Cat. No.: HY-10585

Valproic acid

(Synonyms: VPA; 2-Propylpentanoic acid; Dipropylacetic acid)

65 Cited Publications

Customer Review

Based on 65 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Valproic acid (VPA) is an orally active HDAC inhibitor, with IC₅₀ in the range of 0.5 and 2 mM. Valproic acid inhibits HDAC1 (IC₅₀, 400 μM), and induces proteasomal degradation of HDAC2. Valproic acid activates Notch1 signaling and inhibits proliferation in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. Valproic acid is used in the epilepsy, bipolar disorder, metabolic disease, HIV infection and prevention of migraine headaches.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Purity: 99.90%
CAS No.: 99-66-1
Formula: C₈H₁₆O₂
Molecular Weight:144.21

Storage:

Store at room temperature 3 years.

In solvent -80°C, 2 years , -20°C, 1 year

Valproic acid Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 99-66-1

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Fluorescent Dye

Strong Fluorescence Signal / Multi-Disciplinary Applications / High Fluorescence Specificity

Biological Activity
- Description
- IC₅₀ & Target
- Cellular Effect
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Chemical Information
Publications (65)
Solvent & Solubility
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Purity & Documentation
References
Help & FAQs
Classifications
Bioz

Biological Activity

Description

IC₅₀ & Target^[5]^[6]

HDAC1

400 μM (IC₅₀)

HDAC

0.5-2 mM (IC₅₀)

HDAC2

Autophagy

Mitophagy

All HDAC Isoforms :

All HIV Isoforms :

All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms :

Cellular Effect

Cell Line	Type	Value	Description	References
A498	IC₅₀	2141.25 μM Compound: VPA	Antiproliferative activity against human A498 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human A498 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 34111829]
A549	IC₅₀	>1000 nM Compound: VPA	Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells after 3 days Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells after 3 days	[PMID: 18294844]
Caco-2	IC₅₀	>1000 μM Compound: VPA	Growth inhibition of human Caco2 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human Caco2 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25304896]
CAKI-1	IC₅₀	2825.37 μM Compound: VPA	Antiproliferative activity against human CAKI-1 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human CAKI-1 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 34111829]
HCT-116	IC₅₀	4.66 μM Compound: Valproic acid	Antiproliferative activity against human HCT-116 cells measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HCT-116 cells measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 37875056]
HeLa	IC₅₀	995 μM Compound: VPA	Inhibition of human HDAC in HeLa cells Inhibition of human HDAC in HeLa cells	[PMID: 18294844]
HeLa	IC₅₀	7.24 mM Compound: Valproic acid	Inhibition of HDAC in human Hela cells nuclear extracts by fluorimetric assay Inhibition of HDAC in human Hela cells nuclear extracts by fluorimetric assay	[PMID: 19520580]
HeLa	IC₅₀	1 mM Compound: VPA	Growth inhibition of human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25304896]
HeLa	IC₅₀	4.66 μM Compound: Valproic acid	Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 37875056]
Hepatocyte	EC₅₀	11.73 μM Compound: 4	Reduction of propionyl-CoA in human hepatocytes derived from propionic acidemia patient pretreated for 30 mins followed by 13C-isoleucine addition and measured after 1 hr by MS/MS analysis Reduction of propionyl-CoA in human hepatocytes derived from propionic acidemia patient pretreated for 30 mins followed by 13C-isoleucine addition and measured after 1 hr by MS/MS analysis	[PMID: 33848153]
HepG2	IC₅₀	4.66 μM Compound: Valproic acid	Antiproliferative activity against human HepG2 cells measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HepG2 cells measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 37875056]
HL-60	IC₅₀	1.7 mM Compound: VPA	Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells after 24 to 48 hrs by trypan blue dye exclusion method Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells after 24 to 48 hrs by trypan blue dye exclusion method	[PMID: 25304896]
HL-60	IC₅₀	1700 μM Compound: VPA	Growth inhibition of human HL60 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human HL60 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25304896]
HT-29	IC₅₀	>1000 μM Compound: VPA	Growth inhibition of human HT-29 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human HT-29 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25304896]
HuT78	IC₅₀	1800 μM Compound: VPA	Growth inhibition of human HUT78 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human HUT78 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25304896]
HUVEC	IC₅₀	1.5 mM Compound: valproic acid	Inhibition of LPS-induced tissue factor activity in HUVEC preincubated for 4 hrs assessed after 4 hrs of LPS challenge by one stage clotting assay Inhibition of LPS-induced tissue factor activity in HUVEC preincubated for 4 hrs assessed after 4 hrs of LPS challenge by one stage clotting assay	[PMID: 17675290]
HUVEC	IC₅₀	2 mM Compound: valproic acid	Inhibition of TNF-alpha-induced tissue factor activity in HUVEC preincubated for 4 hrs assessed after 4 hrs of TNFalpha challenge by one stage clotting assay Inhibition of TNF-alpha-induced tissue factor activity in HUVEC preincubated for 4 hrs assessed after 4 hrs of TNFalpha challenge by one stage clotting assay	[PMID: 17675290]
K562	IC₅₀	>1000 μM Compound: VPA	Growth inhibition of human K562 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human K562 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25304896]
MCF7	IC₅₀	230 μM Compound: VPA	Growth inhibition of human MCF7 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human MCF7 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25304896]
MCF7	IC₅₀	0.23 mM Compound: 7	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition	[PMID: 34826681]
MCF7	IC₅₀	4.66 μM Compound: Valproic acid	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 37875056]
Sf21	IC₅₀	>1000 μM Compound: Valproate	Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in plasma membrane vesicles of Sf21 cells assessed as inhibition of ATP-dependent [3H]taurocholate uptake Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in plasma membrane vesicles of Sf21 cells assessed as inhibition of ATP-dependent [3H]taurocholate uptake	[PMID: 21965623]
Sf21	IC₅₀	>1000 μM Compound: Valproate	Inhibition of Sprague-Dawley rat Bsep expressed in plasma membrane vesicles of Sf21 cells assessed as inhibition of ATP-dependent [3H]taurocholate uptake Inhibition of Sprague-Dawley rat Bsep expressed in plasma membrane vesicles of Sf21 cells assessed as inhibition of ATP-dependent [3H]taurocholate uptake	[PMID: 21965623]

