Cat. No.: HY-10448

Capsaicin

(Synonyms: (E)-Capsaicin)

78 Cited Publications

Customer Review

Based on 78 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Capsaicin ((E)-Capsaicin), an active component of chili peppers, is a TRPV1 agonist. Capsaicin induces a nociceptive response by binding to its receptors. Capsaicin has analgesic effects on neurological disorders. Capsaicin has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer effects.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Purity: 99.99%
CAS No.: 404-86-4
Formula: C₁₈H₂₇NO₃
Molecular Weight:305.41

Storage:

4°C, protect from light

* In solvent : -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months (protect from light)

Capsaicin Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 404-86-4

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Biological Activity
- Description
- IC₅₀ & Target
- Cellular Effect
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
- Clinical Trial
Chemical Information
Publications (78)
Solvent & Solubility
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Purity & Documentation
References
Help & FAQs
Bioz

Biological Activity

Description

IC₅₀ & Target

EC50: 290 nM (hTRPV1, in HEK293 cell)^[1]

All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms :

All TRP Channel Isoforms :

Cellular Effect

Cell Line	Type	Value	Description	References
A2058	IC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: Capsaicin	Cytotoxicity against human A2058 cells assessed as decrease in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human A2058 cells assessed as decrease in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 31104785]
B16-F10	IC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: Capsaicin	Cytotoxicity against mouse B16F10 cells assessed as decrease in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against mouse B16F10 cells assessed as decrease in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 31104785]
B16-F10	IC₅₀	117 μM Compound: 1	Antiproliferative activity against B16-F10 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against B16-F10 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 37000154]
BGC-823	IC₅₀	4.659 μM Compound: 1	Antiproliferative activity against human BGC-823 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 5 days by MTS assay Antiproliferative activity against human BGC-823 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 5 days by MTS assay	[PMID: 33581557]
CHO	EC₅₀	25.9 nM Compound: 1; CAP	Agonist activity at human TRPV1 expressed in CHO cells assessed as increase in 45Ca2+ uptake incubated for 5 mins by liquid scintillation counting method Agonist activity at human TRPV1 expressed in CHO cells assessed as increase in 45Ca2+ uptake incubated for 5 mins by liquid scintillation counting method	[PMID: 31702924]
CHO	EC₅₀	44.8 nM Compound: 1; CAP	Agonist activity at rat TRPV1 expressed in CHO cells assessed as increase in 45Ca2+ uptake incubated for 5 mins by liquid scintillation counting method Agonist activity at rat TRPV1 expressed in CHO cells assessed as increase in 45Ca2+ uptake incubated for 5 mins by liquid scintillation counting method	[PMID: 31702924]
CHO	EC₅₀	44.8 nM Compound: Capsaicin	In vitro [Ca2+] influx relative to capsaicin by Rat Vanilloid receptor (VR1) expressing CHO cells In vitro [Ca2+] influx relative to capsaicin by Rat Vanilloid receptor (VR1) expressing CHO cells	[PMID: 12825950]
CHO	EC₅₀	44.8 nM Compound: Capsaicin	Agonist activity at rat TRPV1 receptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as calcium uptake Agonist activity at rat TRPV1 receptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as calcium uptake	[PMID: 19135377]
HBMEC-2	EC₅₀	16.37 μM Compound: Capsaicin	Neuroprotective activity against H2O2-induced cell damage in human HBMEC2 cells assessed as increase in cell viability preincubated for 24 hrs followed by H2O2 addition and measured after 4 hrs by MTT assay Neuroprotective activity against H2O2-induced cell damage in human HBMEC2 cells assessed as increase in cell viability preincubated for 24 hrs followed by H2O2 addition and measured after 4 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 31541868]
HCT-116	IC₅₀	40.16 μM Compound: Capsaicin	Antiproliferative activity against human HCT-116 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 72 hrs by crystal violet staining based assay Antiproliferative activity against human HCT-116 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 72 hrs by crystal violet staining based assay	[PMID: 34795858]
HEK293	EC₅₀	0.0039 μM Compound: Capsaicin	Agonist activity at human TRPV1 ion channel expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as calcium influx by fluo-4-Am-based fluorimetry Agonist activity at human TRPV1 ion channel expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as calcium influx by fluo-4-Am-based fluorimetry	[PMID: 22257892]
HEK293	EC₅₀	0.0053 μM Compound: 1a	Agonist activity at human recombinant TRPV1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as Ca2+ influx by Fluo-4 dye based assay Agonist activity at human recombinant TRPV1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as Ca2+ influx by Fluo-4 dye based assay	[PMID: 25666822]
