Cat. No.: HY-B0425

Novobiocin

Name: Novobiocin
Brand: MedChemExpress
SKU: HY-B0425
Price: 70.00 USD
Availability: InStock
Rating: 5 (14 reviews)

(Synonyms: Albamycin; Cathomycin)

14 Cited Publications

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Based on 14 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Novobiocin (Albamycin; Cathomycin) is an orally active antibiotic and Hsp-90 antagonist that also inhibits the Polθ helicase/ATPase domain with IC₅₀ values of 24 μM and 15-17 μM, respectively. Novobiocin binds to Hsp90, GyrB, and POLθ, inhibiting their ATPase activity and ssDNA binding. Novobiocin inhibits molecular chaperone function and DNA repair, and induces apoptosis and genomic instability. Novobiocin exhibits bactericidal and antiparasitic activities. Novobiocin inhibits tumor growth in vivo. Novobiocin is used for research on equine piroplasmosis, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, anthrax, and melioidosis.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Purity : 97.88%
CAS No.: 303-81-1
Formula: C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₁₁
Molecular Weight:612.62

Storage:

-20°C, sealed storage, away from moisture

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)

Novobiocin Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 303-81-1

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Fluorescent Dye

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Biological Activity
- Description
- IC₅₀ & Target
- Cellular Effect
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
- Clinical Trial
Chemical Information
Publications (14)
Solvent & Solubility
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Protocols (10)
Purity & Documentation
References
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Bioz

Biological Activity

Description

IC₅₀ & Target

β-lactam

HSP90

All Antibiotic Isoforms :

All DNA/RNA Synthesis Isoforms :

All HSP Isoforms :

All Parasite Isoforms :

