Polyketides

Daunorubicin (Daunomycin) is a topoisomerase II inhibitor with potent anti-tumor activity. Daunorubicin inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis. Daunorubicin is a cytotoxin that inhibits cancer cell viability and induces apoptosis and necrosis. Daunorubicin is also an anthracycline antibiotic. Daunorubicin can be used in the research of infection and variety of cancers, including leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphomas, Ewing's sarcoma, Wilms' tumor.

(-)-Epigallocatechin (Epigallocatechin) is the most abundant flavonoid in green tea, can bind to unfolded native polypeptides and prevent conversion to amyloid fibrils.

Hispidulin is a natural flavone with a broad spectrum of biological activities. Hispidulin is a Pim-1 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 2.71 μM.

Vitexin is a c-glycosylated flavone, and is found in various medicinal plants species such as Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn. Vitexin has a wide range of pharmacological effects, including anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperalgesic, and neuroprotective effects.

Astragalin (Astragaline) a flavonoid with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, bacteriostatic activity. Astragalin inhibits cancer cells proliferation and migration, induces apoptosis. Astragalin is orally active and provides nerve and heart protection, and resistance against and osteoporosis.

Baohuoside I, a flavonoid isolated from Epimedium koreanum Nakai, acts as an inhibitor of CXCR4, downregulates CXCR4 expression, induces apoptosis and shows anti-tumor activity.

D-Cycloserine is an antibiotic which targets sequential bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan biosynthesis enzymes, with blood-brain barrier permeability. D-Cycloserine is a partial NMDA agonist that can improve cognitive functions. D-Cycloserine can be used for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis research.

Schaftoside is a flavonoid found in a variety of Chinese herbal medicines, such as Eleusine indica. Schaftoside inhibits the expression of TLR4 and Myd88. Schaftoside also decreases Drp1 expression and phosphorylation, and reduces mitochondrial fission.

Morin is an orally active plant-derived flavonoid. Morin inhibits ROS generation. Morin induces Apoptosis. Morin inhibits PTP1B (IC₅₀ of 15 μM) and activates the insulin receptor. Morin has a detoxifying effect. Morin can be used in diabetes, leukemia, colon cancer, cervical cancer, Parkinson's disease and hypertension research.

Farrerol is a bioactive constituent of Rhododendron, with broad activities such as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, neuroprotective and hepatoprotective effects.

Isovitexin is a flavonoid isolated from passion flower, Cannabis and, and the palm, possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities; Isovitexin acts like a JNK1/2 inhibitor and inhibits the activation of NF-κB.

Epothilone B is a microtubule stabilizer (MSA) with a K_i of 0.71μM, and is a MSA with blood-brain barrier permeability. Epothilone B acts by binding to the αβ-tubulin heterodimer subunit which causes decreasing of αβ-tubulin dissociation.

Ginkgetin, a biflavone, is isolated from Ginkgo biloba leaves. Ginkgetin exhibit anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-fungal activities. Ginkgetin is also a potent inhibitor of Wnt signaling, with an IC₅₀ of 5.92 μΜ.

Miquelianin (Quercetin 3-O-glucuronide) is a metabolite of quercetin and a type of natural flavonoid. Miquelianin is also a CBR1 inhibitor. Miquelianin is permeable to the blood-brain barrier.

Corylin is an orally active flavonoid anti-inflammatory and osteogenic agent that inhibits IL-6-induced STAT3 promoter activity and STAT3 phosphorylation. Corylin also has anticancer, antiatherosclerotic, and ameliorating activity in hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance, inducing adipocyte browning and lipolysis through SIRT1 or β3-AR-dependent pathways.

Chrysophanol (Chrysophanic acid) is a natural anthraquinone, which inhibits EGF-induced phosphorylation of EGFR and suppresses activation of AKT and mTOR/p70S6K.

Embelin (Embelic acid), a potent, nonpeptidic XIAP inhibitor (IC₅₀=4.1 μM), inhibits cell growth, induces apoptosis, and activates caspase-9 in prostate cancer cells with high levels of XIAP. Embelin blocks NF-kappaB signaling pathway leading to suppression of NF-kappaB-regulated antiapoptotic and metastatic gene products. Embelin also induces autophagic and apoptotic cell death in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells.

Sennoside A is an anthraquinone glycoside found in senna (Cassia angustifolia). Sennoside A is an HIV-1 inhibitor (IC₅₀=3.8 μM) that inhibits HIV-1 replication. Sennoside A also inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT)-related DNA polymerase (RDDP) and ribonuclease H (Ribonuclease H) with IC₅₀s of 1.9 μM and 5.3 μM, respectively.

Neohesperidin is a flavonoid compound abundant in citrus plants with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Neohesperidin can upregulate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, enhance the nuclear translocation of β-catenin and the differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells.

Troleandomycin (Triacetyloleandomycin), a macrolide acrolide antibiotic, is a selective CYP3A inhibitor. Troleandomycin is an oral corticosteroid for asthma study.