In Vitro

Valproic acid (VPA) (0-15 mM; 24 and 72 h) inhibits Hela cell growth in a dose- and time- dependent manner^[1].
Valproic acid (10 mM; 24 h) significantly attenuates the activities of total, cytosol and nuclear HDACs^[1].
Valproic acid (0-15 mM; 24 h) induces a G1 phase arrest at 1–3 mM and a G2/M phase arrest at 10 mM, and increases the percentage of sub-G1 cells in HeLa cells. Valproic acid also induces necrosis, apoptosis and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release^[1].
Valproic acid (0-20 mM; 24 h) activates Tcf/Lef-dependent transcription and synergizes with lithium^[2].
Valproic acid (0-5 mM; 0-18 h) increases β-catenin levels in Neuro2A cells^[2].
Valproic acid (0-2 mM; 0-24 h) stimulates phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC in hepatocytes^[5].
Valproic acid (0-10 mM; 2 days) induces Notch1 signaling and morphologic differentiation, suppresses production of NE tumor markers in SCLC cells^[6].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Cell Viability Assay^[1]

Cell Line:

HeLa cells
Concentration:

0, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 15 mM
Incubation Time:

24 and 72 h
Result:

HeLa cell growth was dose- and time-dependently decreased with an IC₅₀ of ~10 and 4 mM at 24 and 72 h.

Western Blot Analysis^[1]^[2]^[5]

Cell Line:

HeLa cells, Neuro2A cells or primary mouse hepatocytes
Concentration:

10 mM (HeLa); 0, 2, and 5 mM (Neuro2A); 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 and 2 mM (hepatocytes)
Incubation Time:

10 mM (HeLa); 0, 2, and 5 mM (Neuro2A); 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 and 2 Mm (hepatocytes)
Result:

Increased the form of acetylated histone 3.
Reduced PARP, induced cleavage PARP, and downregulated Bcl-2.
Increased β-catenin levels.
Increased the phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC.

Cell Cycle Analysis^[1]

Cell Line:

HeLa cells
Concentration:

0, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 15 mM
Incubation Time:

24 h
Result:

Induced a G1 phase arrest at 1–3 mM, significantly induced a G2/M phase arrest at 10 mM, and increased the percentage of sub-G1 cells in HeLa cells in a dose-dependent manner at 24 h.

