inhibits ERK.

Piperlongumine is a alkaloid, possesses ant-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiangiogenic, antioxidant, antitumor, and antidiabetic activities. Piperlongumine induces ROS, and induces apoptosis in cancer cell lines. Piperlongumine shows anti-cardiac fibrosis activity, suppresses myofibroblast transformation via suppression of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Piperlongumin could be used in the study of migrasome.

Temuterkib (LY3214996) is a highly selective inhibitor of ERK1 and ERK2, with IC₅₀ of 5 nM for both enzymes in biochemical assays. Temuterkib potently inhibits cellular p-RSK1 in BRAF and RAS mutant cancer cell lines. Temuterkib shows potent antitumor activities in cancer models with MAPK pathway alterations.

Gamma-linolenic acid (γ-Linolenic acid) is an orally active unsaturated fatty acid. Gamma-linolenic acid exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway and the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK. At the same time, it exerts anticancer effects by inducing apoptosis (Apoptosis) in cancer cells. Additionally, Gamma-linolenic acid also has antioxidant and memory-improving effects. It holds promise for research in the fields of inflammation, neurology, and cancer diseases.

Elironrasib is an orally active and covalent inhibitor of KRAS^G12C(ON). Elironrasib forms a tri-complex within tumor cells between KRAS^G12C(ON) and cyclophilin A (CypA). Thus, Elironrasib prevents KRAS^G12C(ON) from signaling via steric blockade of RAS effector binding. Elironrasib inhibits ERK signaling and induced apoptosis in KRASG12C-mutant H358 cells. Elironrasib also inhibits the proliferation of KRAS^G12C mutant cells with a median IC₅₀ of 0.11 nM.

Patritumab (Human Anti-ERBB3 Recombinant Antibody) is a neutralizing monoclonal antibody to ERBB3. Patritumab shows a synergy with Cetuximab (HY-P9905), potently inhibits the phosphorylation of EGFR, HER2, HER3, ERK, and AKT. Patritumab also induces cell apoptosis and suppresses the growth of pancreatic, non-small cell lung cancer, and colorectal cancer xenograft tumors.

Lidocaine (Lignocaine) inhibits sodium channels involving complex voltage and using dependence. Lidocaine decreases growth, migration and invasion of gastric carcinoma cells via up-regulating miR-145 expression and further inactivation of MEK/ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Lidocaine is an amide derivative and has potential for the research of ventricular arrhythmia.

Ravoxertinib (GDC-0994) is an orally active ERK kinase inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 6.1 nM and 3.1 nM for ERK1 and ERK2, respectively.