Cellular Effect

Cell Line	Type	Value	Description	References
HCC1937	IC₅₀	>80 μM Compound: Novobiocin	Antiproliferative activity against BRCA1-deficient human HCC1937 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 5 days by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against BRCA1-deficient human HCC1937 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 5 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 38375763]
HCT-116	IC₅₀	>80 μM Compound: Novobiocin	Antiproliferative activity against BRCA2-deficient human HCT-116 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 5 days by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against BRCA2-deficient human HCT-116 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 5 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 38375763]
HEK-293T	IC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: NB	Cytotoxicity against HEK293T cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against HEK293T cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 38107168]
HepG2	IC₅₀	>32 μg/mL Compound: Novobiocin 1	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 24 hrs by CellTiter-Glo assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 24 hrs by CellTiter-Glo assay	[PMID: 30122228]
Huh-7	CC₅₀	1103.18 μg/mL Compound: 33	Cytotoxicity against human HuH7 cells by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HuH7 cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 31549836]
LNCaP	IC₅₀	420 μM Compound: NB	Antiproliferative activity against human LNCAP cells Antiproliferative activity against human LNCAP cells	[PMID: 21129982]
MCF-10A	IC₅₀	>80 μM Compound: Novobiocin	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF-10A cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 5 days by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MCF-10A cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 5 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 38375763]
MCF7	GI₅₀	260 μM Compound: NVB	Growth inhibition of ER-positive human MCF7 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Growth inhibition of ER-positive human MCF7 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 24992077]
MCF7	IC₅₀	256 μM Compound: 31	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells	[PMID: 31663736]
MCF7	IC₅₀	260 μM Compound: Novobiocin	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth	[PMID: 34952432]
MCF7	IC₅₀	260 μM Compound: NVB	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation	[PMID: 24992077]
MCF7	IC₅₀	260 μM Compound: NVB, novobiocin	Growth inhibition of MCF7 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Growth inhibition of MCF7 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 17979263]
MCF7	IC₅₀	293.3 μM Compound: Novobiocin	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 27153346]
MCF7	IC₅₀	357 μM Compound: 1a, NB	Cytotoxicity against ER-positive human MCF7 cells expressing low level of HER2 after 3 days by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against ER-positive human MCF7 cells expressing low level of HER2 after 3 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 23859777]
MCF7	IC₅₀	481.3 μM Compound: novobiocin	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells expressing ER Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells expressing ER	[PMID: 20570149]
MCF7	IC₅₀	85.1 μM Compound: Novobiocin	Inhibition of BCRP expressed in MCF7 MX cells by Hoechst 33342 staining Inhibition of BCRP expressed in MCF7 MX cells by Hoechst 33342 staining	[PMID: 19932960]
MDA-MB-436	IC₅₀	24.3 μM Compound: Novobiocin	Antiproliferative activity against BRCA1-deficient human MDA-MB-436 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 5 days by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against BRCA1-deficient human MDA-MB-436 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 5 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 38375763]
MDA-MB-468	IC₅₀	338.4 μM Compound: Novobiocin	Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-468 cells measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-468 cells measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 27153346]
MDCK	IC₅₀	104 μM Compound: Novobiocin	Inhibition of BCRP expressed in MDCK cells by pheophorbide A assay Inhibition of BCRP expressed in MDCK cells by pheophorbide A assay	[PMID: 19932960]
Sf9	IC₅₀	210 nM Compound: 1	Inhibition of Escherichia coli His6-tagged ParC/ParE expressed in baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells by gel electrophoresis Inhibition of Escherichia coli His6-tagged ParC/ParE expressed in baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells by gel electrophoresis	[PMID: 21235241]
SH-SY5Y	EC₅₀	48.39 nM Compound: novobiocin	Neuroprotection against beta-amyloid peptide 1-42-induced toxicity in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as lactate dehydrogenase release Neuroprotection against beta-amyloid peptide 1-42-induced toxicity in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as lactate dehydrogenase release	[PMID: 19138859]
SK-BR-3	EC₅₀	700 μM Compound: 1	Antiproliferative activity against human SKBR3 cells Antiproliferative activity against human SKBR3 cells	[PMID: 29720349]
SK-BR-3	IC₅₀	~ 700 μM Compound: 1	Antiproliferative activity against human SK-BR-3 cells Antiproliferative activity against human SK-BR-3 cells	[PMID: 38516588]
SK-BR-3	IC₅₀	350 μM Compound: 1a, NB	Cytotoxicity against ER-negative human SKBR3 cells expressing high level of HER2 after 3 days by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against ER-negative human SKBR3 cells expressing high level of HER2 after 3 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 23859777]
SK-BR-3	IC₅₀	474.7 μM Compound: novobiocin	Antiproliferative activity against human ER deficient SKBR3 cells over expressing HER2 Antiproliferative activity against human ER deficient SKBR3 cells over expressing HER2	[PMID: 20570149]
SK-BR-3	IC₅₀	700 mM Compound: 1	Antiproliferative activity against human SKBR3 cells Antiproliferative activity against human SKBR3 cells	[PMID: 24953820]
SK-BR-3	IC₅₀	700 μM Compound: 1	Antiproliferative activity against human SKBR3 cells after 72 hrs by MTS/PMS assay Antiproliferative activity against human SKBR3 cells after 72 hrs by MTS/PMS assay	[PMID: 19932969]
SK-BR-3	IC₅₀	700 μM Compound: 1	Antiproliferative activity against human SKBR3 cells after 72 hrs by MTS assay Antiproliferative activity against human SKBR3 cells after 72 hrs by MTS assay	[PMID: 24900777]
SK-BR-3	IC₅₀	700 μM Compound: 1	Antiproliferative activity against human SKBR3 cells Antiproliferative activity against human SKBR3 cells	[PMID: 25699150]
SK-BR-3	IC₅₀	700 μM Compound: 5	Antiproliferative activity against human SKBR3 cells after 72 hrs by MTS/PMS assay Antiproliferative activity against human SKBR3 cells after 72 hrs by MTS/PMS assay	[PMID: 25462258]
SK-BR-3	IC₅₀	700 μM Compound: Novobiocin	Antiproliferative activity against human SKBR3 cells expressing HER2 after 72 hrs by MTS/PMS assay Antiproliferative activity against human SKBR3 cells expressing HER2 after 72 hrs by MTS/PMS assay	[PMID: 21553822]
SK-BR-3	IC₅₀	700 μM Compound: Novobiocin	Antiproliferative activity against human SKBR3 cells Antiproliferative activity against human SKBR3 cells	[PMID: 23234644]
SK-BR-3	IC₅₀	700 μM Compound: Novobiocin	Antiproliferative activity against human SKBR3 cells Antiproliferative activity against human SKBR3 cells	[PMID: 23606927]
SK-BR-3	IC₅₀	700 μM Compound: Novobiocin	Cytotoxicity against human SKBR3 cells by MTS assay Cytotoxicity against human SKBR3 cells by MTS assay	[PMID: 26745854]
SK-BR-3	IC₅₀	700 μM Compound: Novobiocin	Antiproliferative activity against human SKBR3 cells after 72 hrs by MTS assay Antiproliferative activity against human SKBR3 cells after 72 hrs by MTS assay	[PMID: 30048133]
SK-BR-3	IC₅₀	700 μM Compound: Novobiocin	Inhibition of human SKBR3 cell proliferation Inhibition of human SKBR3 cell proliferation	10.1039/C0MD00063A
SK-OV-3	IC₅₀	>80 μM Compound: Novobiocin	Antiproliferative activity against BRCA-proficient human SK-OV-3 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 5 days by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against BRCA-proficient human SK-OV-3 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 5 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 38375763]
SW48	IC₅₀	>80 μM Compound: Novobiocin	Antiproliferative activity against BRCA2-deficient human SW48 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 5 days by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against BRCA2-deficient human SW48 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 5 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 38375763]
TERT-RPE1	IC₅₀	358.4 μM Compound: 24; NVB	Antiproliferative activity against P53 knockout human RPE-1 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth by CellTiter-Glo assay Antiproliferative activity against P53 knockout human RPE-1 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth by CellTiter-Glo assay	[PMID: 37134182]
TERT-RPE1	IC₅₀	86 μM Compound: 24; NVB	Antiproliferative activity against BRCA1 knockout human RPE-1 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth by CellTiter-Glo assay Antiproliferative activity against BRCA1 knockout human RPE-1 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth by CellTiter-Glo assay	[PMID: 37134182]
TERT-RPE1	IC₅₀	97.24 μM Compound: 24; NVB	Antiproliferative activity against P53 and BRCA1 knockout human RPE-1 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth by CellTiter-Glo assay Antiproliferative activity against P53 and BRCA1 knockout human RPE-1 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth by CellTiter-Glo assay	[PMID: 37134182]
Vero	CC₅₀	850.5 μg/mL Compound: 33	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 31549836]
Vero	EC₅₀	15.21 μg/mL Compound: 33	Inhibition of NS2B-NS3 protease in Zika virus Puerto Rico/PRVABC5 infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as antiviral activity measured 48 hrs post infection by RT-PCR method Inhibition of NS2B-NS3 protease in Zika virus Puerto Rico/PRVABC5 infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as antiviral activity measured 48 hrs post infection by RT-PCR method	[PMID: 31549836]