In Vivo

Valproic acid (VPA) (500 mg/kg; i.p.; daily for 12 days) inhibits tumor angiogenesis in mice transplanted with Kasumi-1 cells^[3].
Valproic acid (350 mg/kg; i.p.; once) enhances social behavior in rats^[4].
Valproic acid (0.26% (w/v); p.o. via drinking water; 14 days) decreases liver mass, hepatic fat accumulation, and serum glucose in obese mice without hepatotoxicity^[5].
The solution of this product, when dissolved in Saline, is acidic. Before administration to animals, the pH must be adjusted to neutral (pH=7) with sodium hydroxide (e.g., 1M NaOH).

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model:

Female BALB/c nude mice, Kasumi-1 tumor model^[3]
Dosage:

500 mg/kg
Administration:

Intraperitoneal injection, daily for 12 days
Result:

Inhibited tumor growth and tumor angiogenesis.
Inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of VEGF, VEGFR2 and bFGF.
Inhibited HDAC activity and increased acetylation of histone H3.
Enhanced the accumulation of hyperacetylated histone H3 on VEGF promoters.

Animal Model:

Timed-pregnant Long Evans rats^[4]
Dosage:

350 mg/kg
Administration:

Intraperitoneal injection, once
Result:

Demonstrated more social investigation and play fighting than control animals.

Animal Model:

Obese phenotype of ob/ob mice^[5]
Dosage:

0.26% (w/v)
Administration:

Oral via drinking water, 14 days
Result:

Revealed a marked reduction in the accumulation of fats in the liver as compared with the untreated mice, significantly decreased liver mass to body mass, decreased serum triglyceride concentrations, and did not induce hepatotoxicity.

Chemical Information

CAS No. 99-66-1
Appearance Liquid (Density: 0.92 g/cm³)
Molecular Weight 144.21
Formula C₈H₁₆O₂
Color Colorless to light yellow
SMILES

CCCC(CCC)C(O)=O
Synonyms

VPA; 2-Propylpentanoic acid; Dipropylacetic acid
Structure Classification
- Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids
Initial Source
- Endogenous metabolite
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

Store at room temperature 3 years

In solvent	-80°C	2 years
	-20°C	1 year

Publications (65)

All Cell Proliferation/Viability AssayWBRT-PCRIn Vivo Efficacy StudyHistological Imaging/Staining

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Journal Impact Factor

Signal Transduct Target Ther

Human adipose and umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles mitigate photoaging via TIMP1/Notch1. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 30;9(1):294. PMID: 39472581
Signal Transduct Target Ther

Bone-targeting engineered small extracellular vesicles carrying anti-miR-6359-CGGGAGC prevent valproic acid-induced bone loss. [Abstract]

2024 Jan 22;9(1):24. PMID: 38246920
Mil Med Res

Direct conversion of human fibroblasts into dopaminergic neuron-like cells using small molecules and protein factors. [Abstract]

2020 Nov 1;7(1):52. PMID: 33129359

Valproic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Mil Med Res. 2020 Nov 1;7(1):52. [Abstract]

Valproic acid (0.1 mmol/L; 0–14 days) was used. Representative microscopy images depicting the morphological changes after chemical induction were shown. Scale bars = 100 μm.

Valproic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Mil Med Res. 2020 Nov 1;7(1):52. [Abstract]

Valproic acid (0.1 mmol/L; 0–7 days) was used. RT-qPCR analysis of mRNA expression levels of neuron-associated genes TUJ1 and MAP2, and DA neuron-associated genes TH and NURR1 was performed during the chemical induction.
Mil Med Res

Efficient and rapid conversion of human astrocytes and ALS mouse model spinal cord astrocytes into motor neuron-like cells by defined small molecules. [Abstract]

2020 Sep 6;7(1):42. PMID: 32892745
Nat Commun

Gut symbiont-derived sphingosine modulates vector competence in Aedes mosquitoes. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 19;15(1):8221. PMID: 39300135
Cell Death Differ

NKAP acts with HDAC3 to prevent R-loop associated genome instability. [Abstract]

2023 Jul;30(7):1811-1828. PMID: 37322264

Valproic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Death Differ. 2023 Jul;30(7):1811-1828. [Abstract]