HEK293	EC₅₀	0.02 μM Compound: capsaicin	Agonist activity at human recombinant TRPV1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in intracellular calcium level Agonist activity at human recombinant TRPV1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in intracellular calcium level	[PMID: 19361197]
HEK293	EC₅₀	40 nM Compound: 1a	Agonist activity at human TRPV1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in intracellular calcium level Agonist activity at human TRPV1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in intracellular calcium level	[PMID: 19951840]
HEK293	EC₅₀	40 nM Compound: capsaicin	Agonist activity at human recombinant TRPV1 expressed in human HEK293 cells Agonist activity at human recombinant TRPV1 expressed in human HEK293 cells	[PMID: 17046253]
HEK293	IC₅₀	0.008 μM Compound: 1a	Antagonist activity against human recombinant TRPV1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of capsaicin-induced Ca2+ influx pre-treated 5 mins before capsaicin addition by Fluo-4 dye based assay Antagonist activity against human recombinant TRPV1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of capsaicin-induced Ca2+ influx pre-treated 5 mins before capsaicin addition by Fluo-4 dye based assay	[PMID: 25666822]
HeLa	IC₅₀	>50 μM Compound: CAP	Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 29685681]
Jurkat	IC₅₀	~ 128 μM Compound: 1	Induction of apoptosis in human Jurkat cells assessed as increase in apoptotic cells by propidium iodide staining based flow cytometry Induction of apoptosis in human Jurkat cells assessed as increase in apoptotic cells by propidium iodide staining based flow cytometry	[PMID: 37000154]
K562	IC₅₀	49.41 μM Compound: CAP	Antiproliferative activity against human K562 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human K562 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 29685681]
MCF7	IC₅₀	~ 53 μM Compound: 1	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 37000154]
MCF7	IC₅₀	100 μM Compound: Capsaicin	Antiproliferative activity in human MCF7 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity in human MCF7 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition by MTT assay	[PMID: 33508189]
MCF7	IC₅₀	49.97 μM Compound: CAP	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 29685681]
MDA-MB-231	IC₅₀	120 μM Compound: 24	Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 32686940]
NCI-H1299	IC₅₀	>=200 μM Compound: 1	Antiproliferative activity against human NCI-H1299 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human NCI-H1299 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 37000154]
NCI-H460	IC₅₀	30.66 μM Compound: Capsaicin	Antiproliferative activity against human NCI-H460 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 72 hrs by crystal violet staining based assay Antiproliferative activity against human NCI-H460 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 72 hrs by crystal violet staining based assay	[PMID: 34795858]
SH-SY5Y	EC₅₀	14.02 μM Compound: Capsaicin	Neuroprotective activity against H2O2-induced cell damage in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as increase in cell viability preincubated for 24 hrs followed by H2O2 addition and measured after 4 hrs by MTT assay Neuroprotective activity against H2O2-induced cell damage in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as increase in cell viability preincubated for 24 hrs followed by H2O2 addition and measured after 4 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 31541868]
SH-SY5Y	EC₅₀	2.32 μM Compound: Capsaicin	Agonist activity at rat TRPV1 expressed in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as intracellular calcium accumulation by Fluo-4 NW dye based fluorescence assay Agonist activity at rat TRPV1 expressed in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as intracellular calcium accumulation by Fluo-4 NW dye based fluorescence assay	[PMID: 30783490]
SK-MEL-25	IC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: Capsaicin	Cytotoxicity against human SK-MEL-25 cells assessed as decrease in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human SK-MEL-25 cells assessed as decrease in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 31104785]
SK-OV-3	IC₅₀	22.03 μM Compound: Capsaicin	Antiproliferative activity against human SK-OV-3 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 72 hrs by crystal violet staining based assay Antiproliferative activity against human SK-OV-3 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 72 hrs by crystal violet staining based assay	[PMID: 34795858]
T47D	IC₅₀	100 μM Compound: Capsaicin	Antiproliferative activity in human T47D cells assessed as cell growth inhibition by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity in human T47D cells assessed as cell growth inhibition by MTT assay	[PMID: 33508189]
U-87MG ATCC	IC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: Capsaicin	Cytotoxicity against human U87 cells assessed as decrease in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human U87 cells assessed as decrease in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 31104785]

