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Dexamethasone

Cat. No.: HY-14648

Dexamethasone

(Synonyms: Hexadecadrol; Prednisolone F)

386 Cited Publications

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Based on 386 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist, apoptosis inducer, and common disease inducer in experimental animals, constructing models of muscle atrophy, hypertension, and depression. Dexamethasone can inhibit the production of inflammatory miRNA-155 exosomes in macrophages and significantly reduce the expression of inflammatory factors in neutrophils and monocytes. Dexamethasone also has potential for use in COVID-19 research.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Purity: 99.86%
CAS No.: 50-02-2
Formula: C₂₂H₂₉FO₅
Molecular Weight:392.46

Storage:

4°C, protect from light

* In solvent : -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months (protect from light)

Dexamethasone Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 50-02-2

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Biological Activity
- Description
- IC₅₀ & Target
- Cellular Effect
- In Vitro
- Induced Disease Models
- Clinical Trial
Chemical Information
Publications (386)
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Biological Activity

Description

IC₅₀ & Target

Glucocorticoid receptor^[1]

All Antibiotic Isoforms :

All ADC Payloads Isoforms :

Cellular Effect

Cell Line	Type	Value	Description	References
A549	EC₅₀	1 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as effect on GRE promoter response by luciferase reporter assay Activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as effect on GRE promoter response by luciferase reporter assay	[PMID: 16643060]
A549	EC₅₀	1.1 nM Compound: dex	Transrepression activity at GR in IL-1-beta-stimulated human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of NF-kappaB-dependent E-selectin transcription by luciferase reporter gene assay Transrepression activity at GR in IL-1-beta-stimulated human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of NF-kappaB-dependent E-selectin transcription by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 19321341]
A549	EC₅₀	2.5 nM Compound: dex	Transrepression activity at GR in PMA-stimulated human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of AP1 response element-induced luciferase reporter gene activity Transrepression activity at GR in PMA-stimulated human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of AP1 response element-induced luciferase reporter gene activity	[PMID: 19321341]
A549	EC₅₀	1.1 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Transrepression activity at glucocorticoid receptor expressed in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of IL-1-beta-induced NF-kappaB dependent E-selection promoter activation after 6 hrs by luciferase reporter gene based ELAM assay Transrepression activity at glucocorticoid receptor expressed in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of IL-1-beta-induced NF-kappaB dependent E-selection promoter activation after 6 hrs by luciferase reporter gene based ELAM assay	[PMID: 20047280]
A549	EC₅₀	2.5 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Transrepression activity at glucocorticoid receptor expressed in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced AP1 activity after 6 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay Transrepression activity at glucocorticoid receptor expressed in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced AP1 activity after 6 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 20047280]
A549	EC₅₀	1.1 nM Compound: 1, dex	Transrepression activity of glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of IL1beta-stimulated NFkappaB-dependent E-selectin transcription by luciferase reporter gene assay Transrepression activity of glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of IL1beta-stimulated NFkappaB-dependent E-selectin transcription by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 21073190]
A549	EC₅₀	2.5 nM Compound: 1, dex	Transrepression activity of glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells expressing AP-1 assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced AP-1 activity by luciferase reporter gene assay Transrepression activity of glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells expressing AP-1 assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced AP-1 activity by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 21073190]
A549	EC₅₀	1.1 nM Compound: Dex	Transrepression activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of IL1beta-stimulated NFkappaB-dependent E-selectin transcription by luciferase reporter gene assay Transrepression activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of IL1beta-stimulated NFkappaB-dependent E-selectin transcription by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 23916594]
A549	EC₅₀	2.5 nM Compound: Dex	Transrepression activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-stimulated AP1 response element by luciferase reporter gene assay Transrepression activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-stimulated AP1 response element by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 23916594]