Western blot analysis using indicated antibodies was performed. Lysates were prepared from control (DMSO) cells or cells treated with Trichostatin A (TSA, 5 μM), Valproic acid (VPA, 0.5 mM), or RGFP966 (10 μM) for 24 h. GAPDH served as a loading control.
Acta Pharm Sin B

2025 Oct 24.
Autophagy

Acetylation promotes mutant (MUT) TP53-HSPA8 and HSPA8-BAG3 interactions, facilitating MUT TP53 lysosomal degradation preferentially via CASA. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 16. PMID: 41099453
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Transgelin Promotes Glioblastoma Stem Cell Hypoxic Responses and Maintenance Through p53 Acetylation. [Abstract]

2024 Feb;11(7):e2305620. PMID: 38087889
Theranostics

Modulation of brain immune microenvironment and cellular dynamics in systemic inflammation. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 9;15(11):5153-5171. PMID: 40303348
Biomaterials

Chemical induced conversion of mouse fibroblasts and human adipose-derived stem cells into skeletal muscle-like cells. [Abstract]

2018 Dec 6;193:30-46. PMID: 30554025
J Nanobiotechnology

Biomimetic ferritin nanocages for synergistic co-delivery of metformin and rapamycin restore neurodevelopmental homeostasis in autism spectrum disorders. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 14;23(1):670. PMID: 41083985

Valproic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Nanobiotechnology. 2025 Oct 14;23(1):670. [Abstract]

Cell viability under treatment with different concentrations of VPA (0-40 mM; 24 h).

Valproic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Nanobiotechnology. 2025 Oct 14;23(1):670. [Abstract]

Pregnant females received intraperitoneal injections of 600 mg/kg VPA or saline on gestational day 12.5. Immunohistochemical staining representative images and quantification of Iba1 and GFAP in hippocampal CA1, CA3, and DG regions.
Sci Adv

Efficient derivation of human trophoblast stem cells from primed pluripotent stem cells. [Abstract]

2021 Aug 11;7(33):eabf4416. PMID: 34380613
Mol Psychiatry

The novel role of GADD45A in the etiology of autism: modulating neuronal excitability via TET1/R-loop dependent regulation of KCNQ5. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 26. PMID: 41741708
J Neuroinflammation

FOXA2 regulated by HDAC3-mediated deacetylation attenuates neuropathic pain by modulating microglial lipid metabolism and synaptic pruning dysregulation. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 26;22(1):280. PMID: 41299504
Int J Biol Macromol

Downregulation of the biological macromolecule Spondin-2 disrupts maternal-fetal immune tolerance and trophoblast invasion, driving unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 12;338(Pt 1):149672. PMID: 41391791
Acta Pharmacol Sin

In situ reprogramming of cardiac fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes in mouse heart with chemicals. [Abstract]

2024 Nov;45(11):2290-2299. PMID: 38890526

Valproic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2024 Nov;45(11):2290-2299. [Abstract]

Schemes of generating Fsp1-Cre:R26R-loxp-tdTomato mice and drug treatment to induce in situ transdifferentiation. Fsp1-Cre mice were crossed with R26Rloxp-tdTomato mice in which the expression of tdTomato is prevented by a loxP-flanked STOP cassette. The F1 mice would have the red fluorescent protein tdTomato expressed specifically in the fibroblasts. CRFVPTM were given once a week for 6 weeks. Immunofluorescence staining of the cryosections of the hearts from Fsp1-Cre:R26R-loxp-tdTomato mice treated with vehicle (b) or CRFVPTM (c) for 6 weeks. C: CHIR99021, 14 mg/kg; R: RepSox, 8.6 mg/kg; F: Forskolin, 61.6 mg/kg; V: VPA, 250 mg/kg; T: TTNPB, 1 mg/kg and M: Rolipram, 2.5 mg/kg; P: Parnate, 2.7 mg/kg, CRFTM by oral gavage and VP by intraperitoneal injection once a week for 6 weeks in mice at about 8 weeks of age.