In Vitro

Novobiocin (1-200 μM; 96 h) inhibits the growth of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in a dose-dependent manner, with IC₅₀ values of 165 μM and 84.85 μM, respectively, and causes parasite death at high doses^[1].
Novobiocin (1-2000 μM; 24 h) shows low cytotoxicity against horse PBMCs, with a CC₅₀ of 11.63 mM and an SSI of 70.47, indicating its safety for mammalian cells^[1].
Novobiocin (1-2000 μM; 90 min) shows extremely low hemolytic activity against horse erythrocytes, with a CC₅₀ of 261.97 mM and an SSI of 1587, indicating its safety for host erythrocytes^[1].
Novobiocin inhibits MMEJ repair but not HR repair in U2OS cells^[3].
Novobiocin increases IR-induced RAD51 and γH2AX foci formation in U2OS cells^[3].
Novobiocin induces chromosomal aberrations and radial chromosomes in BRCA1^-/- RPE1 cells^[3].
Novobiocin (120 nM-1 mM; 1 h pre-incubation, 2 h reaction) is a non-ATP-competitive inhibitor of Polθ-ATPase activity^[4].
Novobiocin (4 mM; 30 min) binds to the allosteric site of the Polθ-ATPase domain, affecting ATP hydrolysis and stabilizing the core of this domain^[4].
Novobiocin blocks the binding of Polθ to ssDNA in vitro^[4].
Novobiocin (500 μM; 30 min) stabilizes the Polθ-ATPase domain^[4].
Novobiocin (500 μM; 1 h) promotes tetramerization of the Polθ-ATPase domain^[4].
Novobiocin (50-200 μM; 24 h) blocks the binding of intracellular Polθ to ssDNA in a dose-dependent manner^[4].
Novobiocin (200 μM; 2 h) treatment leads to the accumulation of ssDNA gaps in RPE1 TP53^-/- BRCA1^-/- cells^[4].
Novobiocin (1 day) exhibits MIC values ranging from 0.25 to 16 μg mL^-1 against N. gonorrhoeae DSM9188 and its mutant strains derived from single-colony isolation, with its primary target being the ParE subunit of DNA topoisomerase IV^[2].
Novobiocin exhibits low in vitro effective concentrations against both Bacillus anthracis and Burkholderia pseudomallei^[5].
Novobiocin specifically inhibits the ATPase activity of purified POLθ in vitro, with an IC₅₀ of 24 μM^[3].
Novobiocin (12-14 days) selectively reduces the viability of BRCA1^-/- and BRCA2^-/- RPE1 cells compared with isogenic WT cells^[3].
Novobiocin shows increased resistance in POLQ-deficient U2OS cells^[3].
Novobiocin acts synergistically with Rucaparib (HY-10617A) to reduce the survival rate of BRCA1^-/- RPE1 cells and decrease the IC₅₀ of Rucaparib^[3].
Novobiocin synergizes with Olaparib in HR-deficient TOV21G + EV cells, reducing the IC₅₀ of Olaparib by more than 40-fold^[3].
Novobiocin is cytotoxic to multiple PARPi-resistant clones derived from RPE1-BRCA1-/- cells^[3].
Novobiocin (25-100 μM) induces dose-dependent apoptosis in BRCA1^-/- RPE1 cells but does not induce apoptosis in WT RPE1 cells^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only. Further protocols information, click here.