A549	EC₅₀	1.1 nM Compound: 1, Dex	Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of IL-1beta-induced NF-kappaB dependent E-selectin activation by luciferase reporter gene assay Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of IL-1beta-induced NF-kappaB dependent E-selectin activation by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 23953070]
A549	EC₅₀	2.5 nM Compound: 1, Dex	Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced AP-1 activation by luciferase reporter gene assay Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced AP-1 activation by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 23953070]
A549	EC₅₀	2.5 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Transrepression of glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced AP-1 activity by luciferase reporter gene assay Transrepression of glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced AP-1 activity by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 24011644]
A549	EC₅₀	1.1 nM Compound: 1, Dex	Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as E-selectin transrepression by luciferase reporter gene assay Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as E-selectin transrepression by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 24980053]
A549	EC₅₀	2.5 nM Compound: 1, Dex	Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as AP-1 transrepression by luciferase reporter gene assay Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as AP-1 transrepression by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 24980053]
A549	IC₅₀	>15 μM Compound: Dex	Anticancer against human A549 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Anticancer against human A549 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 24992071]
A549	EC₅₀	2.2 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of GM-CSF release in human A549 cells Inhibition of GM-CSF release in human A549 cells	[PMID: 37210838]
A549	IC₅₀	0.2 nM Compound: 3	Inhibition of IL-6 production in recombinant human IL-1 beta induced A549 cells preincubated with compound for 1 hr followed by IL-1 beta addition and measured after 20 hrs by MSD assay Inhibition of IL-6 production in recombinant human IL-1 beta induced A549 cells preincubated with compound for 1 hr followed by IL-1 beta addition and measured after 20 hrs by MSD assay	[PMID: 39240657]
A549	IC₅₀	0.2 nM Compound: 3	Inhibition of TNF alpha production in recombinant human IL-1 beta induced A549 cells preincubated with compound for 1 hr followed by IL-1 beta addition and measured after 20 hrs by MSD assay Inhibition of TNF alpha production in recombinant human IL-1 beta induced A549 cells preincubated with compound for 1 hr followed by IL-1 beta addition and measured after 20 hrs by MSD assay	[PMID: 39240657]
B16-F10	IC₅₀	>20 μM Compound: Dex	Anticancer against mouse B16F10 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Anticancer against mouse B16F10 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 24992071]
B-cell	IC₅₀	0.8 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Immunosuppressive activity against BALB/C mouse B lymphocytes assessed as reduction in LPS-induced cell proliferation by measuring [3H]-thymidine uptake incubated for 8 hrs by Beta scintillation counting method Immunosuppressive activity against BALB/C mouse B lymphocytes assessed as reduction in LPS-induced cell proliferation by measuring [3H]-thymidine uptake incubated for 8 hrs by Beta scintillation counting method	[PMID: 31961677]
BV-2	IC₅₀	2.5 x 10^-2 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in C57BL6/J mouse BV2 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production after 24 hrs by Griess assay Antiinflammatory activity in C57BL6/J mouse BV2 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production after 24 hrs by Griess assay	[PMID: 26110443]
BV-2	IC₅₀	9.5 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse BV2 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production Antiinflammatory activity in mouse BV2 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production	[PMID: 29482940]
BV-2	IC₅₀	2.83 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antineuroinflammatory activity in LPS-induced mouse BV-2 cells assessed as inhibition of NO production by griess assay Antineuroinflammatory activity in LPS-induced mouse BV-2 cells assessed as inhibition of NO production by griess assay	[PMID: 37530709]
BV-2	IC₅₀	9.47 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antineuroinflammatory activity in LPS-induced mouse BV-2 cells assessed as inhibition of NO production pre-incubated for 2 hr followed by LPS-stimulation measured for 24 hrs by Griess reagent based analysis Antineuroinflammatory activity in LPS-induced mouse BV-2 cells assessed as inhibition of NO production pre-incubated for 2 hr followed by LPS-stimulation measured for 24 hrs by Griess reagent based analysis	[PMID: 37683361]