In Vitro

Capsaicin (50-300 μM; 24-72 hours) shows an augmented decrease in cell growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The observed IC₅₀ value is around 150 μM^[2].
Capsaicin (50-300 μM; 24-72 hours) shows increase in cytosolic cytochrome c, activation of caspase 3 and PARP (p85) levels, and decreases anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein and increases pro-apoptotic Bad/Bax expression^[2].
Capsaicin increases the nuclear condensation, nuclear DNA fragmentation and sub-G1 DNA content^[2].
Capsaicin suppresses the cell cycle progression at the G1/S phase in FaDu cells by decreasing the expression of the regulators of cyclin B1 and D1, as well as cyclin-dependent protein kinases cdk-1, cdk-2 and cdk-4^[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Cell Viability Assay^[2]

Cell Line:

Human pharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells (FaDu) cells
Concentration:

50 µM, 100 µM, 200 µM, and 300 µM
Incubation Time:

24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours
Result:

Showed an augmented decrease in cell growth.

Apoptosis Analysis^[2]

Cell Line:

FaDu cells
Concentration:

50 µM, 100 µM and 200 µM
Incubation Time:

12 hours
Result:

Increased the activity of caspase 3 in a time-dependent manner.

Western Blot Analysis^[2]

Cell Line:

FaDu cells
Concentration:

200 µM
Incubation Time:

24 hours
Result:

The observed activation of caspase 3 and PARP (p85) levels.

In Vivo

Note:
Please do not refer to only one article to determine the experimental conditions. It is recommended to determine the optimal experimental conditions (animal strain, age, dosage, frequency and cycle, detection time and indicators, etc.) through preliminary experiments before the formal experiment.

Capsaicin suppresses the development of lung carcinoma by amending the protein expressions of apoptotic regulators p53, Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3^[2].
Capsaicin (2 μg in 40 μL per mice, injected into the plantar surface of the left hind paw) induces pain-related behaviour in mice^[4].
Capsaicin (3-30 μg in 10 μL per rat, plantar injection) induces secondary mechanical hypersensitivity (SMH) (used clinically as a model to potentially predict neuropathic pain) in rats^[5].
Capsaicin (0-500 μg in 25 μL per rat, injected subcutaneously into the center of the right vibrissae pad) induces pain in the orofacial region or rats^[6].
In high dose, Capsaicin may should be adminstered under anesthesia condition^[7]^[8].
Capsaicin is more pungent than Dihydrocapsaicin (HY-N0361)^[9].
Note: The spicy taste is choking, please take precautions.

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model:

Swiss albino mice (20-25 g; 8-10 weeks old) induced by Benzo(a)pyrene^[3]
Dosage:

10 mg/kg
Administration:

Intraperitoneal administration; once in a week; for 14 weeks
Result:

Inhibited the development of mice lung carcinogenesis.

Clinical Trial

NCT Number	Sponsor	Condition	Start Date	Phase A549
NCT01329991	Plexxikon\|		2011-05	PHASE1

Chemical Information

CAS No. 404-86-4
Appearance Solid
Molecular Weight 305.41
Formula C₁₈H₂₇NO₃
Color White to off-white
SMILES

CC(C)/C=C/CCCCC(NCC1=CC=C(O)C(OC)=C1)=O
Synonyms

(E)-Capsaicin
Structure Classification
- Phenols
- Monophenols
Initial Source
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage

4°C, protect from light

* In solvent : -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months (protect from light)

Publications (78)

All In Vivo Efficacy StudyBio/Physico-chemical AssayIPCell Imaging/StainingIFWBIHCCell Proliferation/Viability Assay

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Journal Impact Factor

Cell

Cancer cells co-opt an inter-organ neuroimmune circuit to escape immune surveillance. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 26;188(24):6754-6773.e29. PMID: 41138728
Cell

Innervation of nociceptor neurons in the spleen promotes germinal center responses and humoral immunity. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 6;187(12):2935-2951.e19. PMID: 38772371
Cell Metab

Cancer cells co-opt nociceptive nerves to thrive in nutrient-poor environments and upon nutrient-starvation therapies. [Abstract]

