Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid
Based on 73 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)) is a synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA and an agonist of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RIG-I and MDA5). Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid can be used as a vaccine adjuvant to enhance innate and adaptive immune responses, and to alter the tumor microenvironment. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid can directly trigger cancer cells to undergo apoptosis.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Assay : 99.4%
- CAS No.: 24939-03-5
- Formula: (C10H13N4O8P)x.(C9H14N3O8P)x
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Storage:Powder -20°C, 3 years ; In solvent -80°C, 6 months , -20°C, 1 month
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Help & FAQs
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HY-13740
ResiquimodTLR7/8 Agonist -
HY-P1180A
Pam3CSK4 TFATLR1/2 Agonist -
HY-D1056
Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5Endotoxin -
HY-11109
ResatorvidTLR4 Inhibitor -
HY-18739
Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetatePKC Activator -
HY-13259
MG-132Proteasome Inhibitor -
HY-108473
CU-CPT 4aTLR3 Inhibitor -
HY-B0180
ImiquimodTLR7 Agonist -
HY-107202GL
Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (GMP Like)TLR-3 Agonist -
HY-B2176
ATPEndogenous Metabolite -
HY-Y0873
PEG300Neutral Polymer -
HY-16592
Brefeldin AProtein Transport Inhibitor
Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid
More- Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2026 Feb 13;11(1):54. [Abstract]
- Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2025 Dec 23;10(1):410. [Abstract]
- Nature. 2025 Jul;643(8072):810-819. [Abstract]
- Imeta. 2026 Feb 24.
- Cell Metab. 2026 May 5;38(5):963-980.e12. [Abstract]
- Immunity. 2025 Sep 9;58(9):2320-2335.e9. [Abstract]
- Nat Cell Biol. 2025 Apr;27(4):683-695. [Abstract]
- J Extracell Vesicles. 2025 May;14(5):e70083. [Abstract]
- Adv Funct Mater. 29 August 2022.
- Autophagy. 2024 Oct;20(10):2133-2145. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2025 Jun 3;16(1):5140. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2025 Feb 24;16(1):1909. [Abstract]
- Hepatology. 2025 Nov 7. [Abstract]
- ACS Nano. 2025 Feb 4;19(4):4195-4212. [Abstract]
- Acta Pharm Sin B. 2025 Oct;15(10):5431-5443. [Abstract]
- J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2025 Feb 7;44(1):45. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2026 Jun 2:e75921. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2026 Mar 18:e11012. [Abstract]
- Chem Eng J. 2021 Aug 15:418:129392. [Abstract]
- Biosens Bioelectron. 2026 Oct 15:310:118829. [Abstract]
- J Exp Med. 2026 Apr 6;223(4):e20250344. [Abstract]
- Cell Commun Signal. 2026 Feb 9;24(1):168. [Abstract]
- Mol Ther. 2025 Dec 3;33(12):6146-6159. [Abstract]
- Phytomedicine. 2021 Apr:84:153495. [Abstract]
- Cell Death Discov. 2025 Jul 25;11(1):345. [Abstract]
- J Transl Med. 2025 Nov 10;23(1):1252. [Abstract]
- Mol Ther Oncolytics. 2022 Aug 25:26:413-428. [Abstract]
- Cancer Immunol Res. 2024 Oct 1;12(10):1438-1451. [Abstract]
- Clin Transl Med. 2024 Sep;14(9):e70027. [Abstract]
- Cell Rep. 2026 Apr 3;45(4):117222. [Abstract]
- Cell Rep. 2026 Mar 30;45(4):117179. [Abstract]
- Food Front. 2025 Nov 6.
- Liver Int. 2022 Dec;42(12):2724-2742. [Abstract]
- Nutrients. 2025 Dec 19;18(1):21. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2026 May 1:176:116468. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2025 Feb 6:147:114033. [Abstract]
- mBio. 2026 Jun 10;17(6):e0042326. [Abstract]
- Cell Signal. 2025 Aug:132:111807. [Abstract]
- Virol Sin. 2023 Oct;38(5):741-754. [Abstract]
- Virol Sin. 2023 Jun;38(3):335-343. [Abstract]
- J Innate Immun. 2025 Jul 28:1-27. [Abstract]
- Poult Sci. 2026 May 20;105(8):107155. [Abstract]
- FASEB J. 2024 Mar 31;38(6):e23551. [Abstract]
- Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2026 Oct:177:111563.
- Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2026 Apr:171:111162. [Abstract]
- Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2026 Feb:169:111053. [Abstract]
- J Virol. 2025 Aug 19;99(8):e0049825. [Abstract]
- Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2025 May 14;47(5):361. [Abstract]
- J Funct Foods. 2026 May 30;142:107364.
- Vet Res. 2025 Nov 5;56(1):210. [Abstract]
- Vet Res. 2024 Sep 27;55(1):115. [Abstract]
- J Med Virol. 2026 Jul;98(7):e71062.
- Cancer Med. 2023 Jul;12(14):15676-15690. [Abstract]
- Chem Biol Drug Des. 2025 Nov;106(5):e70196. [Abstract]
- Chem Biol Drug Des. 2023 Nov;102(5):1110-1120. [Abstract]
- Vet Microbiol. 2026 Sep:320:111150.
- Vet Microbiol. 2026 Feb:313:110834. [Abstract]
- Curr Microbiol. 2024 Aug 6;81(9):296. [Abstract]
- Virology. 2026 Sep:622:110980. [Abstract]
- Virology. 2026 Jun:619:110878. [Abstract]
- Transbound Emerg Dis. 2026;2026(1):e5789277. [Abstract]
- World J Tradit Chin Med. 2025 Oct 28.
- Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2024 May 14:17:1093-1105. [Abstract]
- Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2024 Apr 16:704:149661. [Abstract]
- Dev Comp Immunol. 2025 Dec:173:105527. [Abstract]
- Dev Comp Immunol. 2025 Sep 29:172:105483. [Abstract]
- Transpl Immunol. 2026 Feb:94:102346. [Abstract]
- Patent. US20250235423A1.
- bioRxiv. 2024 September 23.
- bioRxiv. 2024 Dec 8:2024.12.07.627371. [Abstract]
- Res Sq. 2024 Nov 14.
- SSRN. 2023 Apr 29.
- SSRN. 2021 Apr 26.
Customer Validation & Images
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IP
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RT-PCR
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RT-PCR
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RT-PCR
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Others
Biological Activity
Description
IC50 & Target
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Bcl-2 |
MDA5 |
RIG-I |
Bax |
IL-17A |
IL-13 |
HSP70 |
In Vitro
Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (0.5-5 μg/mL, 3-24 h) induces a dose- and time-dependent increase in paracellular permeability of immortalized airway epithelial cells[4].
Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (5 μg/mL, 24 h) does not have cytotoxicity to 16HBE14o- cells[4].
Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (5 μg/mL, 6 h) induces disruption of epithelial apical junctional complexes
(AJCs) and tight junctions (TJs) in 16HBE14o- cells[4].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only. Further protocols information, click here.
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Cell Line:16HBE14o- cells
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Concentration:5 μg/mL
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Incubation Time:24 h
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Result:Did not lead to significant accumulation of LDH in cell-culture medium.
In Vivo
Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (10 μg/mouse, Intraperitoneal injection, single dose) decreases lung tumor growth in mice[3].
Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (1.25 mg/kg, Intraperitoneal injection, single dose) exerts therapeutic effects against cerebral I/R injury through the downregulation of TLR4/MyD88 signaling via TLR3 in MCAO model mice[5].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Animal Model:lung tumor-bearing mice[3]
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Dosage:10 μg/mouse
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Administration:Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)
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Result:Induced a significant decrease in the growth of pulmonary metastases in tumor-bearing mice. Reduced the amount of lung foci to ≈ 40%. Significantly increased BAL fluid cell numbers. Increased the level of INF-γ and IL-17A, decreased the levels of IL-13. Increased TLR3 expression.