BV-2	IC₅₀	9.5 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse BV-2 cells assessed as reduction in LPS-induced NO production pre-treated with compounds for 2 hrs followed by LPS-stimulation measured for 22 hrs by Griess reagent based analysis Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse BV-2 cells assessed as reduction in LPS-induced NO production pre-treated with compounds for 2 hrs followed by LPS-stimulation measured for 22 hrs by Griess reagent based analysis	[PMID: 37683361]
CHO	IC₅₀	>20 μM Compound: Dex	Cytotoxicity against CHO cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against CHO cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 24992071]
COS-7	EC₅₀	7.2 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain expressed in african green monkey COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4-LBD by luciferase reporter gene assay Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain expressed in african green monkey COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4-LBD by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 19863083]
CV-1	EC₅₀	0.2 nM Compound: dexamethasone	Agonist activity at human GR expressed in CV1 cells by GRE activation assay Agonist activity at human GR expressed in CV1 cells by GRE activation assay	[PMID: 17705362]
CV-1	ED₅₀	0.1 nM Compound: dexamethasone	Activity at human glucocorticoid receptor expressed in CV1 cells assessed as repression of TNF and IL-1-beta-induced E-selectin gene expression by luciferase reporter gene assay Activity at human glucocorticoid receptor expressed in CV1 cells assessed as repression of TNF and IL-1-beta-induced E-selectin gene expression by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 18032610]
Fibroblast	IC₅₀	>15 μM Compound: Dex	Cytotoxicity against mouse fibroblasts after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against mouse fibroblasts after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 24992071]
HEK293	IC₅₀	>500 μM Compound: dexamethasone	Inhibition of human MATE1-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 1.5 mins by fluorescence assay Inhibition of human MATE1-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 1.5 mins by fluorescence assay	[PMID: 23241029]
HEK293	EC₅₀	1.3 nM Compound: DEX	Agonist activity at human GCR expressed in HEK293 cells by luciferase reporter gene assay Agonist activity at human GCR expressed in HEK293 cells by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 25305688]
HEK-293T	IC₅₀	>20 μM Compound: Dex	Cytotoxicity against HEK293T cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against HEK293T cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 24992071]
HEK-293T	CC₅₀	>200 μM Compound: DXMS	Cytotoxicity against TNF-alpha induced HEK293T cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth preincubated for 24 hrs followed by TNFalpha stimulation and measured after 4 hrs by SRB assay Cytotoxicity against TNF-alpha induced HEK293T cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth preincubated for 24 hrs followed by TNFalpha stimulation and measured after 4 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 37643546]
HeLa	EC₅₀	17 nM Compound: 1a	Activation of MMTV in HeLa cells measured by luciferase activity Activation of MMTV in HeLa cells measured by luciferase activity	[PMID: 17181172]
HeLa	EC₅₀	4.5 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Transactivation of GAL-4 tagged glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain expressed in human HeLa cells assessed as NP1 activation by luciferase reporter gene assay Transactivation of GAL-4 tagged glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain expressed in human HeLa cells assessed as NP1 activation by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 20047280]
HeLa	EC₅₀	4.2 nM Compound: 1, dex	Transactivation activity of glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain expressed in human NP-1 Hela cells co-expressing GAL4 DNA binding domain by luciferase reporter gene assay Transactivation activity of glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain expressed in human NP-1 Hela cells co-expressing GAL4 DNA binding domain by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 21073190]
HeLa	EC₅₀	17 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human HeLa cells transfected with luciferase gene linked to MMTV promoter assessed as luciferase transactivation activity Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human HeLa cells transfected with luciferase gene linked to MMTV promoter assessed as luciferase transactivation activity	[PMID: 21963986]
HeLa	EC₅₀	4.5 nM Compound: Dex	Transactivation activity at glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain (unknown origin) expressed in human Hela cells co-expressing GAL4 DNA binding domain assessed as NP-1-stimulated GRE activation by luciferase reporter gene assay Transactivation activity at glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain (unknown origin) expressed in human Hela cells co-expressing GAL4 DNA binding domain assessed as NP-1-stimulated GRE activation by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 23916594]