Valproic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2024 Nov;45(11):2290-2299. [Abstract]

Whole-heart imaging with light-sheet fluorescence microscopy after tissue clearing of the hearts from Fsp1-Cre:R26R-loxp-tdTomato mice treated with vehicle (a) or CRFVPTM (b). (C: CHIR99021, 14 mg/kg; R: RepSox, 8.6 mg/kg; F: Forskolin, 61.6 mg/kg; V: VPA, 250 mg/kg; T: TTNPB, 1 mg/kg and M: Rolipram, 2.5 mg/kg; P: Parnate, 2.7 mg/kg, CRFTM by oral gavage and VP by intraperitoneal injection once a week for 6 weeks in mice at about 8 weeks of age).

Valproic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2024 Nov;45(11):2290-2299. [Abstract]

a Schemes of obtaining PDGFRα-DreER:R26R-rox-tdTomato mice and drug treatment to induce in situ cardiac reprogramming in PDGFRα-DreER:R26R-roxtdTomato mice. PDGFRα-DreER mice were mated with R26R-rox-tdTomato mice in which the expression of tdTomato is prevented by a roxflanked STOP cassette. The expression of tdTomato in fibroblasts was turned on by tamoxifen treatment. CRFVPTM were given once a week for 6 weeks. b Body weigh change of the mice after chemical treatment. Immunofluorescence staining of the cryosections of the hearts from PDGFRα-DreER:R26R-rox-tdTomato mice treated with vehicle (c) or CRFVPTM (d) for 6 weeks. (C: CHIR99021, 14 mg/kg; R: RepSox, 8.6 mg/kg; F: Forskolin, 61.6 mg/kg; V: VPA, 250 mg/kg; T: TTNPB, 1 mg/kg and M: Rolipram, 2.5 mg/kg; P: Parnate, 2.7 mg/kg, CRFTM by oral gavage and VP by intraperitoneal injection once a week for 6 weeks in mice at about 8 weeks of age).

Valproic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2024 Nov;45(11):2290-2299. [Abstract]

Immunofluorescence staining of α-actinin in cryosections of hearts from Fsp1-Cre:R26R-loxp-tdTomato mice treated with 7 C cocktail (CRFVPTM) or cocktails by removing 1 compound from 7 C (7C-X) for 6 weeks in vivo with Fsp1-Cre:R26R-loxp-tdTomato mice. (C: CHIR99021, 14 mg/kg; R: RepSox, 8.6 mg/kg; F: Forskolin, 61.6 mg/kg; V: VPA, 250 mg/kg; T: TTNPB, 1 mg/kg and M: Rolipram, 2.5 mg/kg; P: Parnate, 2.7 mg/kg, CRFTM by oral gavage and VP by intraperitoneal injection once a week for 6 weeks in mice at about 8 weeks of age).
Acta Pharmacol Sin

Short-chain fatty acids exert opposite effects on the expression and function of p-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein in rat intestine. [Abstract]

2021 Mar;42(3):470-481. PMID: 32555444

Valproic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2021 Mar;42(3):470-481. [Abstract]

Effects of Butyrate (But, 1 mM), Vpa (5 mM) and SAHA (Vor, 1 μM) on the expression of P-gp and BCRP, NF-кB p65 and phosphorylated p65 (p-p65), and IкBα and phosphorylated IкBα (p-IкBα).
Phytomedicine

Valproic acid promotes transcriptional activation of Drd2 by mediating histone acetylation to inhibit the mTOR-Pttg1 signaling axis and exerts anti-PitNETs activity. [Abstract]

2025 Jun:141:156707. PMID: 40220407
Phytomedicine

Aloin A prevents ulcerative colitis in mice by enhancing the intestinal barrier function via suppressing the Notch signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2022 Nov:106:154403. PMID: 36075180
EMBO J

Inhibition of Syk promotes chemical reprogramming of fibroblasts via metabolic rewiring and H2 S production. [Abstract]

2021 Jun 1;40(11):e106771. PMID: 33909912
Sci Total Environ

Azithromycin induces neurotoxicity in zebrafish by interfering with the VEGF/Notch signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Dec 10:903:166505. PMID: 37625730
Sci Total Environ

Histone hypoacetylation contributes to neurotoxicity induced by chronic nickel exposure in vivo and in vitro. [Abstract]

2021 Aug 20:783:147014. PMID: 34088129
Stem Cell Res Ther

Generation of equine induced pluripotent stem cells from cells of embryonic, perinatal and adult tissues. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 8;16(1):547. PMID: 41063189
Oncogene