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Animal Model:Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model mice[5]
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Dosage:1.25 mg/kg
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Administration:Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)
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Result:Reduced focal cerebral I/R injury. Increased the expression of Bcl2, Hsp27, and Hsp70, decreased Bax expression, and reduced cellular degeneration and apoptosis. Protected against cerebral ischemia and conferred protection against cerebral I/R injury through the downregulation of TLR4 signaling via TLR3.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 24939-03-5
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Appearance Solid
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Formula (C10H13N4O8P)x.(C9H14N3O8P)x
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Color White to off-white
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SMILES
O[C@H]1[C@@H](O[C@H](COP(O)(O)=O)[C@H]1O)N2C3=C(C(NC=N3)=O)N=C2.O[C@H]4[C@H](N5C(N=C(N)C=C5)=O)O[C@H](COP(O)(O)=O)[C@H]4O.[x].[x]
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Synonyms
Poly(I:C)
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
Powder -20°C 3 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Publications (73)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Signal Transduct Target Ther
2026 Feb 13;11(1):54. PMID: 41680122 -
Signal Transduct Target Ther
Oncolytic adenovirus delivery of neoantigens sensitizes low-mutation tumors to anti-PD-1 therapy and prevents metastasis. [Abstract]2025 Dec 23;10(1):410. PMID: 41429778 -
Nature
2025 Jul;643(8072):810-819. PMID: 40369065 -
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Cell Metab
Psoriasis modulates inflammatory bowel disease risk and intestinal epithelium lipid metabolism via IL-1β-producing macrophages. [Abstract]2026 May 5;38(5):963-980.e12. PMID: 41856104 -
Immunity
Spatiotemporal dynamics of CXCL10 encode contextual immune information revealed by the genetically encoded fluorescent sensor. [Abstract]2025 Sep 9;58(9):2320-2335.e9. PMID: 40818452 -
Nat Cell Biol
Selective translational control by PABPC1 phase separation regulates blast crisis and therapy resistance in chronic myeloid leukaemia. [Abstract]2025 Apr;27(4):683-695. PMID: 40102686 -
J Extracell Vesicles
Cancer-Specific RNA Modifications in Tumour-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promote Tumour Growth. [Abstract]2025 May;14(5):e70083. PMID: 40326665 -
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Autophagy
2024 Oct;20(10):2133-2145. PMID: 38762760
Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Autophagy. 2024 Oct;20(10):2133-2145. [Abstract]
HEK293T cells were transfected with HA-8A or HA-NSs at a dose of 2 μg for 24 h, and then transfected with poly(I:C) for 24 h. Co-IP with HA antibodies and evaluation of LC3, TBK1 and TRIM25 with western blot using IgG as control.
Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Autophagy. 2024 Oct;20(10):2133-2145. [Abstract]
HEK293T cells were transfected with pCAGGS, HA-NSs and HA-8A, HA-PxxP, HA-DWP, or HA-WxxL at a dose of 2 μg for 24 h, and then transfected with poly(I:C) for 24 h. IFNB and IFIT1 mRNA levels were analyzed with RT-qPCR.
Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Autophagy. 2024 Oct;20(10):2133-2145. [Abstract]
HeLa cells were transfected with pCAGGS, HA-8A or HA-NSs at a dose of 2 μg for 24 h, and then transfected with poly(I:C) for 24 h. IFNB, IFIT1 and CXCL10 mRNA levels were analyzed with RT-qPCR.
Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Autophagy. 2024 Oct;20(10):2133-2145. [Abstract]
BECN1 knockout HeLa cells were transfected with pCAGGS, HA-8A or HA-NSs for 24 h, and then transfected with poly(I:C) for 24 h. IFNB, IFIT1 and CXCL10 mRNA levels were analyzed with RT-qPCR.