Cell Viability Assay^[1]

View Protocol

Cell Line:

Theileria equi and Babesia caballi parasitized horse red blood cells (RBCs)
Concentration:

1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 μM (T. equi); 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 μM (B. caballi)
Incubation Time:

96 h
Result:

Inhibited the in vitro growth of Theileria equi with an IC50 of 165 μM.
Inhibited the in vitro growth of Babesia caballi with an IC50 of 84.85 μM.
Showed significant growth inhibition of T. equi at 100 μM and 200 μM at 24 h and 48 h.
Showed significant growth inhibition of T. equi at ≥20 μM at 72 h and 96 h.
Showed significant growth inhibition of B. caballi at 100 and 200 μM at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h.
Caused parasite death at 100 μM and 200 μM after 96 h.
Failed to inhibit growth at 1-50 μM (T. equi) and 10-50 μM (B. caballi) in viability studies.
Induced dot-shaped/distorted nuclear material at 100 and 200 μM after 96 h.
Showed no recrudescence at 100 and 200 μM in viability testing.

Cell Cytotoxicity Assay^[1]

View Protocol

Cell Line:

Equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)
Concentration:

1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 1000, 2000 μM
Incubation Time:

24 h
Result:

Showed less than 10% cytotoxicity at 1000 μM.
Exhibited a CC50 of 11.63 mM.
Demonstrated a specific selective index (SSI) of 70.47.

Immunofluorescence^[4]

View Protocol

Cell Line:

U2OS POLQ knockout cells expressing Myc-tagged Polθ
Concentration:

50 μM, 100 μM, 200 μM
Incubation Time:

24 h
Result:

Reduced Polθ recruitment to ssDNA in cells in a dose-dependent manner.
Blocked 96% of Polθ from being recruited to damage sites at the highest dose of 200 μM.

In Vivo

Novobiocin (5-100 mg/kg; i.p.; single administration) shows no organ toxicity in mice at 50 mg/kg body weight, and this dose is considered the NOAEL^[1].
Novobiocin (100 mg/kg; i.p.; twice daily; 35 days) strongly inhibits the growth of Brca1-deficient GEMM-derived tumors and extends overall survival by 3-fold compared with the vehicle group^[3].
Novobiocin (100 mg/kg; i.p.; twice daily; 4 weeks) specifically inhibits the growth of FANCF-deficient HR-defective tumors in vivo ^[3].
Novobiocin (75 mg/kg; i.p.; twice daily; 4 weeks) alone induces tumor regression and, in combination with Olaparib (HY-10162), achieves tumor regression in the HR-deficient DF83 PDX model^[3].
Novobiocin (75 mg/kg; i.p.; twice daily; 4 weeks) significantly inhibits tumor growth in the PARPi-resistant DF59 PDX model^[3].
Novobiocin (75 mg/kg; i.p.; twice daily; 4 weeks) does not inhibit tumor growth in the DF149 PDX model with normal HR function, which is associated with low POLθ expression^[3].
Novobiocin (1.25-2.5 mg; i.p.; 1-3 times) confers high protection against lethal intraperitoneal B. pseudomallei infection in BALB/c mice and promotes sterile immunity in most surviving mice^[5].
Novobiocin (2.5 mg; i.p.; 2-5 doses) significantly prolongs time to death but does not significantly improve overall survival in the highly lethal inhalational anthrax model in A/J mice^[5].
Novobiocin (2.5 mg; i.p.; 4 doses; 7 days) provides 70% protection against lethal aerosolized B. pseudomallei infection in BALB/c mice, and bacterial burden is typically undetectable in the tissues of surviving mice^[5].
Novobiocin (2.5 mg; i.p.; 3 doses) significantly synergizes with live attenuated vaccine, improving survival and prolonging time to death in a lethal aerosol B. pseudomallei model^[5].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model:

Mice (strain not specified)^[1]
Dosage:

5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 mg/kg
Administration:

i.p.; single dose
Result:

Induced a significant rise in serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) in mice at 100 mg/kg at 24 h, which decreased to non-significant levels thereafter.
Showed non-significant differences in kidney biochemical markers (creatinine, blood urea nitrogen) and other parameters (bilirubin and total protein) at different time intervals.
Exhibited minimal diffuse cytoplasmic rarefaction and vacuolation in hepatocytes at 100 mg/kg.
Showed no adverse histopathological changes in any organ at other doses.
Identified 50 mg/kg as the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL).

Animal Model:

FVB/129P2 (female, at least 6 weeks old, K14-Cre-Brca1^f/f;Trp53^f/f GEMM tumor transplanted into mammary fat pad)^[3]
Dosage:

100 mg/kg
Administration:

i.p.; twice a day; 35 days
Result:

Significantly suppressed tumor growth after 7 days of treatment and beyond.
Prolonged overall survival by 3-fold compared to vehicle, with median survival times of 29 and 10 days for treated and vehicle groups, respectively.

Animal Model:

NU(NCr)-Foxn1^nu athymic nude (female)^[3]
Dosage:

100 mg/kg
Administration:

i.p.; twice a day; 4 weeks
Result:

Specifically impaired the growth of FANCF-deficient tumors, with no effect on FANCF-complemented tumors.
Strongly induced RAD51 foci in the treated tumors.

Animal Model:

NSG (female, 8 weeks old)^[3]
Dosage:

75 mg/kg
Administration:

i.p.; twice daily; 4 weeks
Result:

Led to tumor regression as a single agent, while tumors in vehicle-treated mice showed exponential growth.
Achieved complete tumor regression in combination with olaparib, with few tumor cells detectable via BLI on day 28.\nSubstantially reduced tumor growth as monotherapy.
In combination with olaparib, further inhibited tumor growth with regression in the first two weeks.
Exhibited higher levels of phospho-RPA32 compared to vehicle-treated samples.
Exhibited a strong increase in RAD51 staining when treated alone or in combination with olaparib.\nDid not inhibit tumor growth in the HR-proficient DF149 PDX model.

Animal Model:

BALB/c mice^[5]
Dosage:

1.25 mg; 2.5 mg
Administration:

i.p.; 1, 2, or 3 doses
Result:

Administered 1.25 mg or 2.5 mg in 1, 2, or 3 doses, achieving 70-90% protection except for a single 1.25 mg dose.
Administered 1.25 mg in 3 doses, achieving 90% protection.
Extended time-to-mortality in all treatment groups compared to PBS control.
Resulted in no detectable bacterial burden in spleens of most survivors.

Animal Model:

A/J mice^[5]
Dosage:

2.5 mg
Administration:

i.p.; 2, 3, 4, or 5 doses
Result:

Administered 2.5 mg in 2 doses, resulting in a time-to-mortality of 5.8 days.
Administered 2.5 mg in 3 doses, resulting in a time-to-mortality of 6.7 days.
Administered 2.5 mg in 5 doses, resulting in a time-to-mortality of 6.9 days.
Administered 2.5 mg in 4 doses over 7 days, resulting in a time-to-mortality of 8.3 days.
Did not significantly improve overall survival rates by day 21.

Animal Model:

BALB/c mice^[5]
Dosage:

2.5 mg
Administration:

i.p.; 2, 3, 4, or 5 doses
Result:

Administered 2.5 mg in 4 doses over 7 days, protecting 70% of mice.
Administered 2.5 mg in 5 doses over 3 days, protecting 60% of mice.
Administered 2.5 mg in 2 doses, protecting 22% of mice.
Administered 2.5 mg in 3 doses, protecting 20% of mice.
Resulted in no detectable bacteria in lung or spleen tissues of any survivors, except for one mouse in the 3-dose group with a bacterial burden of approximately 1.2 × 10^8 CFU/g in the spleen.

Animal Model:

BALB/c mice (vaccinated)^[5]
Dosage:

2.5 mg
Administration:

i.p.; 3 doses
Result:

Achieved 80% survival at day 21.
Resulted in a geometric mean time-to-mortality of 35.1 days.
Yielded a synergy score of 3.15.

