Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.
ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.
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Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Related Products (2859)
Related Products (2859)
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Antibodies (8)
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2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate
0 Images2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH2-DA) is a cell-permeable fluorescent probe. 2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate can be used to detect the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates and for assessing the overall oxidative stress in toxicological phenomenon.
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Dantrolene
0 ImagesDantrolene is an orally active, non-competitive glutathione reductase inhibitor with a Ki of 111.6 μM and an IC50 of 52.3 μM. Dantrolene is also a calcium channel protein inhibitor. Dantrolene inhibits the release of Ca2+ from RyR1 and RyR3, which can be beneficial in a variety of pathologies caused by disruptions in calcium homeostasis (e.g., stroke, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and neurodegenerative diseases). Dantrolene offers relief of muscle spasms, malignant hyperthermia, and antitoxic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Oxaloacetic acid
0 ImagesSynonyms: 2-Oxosuccinic acidOxaloacetic acid (2-Oxosuccinic acid) is a metabolic intermediate involved in several ways, such as citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, the urea cycle, the glyoxylate cycle, amino acid synthesis, and fatty acid synthesis, whereby Oxaloacetic acid facilitates the clearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and improves mitochondrial function.
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Tin(II) chloride, 98%
0 ImagesSynonyms: Stannous chloride, 98%; Tin(II) chloride, anhydrous, 98%; Anhydrous stannous chloride, 98%Tin(II) chloride, 98% (Stannous chloride) is a biochemical reagent with genotoxicity, mutagenicity, mitotic recombinogenicity, and reactive oxygen species-inducing activity.
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β-Carotene
0 Imagesβ-Carotene (Provitamin A), a carotenoid compound, is a naturally-occurring vitamin A precursor. β-Carotene is a modulator of reactive oxygen species (ROS), with antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities. β-Carotene may serve as an antioxidant or as a prooxidant, depending on its intrinsic properties as well as on the redox potential of the biological environment in which it acts. β-Carotene induces breast cancer cells apoptosis, with anticancer activities.
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L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate magnesium hydrate
0 ImagesSynonyms: 2-Phospho-L-ascorbic acid magnesium hydrate; LAA2P magnesium hydrateL-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (2-Phospho-L-ascorbic acid) magnesium hydrate is a long-acting vitamin C derivative that can stimulate collagen formation and expression. L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate magnesium hydrate can be used as a culture medium supplement for the osteogenic differentiation of human adipose stem cells (hASCs). L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate magnesium hydrate increases alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and expression of runx2A in hASCs during the osteogenic differentiation.
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IR-780
0 ImagesIR-780 is a near-infrared fluorescent probe for in vivo imaging of tumor cells. IR-780 is transported into tumor cells via OATPs and ABCB10, with uptake dependent on glycolytic activity and plasma membrane potential. IR-780 preferentially accumulates in tumor cell mitochondria, including those of drug-resistant cancer cells, without chemical conjugation. IR-780 generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), induces hyperthermia and apoptosis, inhibits tumor growth and recurrence, and modulates HSP70 expression upon ultrasound or 808 nm laser exposure. IR-780 acts as a sonosensitizer, photodynamic and photothermal agent, and drug delivery carrier, with low acute imaging-dose toxicity and rapid vital organ clearance. IR-780 can be used for the research of cancer, such as breast cancer, lung cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
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Hippuric acid
0 ImagesSynonyms: BenzoylglycineHippuric Acid is an orally active metabolite. Hippuric Acid can be produced by intestinal microorganisms from the metabolism of polyphenols, benzoic acid. Hippuric Acid decreases NRF2, MMP9 and leads to ROS accumulation. Hippuric Acid activates TGFβ/SMAD signaling. Hippuric Acid improves hyperuricemia and colitis. Hippuric Acid can also be used in cardiovascular disease research. .
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L 012 sodium salt
0 ImagesL 012 sodium salt is a luminal-based chemiluminescent probe. L 012 sodium salt can detect NADPH oxidase (Nox)-derived superoxide and nitrogen species (reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS)).
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Xanthine oxidase, Microorganism
0 ImagesXanthine oxidase, Microorganism (XO) is a xanthine oxidoreductase enzyme that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine, and further catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid.