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Nat Commun
De novo design of protein condensation inhibitors by targeting an allosteric site of cGAS. [Abstract]2025 Jun 3;16(1):5140. PMID: 40461475 -
Nat Commun
Identification of splenic IRF7 as a nanotherapy target for tele-conditioning myocardial reperfusion injury. [Abstract]2025 Feb 24;16(1):1909. PMID: 39994192 -
Hepatology
GPC3-based circular RNA vaccine suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma progression by activating adaptive immune responses. [Abstract]2025 Nov 7. PMID: 41201153 -
ACS Nano
2025 Feb 4;19(4):4195-4212. PMID: 39846120 -
Acta Pharm Sin B
Spatiotemporally delivery of Cas9 ribonucleoprotein/DNAzyme logic systems using near-infrared upconversion nanomachine for precise immunotherapy. [Abstract]2025 Oct;15(10):5431-5443. PMID: 41132842 -
J Exp Clin Cancer Res
VSIG4+ tumor-associated macrophages mediate neutrophil infiltration and impair antigen-specific immunity in aggressive cancers through epigenetic regulation of SPP1. [Abstract]2025 Feb 7;44(1):45. PMID: 39920772 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
NMI Regulates Adipose Adaptive Thermogenesis Through TLR4/IRF3 Signaling to Promote Obesity. [Abstract]2026 Jun 2:e75921. PMID: 42228052 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
RNF213 Is an Interferon-Stimulated Gene That Targets Influenza A Virus NP and Activates MDA5 to Restrict Infection. [Abstract]2026 Mar 18:e11012. PMID: 41849692 -
Chem Eng J
Inhalable nanovaccine with biomimetic coronavirus structure to trigger mucosal immunity of respiratory tract against COVID-19. [Abstract]2021 Aug 15:418:129392. PMID: 33762883
Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Chem Eng J. 2021 Aug 15:418:129392. [Abstract]
Immunofluorescence staining photographs of lung sections. Scale bars, 100 μm. (I: PBS, II: Poly(I:C), III: PL-Poly(I:C), IV: NL-Poly(I:C), V: PL-Poly(I:C)/RBD, VI: NL-Poly(I:C)/RBD).
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Biosens Bioelectron
In situ spatiotemporal tracking of endogenous protein dynamics with allosteric genetically encoded biosensor in living cells. [Abstract]2026 Oct 15:310:118829. PMID: 42184477 -
J Exp Med
Defects in intron recycling suppress the antiviral response via a mechanism of intronic endogenous dsRNA. [Abstract]2026 Apr 6;223(4):e20250344. PMID: 41817448 -
Cell Commun Signal
Grass carp reovirus VP35 hijacks DHX15 into phase-separated inclusion bodies to evade host antiviral immunity. [Abstract]2026 Feb 9;24(1):168. PMID: 41664180 -
Mol Ther
Targeting O-GlcNAcylated METTL3 impedes MDS/AML progression via diminishing SRSF1 m6A modification. [Abstract]2025 Dec 3;33(12):6146-6159. PMID: 40914805 -
Phytomedicine
Si-Ni-San ameliorates chronic colitis by modulating type I interferons-mediated inflammation. [Abstract]2021 Apr:84:153495. PMID: 33611210 -
Cell Death Discov
RIPK1 S213E mutant suppresses RIPK1-dependent cell death by preventing interactions with RIPK3 and CASP8. [Abstract]2025 Jul 25;11(1):345. PMID: 40715038 -
J Transl Med
Truncated APC impairs innate immune response by targeting MAVS on mitochondria in colorectal cancer. [Abstract]2025 Nov 10;23(1):1252. PMID: 41214683 -
Mol Ther Oncolytics
TRIM22 orchestrates the proliferation of GBMs and the benefits of TMZ by coordinating the modification and degradation of RIG-I. [Abstract]2022 Aug 25:26:413-428. PMID: 36159777
Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Mol Ther Oncolytics. 2022 Aug 25:26:413-428. [Abstract]
Dual-luciferase reporter assay of PPAS (20 ng/ml for 24 h) on CCAR1 promoter in U251MG and 293T cells was performed.