2022 Dec 6;34(12):1999-2017.e10. PMID: 36395769
Adv Mater

Controlled Activation of TRPV1 Channels on Microglia to Boost Their Autophagy for Clearance of Alpha-Synuclein and Enhance Therapy of Parkinson's Disease. [Abstract]

2022 Mar;34(11):e2108435. PMID: 35023596
Mater Today

2026 Jan 30.
Nat Commun

Plasticity in ventral pallidal cholinergic neuron-derived circuits contributes to comorbid chronic pain-like and depression-like behaviour in male mice. [Abstract]

2023 Apr 17;14(1):2182. PMID: 37069246

Capsaicin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2023 Apr 17;14(1):2182. [Abstract]

VPChAT-BLA-projected light inhibits Capsaicin (0.01%, 20 µl in 10% DMSO/saline)-induced acute inflammatory pain in mice with PWT.
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Thermosensory TRPV Heterotetramers Drive Seasonal Polyphenism: Molecular Basis of CcIav/CcNan-PKCα-AKH/AKHR Signaling in Pear Psyllid Morph Transition. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 15:e10102. PMID: 40953294

Capsaicin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Sep 15:e10102. [Abstract]

Capsaicin (1-100 μM) dose‐response curves in HEK293T cells expressing CcIav/CcNan (EC50 indicated; empty vector control).

Capsaicin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Sep 15:e10102. [Abstract]

Capsaicin (100 μM, 10 min) activation of p‐CcAKHR in HEK293T cells co‐expressing CcIav/CcNan, CcPKCα, and CcAKHR.

Capsaicin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Sep 15:e10102. [Abstract]

Ca²⁺ imaging (Fluo‐4, green) in HEK293T cells expressing CcIav, CcNan, or both to capsaicin (100 μM) treatments (mCherry vector control). The negative control involved HEK293T cells expressing an empty plasmid (pcDNA3.1(+)‐mCherry) treated with capsaicin.
Cell Discov

Cancer cells sense solid stress to enhance metastasis by CKAP4 phase separation-mediated microtubule branching. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 12;10(1):114. PMID: 39528501
Acta Pharmacol Sin

α4 nicotinic receptors on GABAergic neurons mediate a cholinergic analgesic circuit in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. [Abstract]

2024 Jun;45(6):1160-1174. PMID: 38438581

Capsaicin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2024 Jun;45(6):1160-1174. [Abstract]

An acute pain mouse model was established by injecting Capsaicin (0.01%, 20 µL in 10% DMSO/saline) into the lower left or right hind leg of mice. Following injection of nicotine into the substantia nigra (SNr) of the right hemisphere in Cap mice, both the partial thromboplasty (PWT) and partial thromboplasty (PWL) of the bilateral hind paws increased.
Acta Pharmacol Sin

Activation of TRPV1 receptor facilitates myelin repair following demyelination via the regulation of microglial function. [Abstract]

2023 Apr;44(4):766-779. PMID: 36229601
Phytomedicine

Bruceantin inhibits the c-Myc/RL27A axis to suppress tumor progression in hepatocellular carcinoma. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 24:150:157740. PMID: 41477978
Phytomedicine

Capsaicin ameliorates cholestasis through modulation of the FXR-SHP and FXR-FGF15 gut-liver axis in mice. [Abstract]

2025 Oct:146:157130. PMID: 40782765
EMBO J

Copine-6 is a TRPM3 escort protein controlling the sensitivity of sensory neurons to noxious heat. [Abstract]

2025 Aug;44(15):4222-4251. PMID: 40537608
BMC Med

Involvement of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 in pain insensitivity in a BTBR mouse model of autism spectrum disorder. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 4;22(1):504. PMID: 39497100
Phytomedicine

Capsaicin ameliorates renal fibrosis by inhibiting TGF-β1-Smad2/3 signaling. [Abstract]

2022 Mar 21;100:154067. PMID: 35349832

Capsaicin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Phytomedicine. 2022 Mar 21;100:154067. [Abstract]

Capsaicin (10 and 15mg/kg, i.p.,once per week for 8 weeks) treatment lessened the deposition of ECM proteins in the kidneys from Adenine (0.25% w/w)-fed mice. Representative images of MTS (blue color), Picrosirius Red staining (red color), and IF staining of fibronectin (red color) and COL1A1 (green color) for kidney sections from adenine-fed (Adenine) or normal-fed (Ctrl) mice. Scale bars are 50 μm.