Clinical Trial

NCT Number	Sponsor	Condition	Start Date	Phase A549
NCT01329991	Plexxikon\|		2011-05	PHASE1

Chemical Information

CAS No. 303-81-1
Appearance Solid
Molecular Weight 612.62
Formula C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₁₁
Color White to off-white
SMILES

CC1=C(O2)C(C(O)=C(NC(C3=CC(C/C=C(C)/C)=C(O)C=C3)=O)C2=O)=CC=C1O[C@H]4[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@@H](OC)C(C)(C)O4)OC(N)=O)O
Synonyms

Albamycin; Cathomycin
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage

-20°C, sealed storage, away from moisture

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)

Publications (14)

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Journal Impact Factor

Nat Methods

Efficient high-precision homology-directed repair-dependent genome editing by HDRobust. [Abstract]

2023 Sep;20(9):1388-1399. PMID: 37474806

Novobiocin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Methods. 2023 Sep;20(9):1388-1399. [Abstract]

Editing efficiencies of the VCAN target using Cas9D10A double nicking in H9 hESCs carrying the K3753R mutation and additional small molecules to inhibit the MMEJ repair proteins Polϴ, PARP or Ligase I/III: Novobiocin.
Blood

Targeting HSP90 dimerization via the C terminus is effective in imatinib-resistant CML and lacks the heat shock response. [Abstract]

2018 Jul 19;132(3):307-320. PMID: 29724897

Novobiocin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Blood. 2018 Jul 19;132(3):307-320. [Abstract]

K562, KCL22 and HL60 are treated with the indicated (cytotoxic) concentration of Amidopyrine (AX), Novobiocin (NB) and AUY922 for 48h and later protein lysates are subjected to immunoblot analysis.
Adv Sci (Weinh)

SRSF5-Mediated Alternative Splicing of M Gene is Essential for Influenza A Virus Replication: A Host-Directed Target Against Influenza Virus. [Abstract]

2022 Dec;9(34):e2203088. PMID: 36257906
Cell Rep Med

A CD36-dependent non-canonical lipid metabolism program promotes immune escape and resistance to hypomethylating agent therapy in AML. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 18;5(6):101592. PMID: 38843841
Mol Ther

2026 Jul 20:S1525-0016(26)00602-7. PMID: 42478045
Mol Cancer Ther

2026 Jul 15:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-26-0182. PMID: 42456172
Int J Mol Sci

Cisplatin Synergistically Enhances Antitumor Potency of Conditionally Replicating Adenovirus via p53 Dependent or Independent Pathways in Human Lung Carcinoma. [Abstract]

2019 Mar 5;20(5):1125. PMID: 30841620

Novobiocin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Mar 5;20(5):1125. [Abstract]

Cell viability assay to analyze the impact of Probenecid and Novobiocin treatments on resistance.
PLoS Pathog

Anti-orthopoxvirus drugs inhibit lumpy skin disease virus replication by targeting viral DNA polymerase. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 26;22(1):e1013903. PMID: 41587213
Mol Pharm

Machine Learning Models Identify New Inhibitors for Human OATP1B1. [Abstract]

2022 Nov 7;19(11):4320-4332. PMID: 36269563
Cancer Res Commun

Inhibition of NEK2 Promotes Chemosensitivity and Reduces KSHV-positive Primary Effusion Lymphoma Burden. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 9;4(4):1024-1040. PMID: 38592451
J Med Virol

Drug Repurposing: In Vitro Evaluation of Simeprevir as a Novel Antiviral Drug Against Severe Fever With Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus. [Abstract]

2025 Oct;97(10):e70655. PMID: 41117261

Novobiocin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Med Virol. 2025 Oct;97(10):e70655. [Abstract]

Novobiocin also reduced NP expression at 25 μM, with mean fluorescence intensities significantly lower than those of the untreated control.