HeLa	EC₅₀	4.5 nM Compound: 1, Dex	Transactivation of glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain (unknown origin) transfected in human HeLa cells assessed as activation of NP-1 by GAL4 luciferase reporter gene assay Transactivation of glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain (unknown origin) transfected in human HeLa cells assessed as activation of NP-1 by GAL4 luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 23953070]
HeLa	EC₅₀	4.2 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Transactivation of GR-LBD expressed in human HeLa cells co-expressing GAL4-DBD by luciferase reporter gene assay Transactivation of GR-LBD expressed in human HeLa cells co-expressing GAL4-DBD by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 24011644]
HeLa	EC₅₀	17 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Transactivation of glucocorticoid receptor in human HeLa cells harboring MMTV promoter by luciferase reporter gene assay Transactivation of glucocorticoid receptor in human HeLa cells harboring MMTV promoter by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 24656565]
HeLa	EC₅₀	4.5 nM Compound: 1, Dex	Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human HeLa cells assessed as NP-1 transactivation by luciferase reporter gene assay Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human HeLa cells assessed as NP-1 transactivation by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 24980053]
HeLa S3	IC₅₀	4.1 nM Compound: dexamethasone	Displacement of [3H]Dexamethasone from glucocorticoid receptor in human HeLaS3 cells after 2 hrs Displacement of [3H]Dexamethasone from glucocorticoid receptor in human HeLaS3 cells after 2 hrs	[PMID: 23403082]
HepG2	EC₅₀	2.6 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Activation of rat PXR expressed in human HepG2 cells after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene based luminescent analysis Activation of rat PXR expressed in human HepG2 cells after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene based luminescent analysis	[PMID: 20966043]
HFF	EC₅₀	1.9 nM Compound: 1a	Induction of aromatase activity in HFF cells assessed as production of beta estradiol by aromatase assay Induction of aromatase activity in HFF cells assessed as production of beta estradiol by aromatase assay	[PMID: 17181172]
HFF	IC₅₀	0.51 nM Compound: 1a	Inhibition of IL1-stimulated IL6 production in HFF cells Inhibition of IL1-stimulated IL6 production in HFF cells	[PMID: 17181172]
HFF	EC₅₀	0.5 nM Compound: dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity assessed as inhibition of IL1 stimulated IL6 production in HFF cells by transrepression assay Antiinflammatory activity assessed as inhibition of IL1 stimulated IL6 production in HFF cells by transrepression assay	[PMID: 17692519]
HFF	EC₅₀	2 nM Compound: dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity assessed as upregulation of aromatase in HFF cells by transactivation assay Antiinflammatory activity assessed as upregulation of aromatase in HFF cells by transactivation assay	[PMID: 17692519]
HFF	IC₅₀	1 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Agonist activity at GR in HFF cells assessed as suppression of IL-1-induced IL-6 production Agonist activity at GR in HFF cells assessed as suppression of IL-1-induced IL-6 production	[PMID: 25516791]
Huh-7	EC₅₀	5 nM Compound: 1, dex	Transactivation activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human 13D3/Huh7 cells assessed as induction of tyrosine aminotransferase activity after 24 hrs Transactivation activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human 13D3/Huh7 cells assessed as induction of tyrosine aminotransferase activity after 24 hrs	[PMID: 21073190]
IM-9	IC₅₀	3.8 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Displacement of [3H]dexamethasone from glucocorticoid receptor in human IM9 cells Displacement of [3H]dexamethasone from glucocorticoid receptor in human IM9 cells	[PMID: 26988801]
IM-9	IC₅₀	3.8 x 10^-9 M Compound: Dexamethasone	Displacement of [3H]dexamethasone from GR receptor in human IM9 cells Displacement of [3H]dexamethasone from GR receptor in human IM9 cells	[PMID: 27876250]
J774	IC₅₀	169.5 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibitory activity against nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophage -like J774.1 cell Inhibitory activity against nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophage -like J774.1 cell	[PMID: 12467611]
J774	CC₅₀	91.1 μM Compound: Dexa	Cytotoxicity against BALB/c mouse J774 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by alamarBlue assay Cytotoxicity against BALB/c mouse J774 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by alamarBlue assay	[PMID: 29523468]
J774	IC₅₀	5.2 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse J774 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS/IFNgamma-induced NO production incubated for 24 hrs by Griess method Antiinflammatory activity in mouse J774 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS/IFNgamma-induced NO production incubated for 24 hrs by Griess method	[PMID: 32364737]
J774.1	IC₅₀	170 μM Compound: dexamethasone	Inhibition of LPS-induced NO production in mouse J774.1 cells after 24 hrs Inhibition of LPS-induced NO production in mouse J774.1 cells after 24 hrs	[PMID: 12608860]