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Cancer Immunol Res
The E3 ubiquitin ligase FBXO38 maintains the antitumor function of natural killer cells by sustaining IL-15R signaling. [Abstract]2024 Oct 1;12(10):1438-1451. PMID: 38990095 -
Clin Transl Med
IBR1, a novel endogenous IFIH1-binding dsRNA, governs IFIH1 activation and M1 macrophage polarisation in ARDS. [Abstract]2024 Sep;14(9):e70027. PMID: 39313944 -
Cell Rep
2026 Apr 3;45(4):117222. PMID: 41934636 -
Cell Rep
4-octyl itaconate inhibits cytokine-mediated inflammation via alkylation of TYK2 and JAK1. [Abstract]2026 Mar 30;45(4):117179. PMID: 41915469 -
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Liver Int
Human poliovirus receptor contributes to biliary atresia pathogenesis by exacerbating natural-killer-cell-mediated bile duct injury. [Abstract]2022 Dec;42(12):2724-2742. PMID: 36251580 -
Nutrients
Aqueous Extract of Fructus Choerospondiatis Peel Suppresses Vascular Inflammation and Alleviates Atherosclerosis via AKT/c-FOS/IL-6 Axis. [Abstract]2025 Dec 19;18(1):21. PMID: 41515139 -
Int Immunopharmacol
Minimolide F alleviates inflammatory diseases by specifically targeting STING and blocking IRF3 recruitment. [Abstract]2026 May 1:176:116468. PMID: 41819671 -
Int Immunopharmacol
A VZV-gE subunit vaccine decorated with mPLA elicits protective cellular immmune responses against varicella-zoster virus. [Abstract]2025 Feb 6:147:114033. PMID: 39799738 -
mBio
Lipid droplets and small extracellular vesicles interplay in Japanese encephalitis virus non-lytic release. [Abstract]2026 Jun 10;17(6):e0042326. PMID: 42159429 -
Cell Signal
2025 Aug:132:111807. PMID: 40239727 -
Virol Sin
RIPK3 promotes hantaviral replication by restricting JAK-STAT signaling without triggering necroptosis. [Abstract]2023 Oct;38(5):741-754. PMID: 37633447 -
Virol Sin
Antibiotic-induced gut bacteria depletion has no effect on HBV replication in HBV immune tolerance mouse model. [Abstract]2023 Jun;38(3):335-343. PMID: 37141990 -
J Innate Immun
Impact of ATP Synthase Subunit β on TLR Signaling Pathway in Promoting Airway Remodeling and Heterogeneity of Small Airway Epithelial Cells in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. [Abstract]2025 Jul 28:1-27. PMID: 40720940 -
Poult Sci
Duck plague virus US2 promotes p62-mediated autophagic degradation of RIG-I to suppress antiviral signaling. [Abstract]2026 May 20;105(8):107155. PMID: 42190475 -
FASEB J
2024 Mar 31;38(6):e23551. PMID: 38489235 -
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Fish Shellfish Immunol
CiLSM14Aa acts as a cytosolic dsRNA sensor to activate antiviral immunity against GCRV-II. [Abstract]2026 Apr:171:111162. PMID: 41611139 -
Fish Shellfish Immunol
Cloning, functional characterization of PfLectin_C, a novel C-type lectin gene in pearl oyster Pinctada fucata, and its roles in immune defense and transplantation immunity. [Abstract]2026 Feb:169:111053. PMID: 41344455 -
J Virol
PEDV Nsp14 induces mitophagy-mediated degradation of MAVS to antagonize host innate immunity and facilitate viral proliferation. [Abstract]2025 Aug 19;99(8):e0049825. PMID: 40631894 -
Curr Issues Mol Biol
2025 May 14;47(5):361. PMID: 40699760 -
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Vet Res
TRIM7 suppresses transmissible gastroenteritis virus replication by targeting the degradation of N protein and activating RIG-I-mediated type I IFN antiviral response. [Abstract]2025 Nov 5;56(1):210. PMID: 41194212 -
Vet Res
2024 Sep 27;55(1):115. PMID: 39334325 -
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Cancer Med
Inhibition of FGFR3 upregulates MHC-I and PD-L1 via TLR3/NF-kB pathway in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. [Abstract]2023 Jul;12(14):15676-15690. PMID: 37283287 -
Chem Biol Drug Des