Novobiocin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Med Virol. 2025 Oct;97(10):e70655. [Abstract]

Cytoxicity and inhibition of Novobiocin, EC50 = 25.12 μM.
Surgery

Overexpression of human DNA polymerase theta is a biomarker of aggressive and DNA repair-deficient papillary thyroid cancers. [Abstract]

2024 Nov;176(5):1380-1387. PMID: 38897886
Vet Microbiol

The Chinese medicine monomer Schisandrin C inhibits PRRSV infection by regulating the OGT-PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2026 May:316:110992. PMID: 41865607
bioRxiv

2025 Sep 15.

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (163.23 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

1.6323 mL

8.1617 mL

16.3233 mL

5 mM

0.3265 mL

1.6323 mL

3.2647 mL

10 mM

0.1632 mL

0.8162 mL

1.6323 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

Molarity Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

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Concentration Concentration

Volume Volume

Molecular Weight Molecular Weight

Dilution Calculator

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

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In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

Stock Solution Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline

Solubility: ≥ 5 mg/mL (8.16 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (50.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

Solubility: ≥ 5 mg/mL (8.16 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (50.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage Dosage
mg/kg
Animal Weight (Per Animal) Animal Weight (Per Animal)
g
Dosing Volume (Per Animal) Dosing Volume (Per Animal)
μL
Number of Animals Number of Animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Please enter your animal formula composition:

%
DMSO +

Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
%
+
+
%
Tween-80 + +
%
Saline +

The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).

Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL

Protocols

All Cell Biology Animals and Diseases Signal Pathway Related

Apoptosis
Apoptosis, also called programmed cell death, is generally characterized by distinct morphological characteristics.
TUNEL staining for apoptotic DNA fragmentation
TUNEL staining detects DNA strand breaks by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase to add labeled nucleotides to exposed 3′-OH DNA termini, generating either microscopic staining in fixed cells or tissue sections, or fluorescence/cytometric signal in cell suspensions. TUNEL positivity reflects DNA fragmentation but should not be interpreted alone as definitive apoptosis, because TUNEL can also label necrotic, autolytic, mechanically damaged, or DNA-repair-associated DNA breaks.
Cell Cytotoxicity Assay
Cytotoxicity assays are usually based on the assessment of cell membrane damage, which can also be indirectly detected by measuring cell viability. Detection methods include MTT assay, CKK-8 assay, LDH assay and ATP assay, etc.
Annexin V plus membrane-impermeant dye apoptosis staining
Annexin V-based apoptosis assays rely on the detection of phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization from the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane to the outer leaflet, an early biochemical hallmark of apoptosis. Fluorescently labeled Annexin V binds PS in a calcium-dependent manner, enabling identification of early apoptotic cells by flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy. When combined with a membrane-impermeant DNA-binding dye (e. g. , propidium iodide), this approach allows discrimination between viable (Annexin V−/dye−), early apoptotic (Annexin V+/dye−), and late apoptotic or necrotic (Annexin V+/dye+) cell populations by assessing membrane integrity and PS exposure.
Patient-Derived Xenograft (PDX)
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models are generated by engrafting primary human tumor tissue directly into immunodeficient mice, allowing in vivo propagation of patient tumor biology without initial in vitro adaptation. These models are used to preserve key histopathological and molecular characteristics of the original tumor and enable assessment of tumor growth dynamics and therapeutic response in a living organism. The biological readout is tumor engraftment and subsequent growth in the murine host, which reflects the ability of human tumor cells to survive, vascularize, and expand in an immunocompromised microenvironment.
Apoptosis Solutions
Apoptosis is a regulated, generally non-lytic cell-death pathway that removes unwanted, damaged, infected, or abnormal cells through coordinated morphological changes, caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, and membrane remodeling. The intrinsic apoptosis pathway is controlled mainly by mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, BCL-2 family proteins, cytochrome c release, apoptosome formation, caspase-9 activation, and downstream executioner caspase-3/7 activation. The extrinsic apoptosis pathway is initiated by death receptors such as Fas, TNFR, and TRAIL receptors, which recruit adaptor proteins and activate caspase-8 before engaging executioner caspases or mitochondrial amplification through BID cleavage. Apoptosis is linked to many phenotypes, including cancer cell killing, tissue homeostasis, immune regulation, neurodegeneration, infection response, and treatment-induced cytotoxicity; unresolved questions include how apoptosis interacts with necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptos
Patient-Derived Orthotopic Xenograft (PDOX)
Patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) modeling implants fresh patient tumor tissue or patient-derived tumor cells into the anatomically corresponding organ or tissue site of immunodeficient mice, usually by surgical orthotopic implantation, to preserve patient tumor histology, local microenvironmental context, invasion, metastatic behavior, and treatment-response features better than subcutaneous implantation. PDOX readouts include tumor engraftment, orthotopic tumor growth, local invasion, metastasis, recurrence after resection, histologic similarity to the donor tumor, biomarker retention, molecular concordance, survival, and response or resistance to therapy. PDOX models are used for preclinical drug testing and individualized therapy evaluation, but engraftment success varies by tumor type and specimen quality.
Subcutaneous Cell-Line-Derived Xenograft
Subcutaneous cell-line-derived xenograft (CDX) models are established by implanting cultured human cancer cell lines into immunodeficient mice, where the injected cells form localized tumors that can be monitored in vivo as a measure of tumorigenic potential, growth kinetics, and treatment response. These models are widely used in oncology research because they allow reproducible tumor formation and enable comparative assessment of tumor growth between different cell lines or genetic manipulations in a controlled in vivo microenvironment. Subcutaneous implantation of cancer cells in immunodeficient mice is a standard approach for evaluating tumor growth behavior and therapeutic response across multiple cancer types, including prostate, esophageal, pancreatic, and colon cancer models.
Breast Cancer Modeling
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous cancer, and it has been distinguished into four subtypes: luminal A, luminal B, HER2-positive and basal-like. Molecular mutations, epigenetic alterations, hormone exposure and immune microenvironment are related to the progression of breast cancer.
Orthotopic Cell-Line Xenograft
Orthotopic cell-line xenograft models involve implantation of human cancer cell lines into the anatomically corresponding organ of immunodeficient mice to reproduce tumor growth within a native microenvironment, enabling more clinically relevant tumor behavior compared with subcutaneous models. These models are widely used because orthotopic placement better recapitulates tumor progression, including invasion and metastatic spread, which are often underrepresented in heterotopic implantation systems. Compared with conventional xenografts, orthotopic implantation is described as more technically complex but provides improved simulation of tumor-microenvironment interactions and metastatic behavior, making it particularly valuable for translational oncology research. Surgical orthotopic implantation approaches have been emphasized as enabling faithful reproduction of clinical cancer features, including metastasis and disease progression patterns that align with the tumor’s organ of origi