Capsaicin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Phytomedicine. 2022 Mar 21;100:154067. [Abstract]

Capsaicin (10 and 15 mg/kg, i.p., once per week for 8 weeks) treatment lessened the deposition of ECM proteins in the kidneys from Adenine (0.25% w/w)-fed mice. WB images of fibronectin and COL1A1 expressions in kidney lysates from mice.

Capsaicin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Phytomedicine. 2022 Mar 21;100:154067. [Abstract]

Capsaicin(10 or 15 mg/kg, i.p., once per week for 8 weeks) improved survival rate of Adenine (0.25% w/w)-fed mice. (A) Relative weight curves of indicated mice as described in A (n = 6). Mouse weight is measured once per 3 days, the initial weight is set to 1, and day 0 means the time point starting Adenine-rich diet. (B) Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of indicated mice as described in A (n = 12). Data are means ± SEM. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

Capsaicin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Phytomedicine. 2022 Mar 21;100:154067. [Abstract]

Capsaicin(10 or 15 mg/kg, i.p., once per week for 8 weeks) improved survival rate and kidney function of Adenine (0.25% w/w)-fed mice. Concentrations of serum creatinine, urea, and albumin from mice (n = 8). Data are means ± SEM. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

Capsaicin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Phytomedicine. 2022 Mar 21;100:154067. [Abstract]

Capsaicin(10 or 15 mg/kg, i.p., once per week for 8 weeks) treatment prevented phenotypic alteration of tubular epithelial cells in the kidneys from Adenine (ADE) (0.25% w/w)-fed mice. Representative IHC staining images of E-cadherin and vimentin kidney sections from mice. Scale bars are 25 μm.
Cell Rep

Nociceptive neurons protect cancer cells against oxidative stress. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 24;45(3):117086. PMID: 41831232
Neurotherapeutics

A synthetic peptide exerts nontolerance-forming antihyperalgesic and antidepressant effects in mice. [Abstract]

2024 May 21:e00377. PMID: 38777742
Cell Rep

Cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion regulated by Piezo1 is critical for stiffness-dependent DRG neuron aggregation. [Abstract]

2023 Dec 2;42(12):113522. PMID: 38048221
J Med Chem

Sulfonation Disposition of Capsaicin: In Vitro and in Vivo. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 27;68(22):24011-24023. PMID: 41188058
Antioxidants (Basel)

Impact of Selective Renal Afferent Denervation on Oxidative Stress and Vascular Remodeling in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. [Abstract]

2022 May 20;11(5):1003. PMID: 35624870
Int J Nanomedicine

Fe-Capsaicin Nanozymes Attenuate Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury via NF-κB Signaling. [Abstract]

2024 Jan 3:19:73-90. PMID: 38187907
Mol Med

Capsaicin mitigates ventilator-induced lung injury by suppressing ferroptosis and maintaining mitochondrial redox homeostasis through SIRT3-dependent mechanisms. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 12;30(1):148. PMID: 39266965
Phytother Res

Phytochemicals targeting ferroptosis in cardiovascular diseases: Recent advances and therapeutic perspectives. [Abstract]

2024 Sep;38(9):4386-4405. PMID: 38973263
Phytother Res

Capsaicin inhibits the stemness of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells by triggering autophagy-lysosome mediated OCT4A degradation. [Abstract]

2022 Feb;36(2):938-950. PMID: 35076979
Cancer Cell Int

Tetrahydropalmatine has analgesic role in mouse model of bone cancer pain by inactivating the TNF-α/uPA/PAR2/TRPV1 pathway in dorsal root ganglia. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 3;25(1):328. PMID: 41044542
Cancer Cell Int

Capsaicin combined with cisplatin inhibits TGF-β1-induced EMT and TSCC cells migration via the Claudin-1/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 28;24(1):300. PMID: 39198820
Ocul Surf

Preventing and treating neurotrophic keratopathy by a single intrastromal injection of AAV-mediated gene therapy. [Abstract]

2024 Oct:34:406-414. PMID: 39362525
Inflammopharmacology

Epidural injection of varying doses of capsaicin alleviates inflammatory pain in rats via the TLR4/AKT/NF-κB pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Jan;33(1):257-267. PMID: 39690361
Front Pharmacol

Desensitization of TRPA1 by dimethyl itaconate attenuates acute and chronic pain in mice. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 29:16:1671461. PMID: 41089843
Pharmaceuticals (Basel)