Investigation Into the Inhibition of Ferroptosis by Praeruptorin-A in Sepsis Based on Network Pharmacology. [Abstract]2025 Nov;106(5):e70196. PMID: 41195620 -
Chem Biol Drug Des
Praeruptorin A inhibits the activation of NF-κB pathway and the expressions of inflammatory factors in poly (I:C)-induced RAW264.7 cells. [Abstract]2023 Nov;102(5):1110-1120. PMID: 37500542 -
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Vet Microbiol
miR-17195 promotes infectious bronchitis virus proliferation and macrophage-mediated inflammation via the PLCβ2-TAK1 axis. [Abstract]2026 Feb:313:110834. PMID: 41447967 -
Curr Microbiol
Poly I: C Alleviated Duck Intestinal Injury Infected with Duck Viral Enteritis by Inhibiting Apoptosis. [Abstract]2024 Aug 6;81(9):296. PMID: 39105989 -
Virology
Rab4b is associated with inflammatory responses and TLR3-related signaling during Japanese encephalitis virus infection. [Abstract]2026 Sep:622:110980. PMID: 42229201 -
Virology
2026 Jun:619:110878. PMID: 41880901 -
Transbound Emerg Dis
Porcine Rotavirus NSP4 Inhibits Type I Interferon Production via NRBF2-Mediated Autophagic Degradation of MDA-5. [Abstract]2026;2026(1):e5789277. PMID: 42338383 -
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Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol
Effect of Chloroquine on Type 2 Inflammatory Response in MC903-Induced Atopic Dermatitis Mice. [Abstract]2024 May 14:17:1093-1105. PMID: 38765196 -
Biochem Biophys Res Commun
Sequential administration of delta-tocotrienol ameliorates radiation-induced myelosuppression in mice and non-human primates through inducing G-CSF production. [Abstract]2024 Apr 16:704:149661. PMID: 38417343 -
Dev Comp Immunol
Genome-wide analysis unveils the differentiated "external" and "internal" lectin system in the tropical sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota. [Abstract]2025 Dec:173:105527. PMID: 41274536 -
Dev Comp Immunol
Porcine IFI44L inhibits transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) replication by activating IFN-Ⅰ signaling pathway. [Abstract]2025 Sep 29:172:105483. PMID: 41033382 -
Transpl Immunol
TLR3 stimulation rejuvenates aged mesenchymal stem cells and restores immunosuppressive function in graft-versus-host disease. [Abstract]2026 Feb:94:102346. PMID: 41520686 -
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bioRxiv
2024 Dec 8:2024.12.07.627371. PMID: 39677789 -
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Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro:
H2O : ≥ 10 mg/mL
* "≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.
In Vivo:
For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:
It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: PBS
Solubility: ≥ 10 mg/mL; Clear solution
Protocols
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Multiplex immunofluorescence IHC
Multiplex immunofluorescence IHC detects multiple protein biomarkers in one tissue section by sequential antibody staining, HRP-mediated tyramide fluorophore deposition, heat-mediated antibody stripping, nuclear counterstaining, multispectral imaging, spectral unmixing, and digital cell phenotyping; TSA deposits fluorophore near the antigen so the fluorescence signal remains after primary and secondary antibodies are removed, enabling repeated staining cycles, including with antibodies from the same host species. Classic FFPE tumor immune-profiling applications use panels such as CD3, CD8, CD68/CD163, FOXP3, PD-1, PD-L1, pancytokeratin, Ki67, and DAPI to identify tumor cells, immune-cell subsets, checkpoint-marker expression, co-expression phenotypes, cell density, and spatial relationships in the tumor microenvironment.
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis, also called programmed cell death, is generally characterized by distinct morphological characteristics.