Purity & Documentation

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (305 KB)
SDS (393 KB)
- English - EN (393 KB)
- Français - FR (393 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (393 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (393 KB)
- Español - ES (393 KB)
- Swedish - SV (393 KB)
- Italian - IT (393 KB)
- Korean - KR (393 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (393 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Suthar A, et al. Anti-piroplasmic activity of novobiocin as heat shock protein 90 inhibitor against in vitro cultured Theileria equi and Babesia caballi parasites. Ticks and tick-borne diseases. 2021 Jul;12(4):101696.

[2]. Ishizaki Y, Hayashi C, Matoba K, Igarashi M. Novobiocin primarily targets ParE in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 2025 Feb;78(3):159-165.

[3]. Zhou J, et al. A first-in-class Polymerase Theta Inhibitor selectively targets Homologous-Recombination-Deficient Tumors. Nature cancer. 2021 Jun;2(6):598-610. [Content Brief]

[4]. Syed A, et al. Novobiocin blocks nucleic acid binding to Polθ and inhibits stimulation of its ATPase activity. Nucleic Acids Res. 2023 Oct 13;51(18):9920-9937.

[5]. Klimko CP, et al. Efficacy of Treatment with the Antibiotic Novobiocin against Infection with Bacillus anthracis or Burkholderia pseudomallei. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022 Nov 23;11(12):1685.

[6]. Marcu MG, et al. The heat shock protein 90 antagonist novobiocin interacts with a previously unrecognized ATP-binding domain in the carboxyl terminus of the chaperone. J Biol Chem. 2000 Nov 24;275(47):37181-6. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
DMSO	1 mM	1.6323 mL	8.1617 mL	16.3233 mL	40.8083 mL
	5 mM	0.3265 mL	1.6323 mL	3.2647 mL	8.1617 mL
	10 mM	0.1632 mL	0.8162 mL	1.6323 mL	4.0808 mL
	15 mM	0.1088 mL	0.5441 mL	1.0882 mL	2.7206 mL
	20 mM	0.0816 mL	0.4081 mL	0.8162 mL	2.0404 mL
	25 mM	0.0653 mL	0.3265 mL	0.6529 mL	1.6323 mL
	30 mM	0.0544 mL	0.2721 mL	0.5441 mL	1.3603 mL
	40 mM	0.0408 mL	0.2040 mL	0.4081 mL	1.0202 mL
	50 mM	0.0326 mL	0.1632 mL	0.3265 mL	0.8162 mL
	60 mM	0.0272 mL	0.1360 mL	0.2721 mL	0.6801 mL
	80 mM	0.0204 mL	0.1020 mL	0.2040 mL	0.5101 mL
	100 mM	0.0163 mL	0.0816 mL	0.1632 mL	0.4081 mL

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Novobiocin

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