Nerelimomab Alleviates Capsaicin-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Inhibiting TNF Signaling and Apoptosis. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 15;17(12):1694. PMID: 39770536
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci

Corneal Sensory Denervation Causes Epithelial Ferroptosis and Delayed Healing in Mice. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 2;66(6):28. PMID: 40488714
Int Immunopharmacol

Inhibition of TRPV1 attenuates innate nasal epithelial responses via NF-κB signaling pathway in allergic rhinitis. [Abstract]

2025 May 13:158:114807. PMID: 40367690
Eur J Pharmacol

The serotonin(5-HT)2A receptor is involved in the hypersensitivity of bladder afferent neurons in cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 16:176909. PMID: 39154826
ACS Omega

Identification of Phialomustin‑B (PHL-B) as a Novel Natural TRPA1 Channel Inhibitor. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 21;10(34):39192-39202. PMID: 40918390
FASEB J

MRGPRX2 Mediates Mast Cell-Induced Endometriosis Pain Through the Sensitization of Sensory Neurons via Histamine/HRH1/TRPV1 Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 15;39(13):e70778. PMID: 40600649
FASEB J

Capsazepine Inhibits Astrocyte Activation and Attenuates Neuroinflammation by Targeting Syntaxin 7. [Abstract]

2025 May 31;39(10):e70657. PMID: 40386937
FASEB J

FGF13 enhances the function of TRPV1 by stabilizing microtubules and regulates acute and chronic itch. [Abstract]

2024 May 31;38(10):e23661. PMID: 38733310
J Inflamm Res

Sertraline Alleviates Chronic Prostatitis by Regulating the TRPV1 Channel. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 2:17:4257-4275. PMID: 38979434
J Inflamm Res

Reactive Oxygen Species Induced Upregulation of TRPV1 in Dorsal Root Ganglia Results in Low Back Pain in Rats. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 11:17:2245-2256. PMID: 38623469
J Inflamm Res

Capsaicin Attenuates LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Inhibiting Inflammation and Autophagy Through Regulation of the TRPV1/AKT Pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Jan 9:17:153-170. PMID: 38223422
J Neurochem

Neuronal TRPV1-CGRP axis regulates peripheral nerve regeneration through ERK/HIF-1 signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Jan;169(1):e16281. PMID: 39792906
J Neurosci

Acute Ongoing Nociception Delays Recovery of Consciousness from Sevoflurane Anesthesia via a Midbrain Circuit. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 17:e0740242024. PMID: 39019613
J Funct Foods

2023 Nov , 110, 105823.
Sci Rep

Metapanax delavayi extract as a neurocutaneous modulator via CRHR1/POMC/MC1R signaling. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 9;16(1):7851. PMID: 41663512
J Biol Chem

Capsaicin inhibits intestinal Cl- secretion and promotes Na+ absorption by blocking TRPV4 channels in healthy and colitic mice. [Abstract]

2022 May;298(5):101847. PMID: 35314195
Microbiol Spectr

C-Fiber Degeneration Enhances Alveolar Macrophage-Mediated IFN-α/β Response to Respiratory Syncytial Virus. [Abstract]

2022 Dec 21;10(6):e0241022. PMID: 36350149
Brain Res Bull

Transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) channels act as suppressors of the growth of glioma. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 1:211:110950. PMID: 38631651
Open Biol

Simple, streamlined, cost-effective cDNA synthesis method from cell cultures. [Abstract]

2025 Mar;15(3):240226. PMID: 40068815
Am J Pathol

TRPV1 dysfunction impairs gastric nitrergic neuromuscular relaxation in high fat diet induced diabetic gastroparesis mice. [Abstract]

2023 May;193(5):548-557. PMID: 36740184
Mol Med Rep

Capsaicin attenuates sepsis‑associated encephalopathy by inhibiting neuroinflammation and apoptosis whilst activating mitophagy through the BNIP3/NIX pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Dec;32(6):322. PMID: 40970326
Mol Med Rep

Calcitonin gene‑related peptide alleviates hyperoxia‑induced human alveolar cell injury via the CGRPR/TRPV1/Ca2+ axis. [Abstract]

2024 Jul;30(1):110. PMID: 38695251
Exp Cell Res

Capsaicin inhibits A7r5 cell senescence via the mitochondrial carrier protein Slc25a12. [Abstract]