BRD4 inhibition sensitizes cervical cancer to radiotherapy by attenuating DNA repair. [Abstract]

2021 Apr;40(15):2711-2724. PMID: 33712705
J Genet Genomics

Sex-biased single cell genetic landscape in mice with autism spectrum disorder. [Abstract]

2024 Mar;51(3):338-351. PMID: 37703921
Transl Psychiatry

Electroacupuncture ameliorates Autism Spectrum Disorder via modulating the gut-brain axis depending on the integrity of vagus nerve. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 24;15(1):428. PMID: 41136355
J Agric Food Chem

Butyrate Inhibits the HDAC8/NF-κB Pathway to Enhance Slc26a3 Expression and Improve the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier to Relieve Colitis. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 6;72(44):24400-24416. PMID: 39440960
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf

Low trifloxystrobin-tebuconazole concentrations induce cardiac and developmental toxicity in zebrafish by regulating notch mediated-oxidative stress generation. [Abstract]

2022 Aug:241:113752. PMID: 35709675
J Ethnopharmacol

Salvinorin A ameliorates pilocarpine-induced seizures by regulating hippocampal microglia polarization. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 16:118697. PMID: 39154669
J Ethnopharmacol

Shaoyao decoction restores the mucus layer in mice with DSS-induced colitis by regulating Notch signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2023 May 23:308:116258. PMID: 36806347
Life Sci

Ferulic acid, ligustrazine, and tetrahydropalmatine display the anti-proliferative effect in endometriosis through regulating Notch pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Sep 1:328:121921. PMID: 37429417
Inflammation

Vitexin Alleviates Kainic Acid-Induced Seizure Through Inhibiting P2X7R/NLRP3 Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 30. PMID: 40586851
Eur J Pharmacol

VOPP1, a determinant of the sensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer cells to NAE inhibitors. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 15:1003:177942. PMID: 40651787
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci

SLC6A6-Mediated Taurine Uptake Sustains Corneal Epithelial Stem/Progenitor Cell Function to Counteract Age-Related Dysfunction. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 2;66(6):25. PMID: 40478558
J Integr Med

Morin, a matrix metalloproteinase 9 inhibitor, attenuates endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in atherosclerosis by downregulating Notch-1 signaling. [Abstract]

2024 Nov;22(6):683-695. PMID: 39572351
J Biol Chem

Acetylation stabilizes the signaling protein WISP2 by preventing its degradation to suppress the progression of acute myeloid leukemia. [Abstract]

2023 Mar;299(3):102971. PMID: 36736423
Sci Rep

A membrane transporter determines the spectrum of activity of a potent platinum-acridine hybrid anticancer agent. [Abstract]

2020 Sep 16;10(1):15201. PMID: 32939009
J Pharmacol Exp Ther

Enhancing local glioblastoma treatment via in vitro synergistic pairing of Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 inhibitor with antiepileptic drugs. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 31;393(1):103767. PMID: 41406909
J Virol

SRCAP is involved in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus activated Notch signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 12:e0121624. PMID: 39530666
Cell Signal

The role of FAK signaling in early placental development and trophoblast lineage specification in human pregnancy. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 17:111946. PMID: 40553964
Biotechnol Bioeng

An integrated biomimetic array chip for establishment of collagen-based 3D primary human hepatocyte model for prediction of clinical drug-induced liver injury. [Abstract]

2021 Dec;118(12):4687-4698. PMID: 34478150
Viruses

Autophagy Deregulation in HIV-1-Infected Cells Increases Extracellular Vesicle Release and Contributes to TLR3 Activation. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 20;16(4):643. PMID: 38675983
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol

The graphene oxide/alginate gel loaded with platelet-rich plasma-derived exosomes regulate notch 1 signaling pathway to promote diabetic foot wound healing. [Abstract]

2025 Nov:504:117536. PMID: 40902832
BMC Cancer

LAP3 contributes to IFN-γ-induced arginine depletion and malignant transformation of bovine mammary epithelial cells. [Abstract]

2022 Aug 8;22(1):864. PMID: 35941558
Kaohsiung J Med Sci

Valproic Acid Inhibits Ferroptosis and Improves Bone Integration in OVX Rats Through the AMPK/SIRT1 Pathway. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 4:e70175. PMID: 41636120
Biochim Biophys Acta Gene Regul Mech