J774.A1	IC₅₀	48 nM Compound: dexamethasone	Inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha production in mouse J774A.1 cells Inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha production in mouse J774A.1 cells	[PMID: 17892941]
J774.A1	IC₅₀	0.165 μg/mL Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha release in mouse J774A1 cells compound preincubated for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured after 6 to 12 hrs by sandwich immunoassay Inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha release in mouse J774A1 cells compound preincubated for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured after 6 to 12 hrs by sandwich immunoassay	[PMID: 25113933]
J774.A1	IC₅₀	9.09 μg/mL Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of LPS-induced IL1-beta release in mouse J774A1 cells compound preincubated for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured after 6 to 12 hrs by sandwich immunoassay Inhibition of LPS-induced IL1-beta release in mouse J774A1 cells compound preincubated for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured after 6 to 12 hrs by sandwich immunoassay	[PMID: 25113933]
J774.A1	IC₅₀	0.4 μM Compound: DEXA	Inhibition of TNFalpha production in mouse J774A.1 cells incubated for 6 hrs by sandwich immunoassay Inhibition of TNFalpha production in mouse J774A.1 cells incubated for 6 hrs by sandwich immunoassay	[PMID: 25824662]
J774.A1	IC₅₀	22 μM Compound: DEXA	Inhibition of IL-1beta production in mouse J774A.1 cells incubated for 12 hrs by sandwich immunoassay Inhibition of IL-1beta production in mouse J774A.1 cells incubated for 12 hrs by sandwich immunoassay	[PMID: 25824662]
L02	IC₅₀	4620.58 μM Compound: Dex	Antiinflammatory activity against human L02 assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production preincubated for 1 hrs followed by LPS stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay relative to control Antiinflammatory activity against human L02 assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production preincubated for 1 hrs followed by LPS stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay relative to control	[PMID: 33515864]
L02	IC₅₀	4620.58 μM Compound: Dex	Cytotoxicity against human L02 cells cells assessed as cell viability by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human L02 cells cells assessed as cell viability by MTT assay	[PMID: 33515864]
LLC-PK1	IC₅₀	>50 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of P-glycoprotein, human L-MDR1 expressed in LLC-PK1 epithelial cells using calcein-AM polarisation assay Inhibition of P-glycoprotein, human L-MDR1 expressed in LLC-PK1 epithelial cells using calcein-AM polarisation assay	[PMID: 12699389]
LLC-PK1	IC₅₀	>50 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of P-glycoprotein, mouse L-mdr1a expressed in LLC-PK1 epithelial cells using calcein-AM polarisation assay Inhibition of P-glycoprotein, mouse L-mdr1a expressed in LLC-PK1 epithelial cells using calcein-AM polarisation assay	[PMID: 12699389]
LLC-PK1	IC₅₀	>50 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of P-glycoprotein, mouse L-mdr1b expressed in LLC-PK1 epithelial cells using calcein-AM polarisation assay Inhibition of P-glycoprotein, mouse L-mdr1b expressed in LLC-PK1 epithelial cells using calcein-AM polarisation assay	[PMID: 12699389]
LLC-PK1	IC₅₀	>50 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Calcein-AM efflux in Mdr1a-expressing LLC-PK1 cells TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Calcein-AM efflux in Mdr1a-expressing LLC-PK1 cells	[PMID: 12699389]
LLC-PK1	IC₅₀	>50 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Calcein-AM efflux in Mdr1b-expressing LLC-PK1 cells TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Calcein-AM efflux in Mdr1b-expressing LLC-PK1 cells	[PMID: 12699389]
LLC-PK1	IC₅₀	>50 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Calcein-AM efflux in MDR1-expressing LLC-PK1 cells TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Calcein-AM efflux in MDR1-expressing LLC-PK1 cells	[PMID: 12699389]
Macrophage	IC₅₀	0.134 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of TNFalpha expression in LPS-induced macrophages (unknown origin) incubated for 24 hrs by ELISA Inhibition of TNFalpha expression in LPS-induced macrophages (unknown origin) incubated for 24 hrs by ELISA	[PMID: 31473042]
MCF7	IC₅₀	>15 μM Compound: Dex	Anticancer against human MCF7 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Anticancer against human MCF7 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 24992071]
Multiple myeloma cancer stem cell	IC₅₀	>100000 nM Compound: DEX	Antiproliferative activity against human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 30108696]
N9	IC₅₀	0.074 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibitory activity against TNF-alpha release in N9 cells in the supernatant Inhibitory activity against TNF-alpha release in N9 cells in the supernatant	[PMID: 12361395]