2023 Dec 15;433(2):113856. PMID: 37995921
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol

Capsaicin alleviates DEHP-induced testicular dysfunction by suppressing oxidative stress in mice. [Abstract]

2026 Jan:506:117655. PMID: 41276025
ChemMedChem

Machine Learning-Driven Discovery of Structurally Related Natural Products as Activators of the Cardiac Calcium Pump SERCA2a. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 23:e202400913. PMID: 39853697
J Periodontal Res

Capsaicin attenuates Porphyromonas gingivalis-suppressed osteogenesis of periodontal ligament stem cells via regulating mitochondrial function and activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Aug;59(4):798-811. PMID: 38699845
Front Oncol

Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily V Member 1 Expression Promotes Chemoresistance in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. [Abstract]

2022 Mar 25;12:773654. PMID: 35402237
Pathol Res Pract

Polydatin alleviates oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory activation of alveolar macrophages in chronic cough by reducing PTGS2 levels. [Abstract]

2025 Sep:273:156143. PMID: 40752447
Cell Biol Int

Capsaicin reverses cisplatin resistance in tongue squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting the Warburg effect and facilitating mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis via the AMPK/AKT/mTOR axis. [Abstract]

2024 May 5. PMID: 38706122
Mol Pain

EXPRESS: Piezo1-mediated neuroexcitation via collaboration with KCa1.1 and Nav1.9 currents in myelinated Ah-type of trigeminal ganglion neurons in rats: mechanistic insights with sex-specific effects. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 12:17448069251410754. PMID: 41384612
J Pharm Innov

2025 Dec 3;21(1):62.
J Mol Neurosci

Transcriptome Profiling Across Multiple Organs Unveils Potential Regulatory Effects of C-Fibers on Host in Mice. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 14;75(4):138. PMID: 41085775
J Mol Neurosci

Electroacupuncture Alleviates Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Neuropathic Pain via the TRPV1-Mediated CaMKII/CREB Pathway in Rats. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 20;74(3):79. PMID: 39162890
Tissue Cell

Sensory neuron TRPV1-mediated macrophage polarization and immune response regulate dental implant osseointegration. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 21:99:103243. PMID: 41297248
J Cardiovasc Transl Res

TMAO Impairs Mouse Aortic Vasodilation by Inhibiting TRPV4 Channels in Endothelial Cells. [Abstract]

2024 Dec;17(6):1415-1426. PMID: 38980653
Exp Ther Med

Potential mechanism of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 combined with an ATP‑sensitive potassium channel in severe preeclampsia. [Abstract]

2023 May 15;26(1):318. PMID: 37273761
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol

Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1 Protects Against Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy by Promoting Mitochondria-Associated Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes. [Abstract]

2022 Sep 1;80(3):430-441. PMID: 35881904
Cells Dev

Small molecules induces dorsal root ganglion satellite glial cells to differentiate into sensory neuron-like cells. [Abstract]

2026 Mar:185:204073. PMID: 41690597
Cytotechnology

S1P receptor 1 antagonist ponesimod alleviates postherpetic neuralgia in rats by normalizing spinal TRPV1 expression and inhibiting MAPK-mediated glial activation. [Abstract]

2025 Aug;77(4):141. PMID: 40642600
J Vis Exp

Precision Induction and Distinction of Coughing and Sneezing Reflexes in Mice. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 3:(224). PMID: 41115142
bioRxiv

A human sensory neuron model for varicella-zoster virus latency and reactivation in vitro. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 12:2025.12.12.693952. PMID: 41415445
Res Sq

2025 Oct 8.
Patent

US20250127769A1.
Research Square Preprint

2024 Sep 03.
Res Sq

2024 Sep 22.
bioRxiv

2024 Jan 7.
Research Square Preprint

2023 Oct 13.
SSRN

2023 Sep 11.
Research Square Print

2022 Jun.

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (327.43 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

Ethanol : 100 mg/mL (327.43 mM; Need ultrasonic)

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

3.2743 mL

16.3714 mL

32.7429 mL

5 mM

0.6549 mL

3.2743 mL

6.5486 mL

10 mM

0.3274 mL

1.6371 mL

3.2743 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.