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TUNEL staining for apoptotic DNA fragmentation
TUNEL staining detects DNA strand breaks by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase to add labeled nucleotides to exposed 3′-OH DNA termini, generating either microscopic staining in fixed cells or tissue sections, or fluorescence/cytometric signal in cell suspensions. TUNEL positivity reflects DNA fragmentation but should not be interpreted alone as definitive apoptosis, because TUNEL can also label necrotic, autolytic, mechanically damaged, or DNA-repair-associated DNA breaks.
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Annexin V plus membrane-impermeant dye apoptosis staining
Annexin V-based apoptosis assays rely on the detection of phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization from the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane to the outer leaflet, an early biochemical hallmark of apoptosis. Fluorescently labeled Annexin V binds PS in a calcium-dependent manner, enabling identification of early apoptotic cells by flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy. When combined with a membrane-impermeant DNA-binding dye (e. g. , propidium iodide), this approach allows discrimination between viable (Annexin V−/dye−), early apoptotic (Annexin V+/dye−), and late apoptotic or necrotic (Annexin V+/dye+) cell populations by assessing membrane integrity and PS exposure.
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Multiplex immunohistochemistry
Multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC), also known as tyramide dignal amplification (TSA), is an enzymatic detection method that uses horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to perform high-density in-situ labeling of target proteins or nucleic acids.
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Apoptosis Solutions
Apoptosis is a regulated, generally non-lytic cell-death pathway that removes unwanted, damaged, infected, or abnormal cells through coordinated morphological changes, caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, and membrane remodeling. The intrinsic apoptosis pathway is controlled mainly by mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, BCL-2 family proteins, cytochrome c release, apoptosome formation, caspase-9 activation, and downstream executioner caspase-3/7 activation. The extrinsic apoptosis pathway is initiated by death receptors such as Fas, TNFR, and TRAIL receptors, which recruit adaptor proteins and activate caspase-8 before engaging executioner caspases or mitochondrial amplification through BID cleavage. Apoptosis is linked to many phenotypes, including cancer cell killing, tissue homeostasis, immune regulation, neurodegeneration, infection response, and treatment-induced cytotoxicity; unresolved questions include how apoptosis interacts with necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptos
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Research Protocol for Cancer Immunology
Cancer immunology studies how the immune system recognizes, suppresses, edits, or fails to eliminate malignant cells through tumor antigen release, antigen presentation, T-cell priming, immune trafficking, tumor-cell killing, and feedback inhibition in the tumor microenvironment. The cancer-immunity cycle links tumor antigenicity, dendritic-cell priming, CD8+ T-cell infiltration, cytotoxic function, and immune-checkpoint regulation to tumor rejection or immune escape. Immune-checkpoint pathways such as PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 suppress antitumor T-cell activity and can be therapeutically blocked, but many tumors remain resistant because of poor antigen presentation, weak T-cell infiltration, suppressive myeloid cells, regulatory T cells, and tumor-intrinsic immune-exclusion programs. Unresolved questions include which immune-cell states predict response, how tumor-intrinsic pathways exclude immune cells, how myeloid suppression limits checkpoint blockade, and which combination strategies
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (278 KB)
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SDS (394 KB)
- English - EN (394 KB)
- Français - FR (394 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (394 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (394 KB)
- Español - ES (394 KB)
- Swedish - SV (394 KB)
- Italian - IT (394 KB)
- Korean - KR (394 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (394 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Cheng Y, Xu F. Anticancer function of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [J]. Cancer biology & therapy, 2010, 10(12): 1219-1223. [Content Brief]
[2]. Deleidi M, Hallett P J, Koprich J B, et al. The Toll-like receptor-3 agonist polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid triggers nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration [J]. Journal of Neuroscience, 2010, 30(48): 16091-16101. [Content Brief]
[3]. Forte G, Rega A, Morello S, et al. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid limits tumor outgrowth in a mouse model of metastatic lung cancer [J]. The Journal of Immunology, 2012, 188(11): 5357-5364. [Content Brief]
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Calculators
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid Related Classifications
HY-107202 Related Classifications
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