PBMC	EC₅₀	>0.2 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced MCP-1 production after 24 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced MCP-1 production after 24 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.001 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-5 production after 48 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-5 production after 48 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.0012 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-13 production after 24 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-13 production after 24 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.0019 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of anti-CD3-induced TNFalpha production after 48 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of anti-CD3-induced TNFalpha production after 48 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.0021 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of anti-CD3-induced IL-1beta production after 48 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of anti-CD3-induced IL-1beta production after 48 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.0024 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IP-10 production after 24 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IP-10 production after 24 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.0035 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-3 production after 48 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-3 production after 48 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.0036 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-2 production after 48 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-2 production after 48 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.0041 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of anti-CD3-induced IL-12p70 production after 48 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of anti-CD3-induced IL-12p70 production after 48 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.0055 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-10 production after 48 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-10 production after 48 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.0061 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced TNFalpha production after 6 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced TNFalpha production after 6 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.0076 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IFNgamma production after 24 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IFNgamma production after 24 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.0094 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-1beta production after 6 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-1beta production after 6 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.01 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha production after 6 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha production after 6 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.014 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL-1beta production after 6 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL-1beta production after 6 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.055 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL-6 production after 6 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL-6 production after 6 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.066 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced MIP1alpha production after 6 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced MIP1alpha production after 6 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.072 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL-8 production after 6 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL-8 production after 6 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.082 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-6 production after 6 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-6 production after 6 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.088 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-8 production after 6 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-8 production after 6 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.13 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced MIP1alpha production after 6 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced MIP1alpha production after 6 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.00047 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of anti-CD3-induced GM-CSF production after 48 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of anti-CD3-induced GM-CSF production after 48 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.00092 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-4 production after 24 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-4 production after 24 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.47 nM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of anti-CD3-induced GM-CSF production after 48 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of anti-CD3-induced GM-CSF production after 48 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.92 nM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-4 production after 24 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-4 production after 24 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	IC₅₀	0.0095 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMCs assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL1-beta release incubated for 15 mins prior to LPS challenge measured after 24 hrs by HTRF assay Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMCs assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL1-beta release incubated for 15 mins prior to LPS challenge measured after 24 hrs by HTRF assay	[PMID: 23411072]