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Onvoloxastat
0 ImagesSynonyms: ML355Onvoloxastat (ML355) is an orally active selective 12-LOX inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.34 μM. Onvoloxastat inhibits platelet activation by blocking thrombin- or thromboxane A2-induced phosphorylation of Akt, PI3K and Erk1/2. At low doses (1-20 μM), it mainly acts by reducing ROS levels, while at high doses (50 μM), it functions via activating the cAMP pathway. Onvoloxastat can be used in research related to thrombosis and diabetes.
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p-Cresyl sulfate
0 Imagesp-Cresyl sulfate (p-Tolyl sulfate) is a uremic toxin, that can cause renal damage and dysfunction. p-Cresyl sulfate shows antiproliferation activity. p-Cresyl sulfate increases the protein expression of HIF-1α and VHL, decreases the protein expression of HIF-2α. p-Cresyl sulfate induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). p-Cresyl sulfate activates the JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways.
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Amentoflavone
0 ImagesAmentoflavone (Didemethyl-ginkgetin) is a potent and orally active GABA(A) negative modulator. Amentoflavone also shows anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-viral, anti-tumor, anti-radiation, anti-fungal, antibacterial activity. Amentoflavone induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at sub-G1 phase.
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L-Cystine
0 ImagesL-Cystine is an orally active extracellular form of L-Cysteine (HY-Y0337), occurring in proteins of plants and animals. L-Cystine elevates Nrf2 protein expression and activates Nrf2 transcription factor. L-cystine reduces ROS generation and protects against oxidant- or Doxorubicin (HY-15142A)-induced apoptosis. L-Cystine combined with L-theanine (HY-15121) enhances the production of antigen-specific IgG by increasing glutathione (GSH) levels and T helper 2 (Th2) mediated responses in mice. L-Cystine is promising for research of cystinuria and kidney stones
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N-Acetyl-L-cysteine ethyl ester
0 ImagesSynonyms: N-Acetylcysteine ethyl ester; NACETN-Acetyl-L-cysteine ethyl ester is an esterified form of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). N-Acetyl-L-cysteine ethyl ester exhibits enhanced cell permeability, and produce NAC and cysteine. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine ethyl ester increases circulating hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and can be used as an H2S producer. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine ethyl ester has the potential to substitute NAC as a mucolytic agent, and as a GSH-related antioxidant.
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Ciprofloxacin monohydrochloride
0 ImagesSynonyms: Bay-09867 monohydrochlorideCiprofloxacin (Bay-09867) monohydrochloride is an orally active, blood-brain barrier permeable fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent. Ciprofloxacin monohydrochloride exerts bactericidal effects primarily by inhibiting topoisomerase II and IV. Ciprofloxacin monohydrochloride inhibits the proliferation of human dental pulp stem cells and chondrocytes from young rats, and also activates the Akt signaling pathway and upregulates markers such as β-catenin and Nanog to maintain the morphological characteristics of stem cells. Ciprofloxacin monohydrochloride induces significant neurotoxicity and tissue damage, including reducing serotonin and glutathione levels in the brain, inducing oxidative stress and depression-like behaviors, and causing articular cartilage damage. Ciprofloxacin monohydrochloride can be applied to research related to infections of necrotic young permanent teeth and neurotoxicity.
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Diethyl succinate
0 ImagesDiethyl succinate (Diethyl Butanedioate) can be utilized at physiological pH, allowing it to penetrate biological membranes and integrate into the cells of tissue cultures, where it is metabolized via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Diethyl succinate modulates the polarization and activation of microglial cells by reducing mitochondrial fission and the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby exerting an inflammatory protective effect in primary microglial cells. Furthermore, Diethyl succinate is non-toxic and can be used in flavorings and seasonings.
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MRT68921
0 ImagesMRT68921 is a potent NUAK1/ULK1 dual inhibitor. MRT68921 inhibits ULK1 and ULK2 with IC50 values of 2.9 nM and 1.1 nM, respectively. MRT68921 can block cells autophagy and kill tumor cells by breaking the balance of oxidative stress signals. MRT68921 can inhibit cell proliferation and induce ROS production and apoptosis. MRT68921 can be used for the research of cancer, such as breast cancer.