Molarity Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass Mass

Concentration Concentration

Volume Volume

Molecular Weight Molecular Weight

Dilution Calculator

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

Concentration _(start) Concentration _(start)

Volume _(start) Volume _(start)

Concentration _(final) Concentration _(final)

Volume _(final) Volume _(final)

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

Stock Solution Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% EtOH 90% Corn Oil

Solubility: 20 mg/mL (65.49 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic

This protocol yields a suspended solution of 20 mg/mL. Suspended solution can be used for oral and intraperitoneal injection.

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL EtOH stock solution (200.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (8.19 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

Protocol 3

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (8.19 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

Protocol 4

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (8.19 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage Dosage
mg/kg
Animal Weight (Per Animal) Animal Weight (Per Animal)
g
Dosing Volume (Per Animal) Dosing Volume (Per Animal)
μL
Number of Animals Number of Animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Please enter your animal formula composition:

%
DMSO +

Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
%
+
+
%
Tween-80 + +
%
Saline +

The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).

Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL

Purity & Documentation

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (278 KB)
SDS (476 KB)
- English - EN (476 KB)
- Français - FR (476 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (476 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (476 KB)
- Español - ES (476 KB)
- Swedish - SV (476 KB)
- Italian - IT (476 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (476 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. McNamara FN, et al. Effects of piperine, the pungent component of black pepper, at the human vanilloid receptor (TRPV1). Br J Pharmacol. 2005 Mar;144(6):781-90. [Content Brief]

[2]. Shin YH, et al. The Effect of Capsaicin on Salivary Gland Dysfunction. Molecules. 2016 Jun 25;21(7). [Content Brief]

[3]. Anandakumar P, et al. Capsaicin provokes apoptosis and restricts benzo(a)pyrene induced lung tumorigenesis in Swiss albino mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013 Jun 6;17(2):254-259. [Content Brief]

[4]. Nah JJ, et al. Effect of ginsenosides, active components of ginseng, on capsaicin-induced pain-related behavior. Neuropharmacology. 2000 Aug 23;39(11):2180-4. [Content Brief]

[5]. Joshi SK, et al Comparison of antinociceptive actions of standard analgesics in attenuating capsaicin and nerve-injury-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. Neuroscience. 2006 Dec 1;143(2):587-96. [Content Brief]

[6]. Pelissier T, et al. The orofacial capsaicin test in rats: effects of different capsaicin concentrations and morphine. Pain. 2002 Mar;96(1-2):81-7. [Content Brief]

[7]. Matsuda H, et al. Roles of capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves, endogenous nitric oxide, sulfhydryls, and prostaglandins in gastroprotection by momordin Ic, an oleanolic acid oligoglycoside, on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats. Life Sci. 1999;65(2):PL27-32. [Content Brief]

[8]. Demirbilek S, et al. Small-dose capsaicin reduces systemic inflammatory responses in septic rats. Anesth Analg. 2004 Nov;99(5):1501-1507. [Content Brief]

[9]. Friedman JR, et al. Anticancer Activity of Natural and Synthetic Capsaicin Analogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2018 Mar;364(3):462-473. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
DMSO / Ethanol	1 mM	3.2743 mL	16.3714 mL	32.7429 mL	81.8572 mL
	5 mM	0.6549 mL	3.2743 mL	6.5486 mL	16.3714 mL
	10 mM	0.3274 mL	1.6371 mL	3.2743 mL	8.1857 mL
	15 mM	0.2183 mL	1.0914 mL	2.1829 mL	5.4571 mL
	20 mM	0.1637 mL	0.8186 mL	1.6371 mL	4.0929 mL
	25 mM	0.1310 mL	0.6549 mL	1.3097 mL	3.2743 mL
	30 mM	0.1091 mL	0.5457 mL	1.0914 mL	2.7286 mL
	40 mM	0.0819 mL	0.4093 mL	0.8186 mL	2.0464 mL
	50 mM	0.0655 mL	0.3274 mL	0.6549 mL	1.6371 mL
	60 mM	0.0546 mL	0.2729 mL	0.5457 mL	1.3643 mL
	80 mM	0.0409 mL	0.2046 mL	0.4093 mL	1.0232 mL
	100 mM	0.0327 mL	0.1637 mL	0.3274 mL	0.8186 mL

Keywords

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Capsaicin

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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Capsaicin

All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms

All TRP Channel Isoforms

Biological Activity

Chemical Information

Publications (78)

Solvent & Solubility

Purity & Documentation