Sp4 controls constitutive expression of neuronal serine racemase and NF-E2-related factor-2 mediates its induction by valproic acid. [Abstract]

2020 Sep;1863(9):194597. PMID: 32603878
Genomics

Hypoxic environment promotes angiogenesis and bone bridge formation by activating Notch/RBPJ signaling pathway in HUVECs. [Abstract]

2024 May;116(3):110838. PMID: 38537807
Toxicol Lett

PXR-mediated expression of FABP4 promotes valproate-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. [Abstract]

2021 Aug 1:346:47-56. PMID: 33901630
Int J Biochem Cell Biol

PROTAC-mediated degradation of Class I HDACs by JPS016 alleviates septic cardiomyopathy via mitophagy-driven exopher formation and mitochondrial quality control. [Abstract]

2026 Mar:192:106910. PMID: 41687730
Genes (Basel)

CHIR99021 and Brdu Are Critical in Chicken iPSC Reprogramming via Small-Molecule Screening. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 13;15(9):1206. PMID: 39336797
Tissue Cell

Overcoming osimertinib resistance in NSCLC: The role of Notch1 pathway inhibition by berberine. [Abstract]

2026 Jun:100:103365. PMID: 41687187
FEBS Open Bio

Regulation of cardiac fibroblasts reprogramming into cardiomyocyte-like cells with a cocktail of small molecule compounds. [Abstract]

2024 Jun;14(6):983-1000. PMID: 38693086
Biochem Biophys Res Commun

Downregulation of DDIT4 ameliorates abnormal behaviors in autism by inhibiting ferroptosis via the PI3K/Akt pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Jan 22:641:168-176. PMID: 36528956
J Interferon Cytokine Res

HDAC9 in the Injury of Vascular Endothelial Cell Mediated by P38 MAPK Pathway. [Abstract]

2021 Dec;41(12):439-449. PMID: 34935488
Lett Drug Des Discover

2019 Nov.
STAR Protoc

Protocol to derive human trophoblast stem cells directly from primed pluripotent stem cells. [Abstract]

2022 Aug 18;3(3):101638. PMID: 36042882
bioRxiv

2025 Dec 1.
World J Methodol

Anticonvulsant potential of rosuvastatin in combination with carbamazepine and valproate in animal models of epilepsy. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 20;15(2):99580. PMID: 40548212
Res Sq

2025 May 15.
bioRxiv

Nuclear growth and import can be uncoupled. [Abstract]

2023 Apr 21:2023.04.19.537556. PMID: 37131802
Research Square Preprint

2022 Jul.
Brain Science Advances

2022 Feb.
Research Square Preprint

2022 Jan.
Clin Dev Immunol

ChIP-seq Profiling Identifies Histone Deacetylase 2 Targeting Genes Involved in Immune and Inflammatory Regulation Induced by Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide in Microglial Cells. [Abstract]

2020 Aug 4;2020:4384696. PMID: 32832570

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (693.43 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

0.1 M NaOH : 5 mg/mL (34.67 mM; Need ultrasonic)

H₂O : 2.5 mg/mL (17.34 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C)

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

6.9343 mL

34.6717 mL

69.3433 mL

5 mM

1.3869 mL

6.9343 mL

13.8687 mL

10 mM

0.6934 mL

3.4672 mL

6.9343 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Molarity Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass Mass

Concentration Concentration

Volume Volume

Molecular Weight Molecular Weight

Dilution Calculator

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

Concentration _(start) Concentration _(start)

Volume _(start) Volume _(start)

Concentration _(final) Concentration _(final)

Volume _(final) Volume _(final)

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

Stock Solution Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (17.34 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (17.34 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

Protocol 3

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (17.34 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:

It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.

The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: PBS

Solubility: 2 mg/mL (13.87 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic

Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: Saline

Solubility: 50 mg/mL (346.72 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C

Protocol 3

Add each solvent one by one: 50% PEG300 50% Saline

Solubility: 25 mg/mL (173.36 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic

Protocol 4

Add each solvent one by one: 0.5% CMC/saline water

Solubility: 20 mg/mL (138.69 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage Dosage
mg/kg
Animal Weight (Per Animal) Animal Weight (Per Animal)
g
Dosing Volume (Per Animal) Dosing Volume (Per Animal)
μL
Number of Animals Number of Animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Please enter your animal formula composition:

%
DMSO +

Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
%
+
+
%
Tween-80 + +
%
Saline +

The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).

Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL

Purity & Documentation

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (283 KB)
SDS (557 KB)
- English - EN (557 KB)
- Français - FR (557 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (557 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (557 KB)
- Español - ES (557 KB)
- Swedish - SV (557 KB)
- Italian - IT (557 KB)
- Korean - KR (557 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (557 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Han BR, et al. Valproic acid inhibits the growth of HeLa cervical cancer cells via caspase-dependent apoptosis. Oncol Rep. 2013 Dec;30(6):2999-3005. [Content Brief]

[2]. Valproic acid, et al. Histone deacetylase is a direct target of valproic acid, a potent anticonvulsant, mood stabilizer, and teratogen. J Biol Chem. 2001 Sep 28;276(39):36734-41. [Content Brief]

[3]. Zhang ZH, et al. Valproic acid inhibits tumor angiogenesis in mice transplanted with Kasumi 1 leukemia cells. Mol Med Rep. 2013 Nov 28. [Content Brief]

[4]. Cohen OS, et al. Acute prenatal exposure to a moderate dose of valproic acid increases social behavior and alters gene expression in rats. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2013 Dec;31(8):740-50. [Content Brief]

[5]. Avery LB, et al. Valproic Acid Is a Novel Activator of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase and Decreases Liver Mass, Hepatic Fat Accumulation, and Serum Glucose in Obese Mice. Mol Pharmacol. 2014 Jan;85(1):1-10. [Content Brief]

[6]. Platta CS, et al. Valproic acid induces Notch1 signaling in small cell lung cancer cells. J Surg Res. 2008 Jul;148(1):31-7. [Content Brief]

[7]. Routy JP, et al. Valproic acid in association with highly active antiretroviral therapy for reducing systemic HIV-1 reservoirs: results from a multicentre randomized clinical study. HIV Med. 2012 May;13(5):291-6. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
H₂O / 0.1 M NaOH / DMSO	1 mM	6.9343 mL	34.6717 mL	69.3433 mL	173.3583 mL
	5 mM	1.3869 mL	6.9343 mL	13.8687 mL	34.6717 mL
	10 mM	0.6934 mL	3.4672 mL	6.9343 mL	17.3358 mL
	15 mM	0.4623 mL	2.3114 mL	4.6229 mL	11.5572 mL
0.1 M NaOH / DMSO	20 mM	0.3467 mL	1.7336 mL	3.4672 mL	8.6679 mL
	25 mM	0.2774 mL	1.3869 mL	2.7737 mL	6.9343 mL
	30 mM	0.2311 mL	1.1557 mL	2.3114 mL	5.7786 mL
DMSO	40 mM	0.1734 mL	0.8668 mL	1.7336 mL	4.3340 mL
	50 mM	0.1387 mL	0.6934 mL	1.3869 mL	3.4672 mL
	60 mM	0.1156 mL	0.5779 mL	1.1557 mL	2.8893 mL
	80 mM	0.0867 mL	0.4334 mL	0.8668 mL	2.1670 mL
	100 mM	0.0693 mL	0.3467 mL	0.6934 mL	1.7336 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Valproic acid

65 Cited Publications

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Valproic acid

MCE Bioactive Compound Library

Natural Product Library Plus

Drug Repurposing Compound Library Plus

FDA-Approved Drug Library Plus

Drug Fragment Library

Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Valproic acid

All HDAC Isoforms

All HIV Isoforms

All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms

Biological Activity

Chemical Information

Publications (65)

Solvent & Solubility

Purity & Documentation

References

Help & FAQs

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Valproic acid

MCE Bioactive Compound Library

Natural Product Library Plus

Drug Repurposing Compound Library Plus

FDA-Approved Drug Library Plus

Drug Fragment Library

Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Valproic acid

All HDAC Isoforms

All HIV Isoforms

All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms

Biological Activity

Chemical Information

Publications (65)

Solvent & Solubility

Purity & Documentation

References

Help & FAQs

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Valproic acid Related Classifications

Cat. No.: HY-10585