PBMC	IC₅₀	0.017 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMCs assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha release incubated for 15 mins prior to LPS challenge measured after 24 hrs by HTRF assay Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMCs assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha release incubated for 15 mins prior to LPS challenge measured after 24 hrs by HTRF assay	[PMID: 23411072]
PBMC	IC₅₀	0.002 μM Compound: dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha expression pretreated 1 hr before LPS challenge followed by incubated for 16 hrs by flow cytometry Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha expression pretreated 1 hr before LPS challenge followed by incubated for 16 hrs by flow cytometry	[PMID: 25338180]
PBMC	IC₅₀	0.008 μM Compound: dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL-1beta expression pretreated 1 hr before LPS challenge followed by incubated for 16 hrs by flow cytometry Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL-1beta expression pretreated 1 hr before LPS challenge followed by incubated for 16 hrs by flow cytometry	[PMID: 25338180]
PBMC	IC₅₀	0.009 μM Compound: dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL-8 expression pretreated 1 hr before LPS challenge followed by incubated for 16 hrs by flow cytometry Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL-8 expression pretreated 1 hr before LPS challenge followed by incubated for 16 hrs by flow cytometry	[PMID: 25338180]
PBMC	IC₅₀	2.3 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of PHA-induced IL4 release in human PBMC cells Inhibition of PHA-induced IL4 release in human PBMC cells	[PMID: 32631518]
PBMC	IC₅₀	3.8 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of PHA-induced IFNgamma release in human PBMC cells Inhibition of PHA-induced IFNgamma release in human PBMC cells	[PMID: 32631518]
PBMC	IC₅₀	4.3 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of LPS-induced IL12p40 release in human PBMC cells Inhibition of LPS-induced IL12p40 release in human PBMC cells	[PMID: 32631518]
PBMC	IC₅₀	4.6 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of PHA-induced IL2 release in human PBMC cells Inhibition of PHA-induced IL2 release in human PBMC cells	[PMID: 32631518]
PBMC	IC₅₀	6.4 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha release in human PBMC cells Inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha release in human PBMC cells	[PMID: 32631518]
PBMC	IC₅₀	3.6 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of TNF-alpha production in LPS-stimulated human PBMC measured after 24 hrs by ELISA Inhibition of TNF-alpha production in LPS-stimulated human PBMC measured after 24 hrs by ELISA	[PMID: 35870364]
Peritoneal macrophage	IC₅₀	0.15 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse peritoneal macrophages assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production incubated for 22 hrs by Griess reagent based colorimetric assay Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse peritoneal macrophages assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production incubated for 22 hrs by Griess reagent based colorimetric assay	[PMID: 31358465]
R1	IC₅₀	5 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of glucocorticoid receptor-glucocorticoid complex transfected in rat R1 cells assessed as down-regulation of TPA-responsive element proinflammatory gene expression at 10 uM after 24 hrs by beta-galactosidase assay Inhibition of glucocorticoid receptor-glucocorticoid complex transfected in rat R1 cells assessed as down-regulation of TPA-responsive element proinflammatory gene expression at 10 uM after 24 hrs by beta-galactosidase assay	[PMID: 18412397]
RAW	IC₅₀	20 nM Compound: DXM	Inhibition of interferon gamma-stimulated NO production in RAW 264.7 cells after 24 hrs Inhibition of interferon gamma-stimulated NO production in RAW 264.7 cells after 24 hrs	[PMID: 17367124]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.7 μM Compound: dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in LPS-stimulated mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as effect on TNFalpha formation pretreated 1 hr before LPS challenge measured after 24 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in LPS-stimulated mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as effect on TNFalpha formation pretreated 1 hr before LPS challenge measured after 24 hrs	[PMID: 11908984]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.42 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibitory activity against TNF-alpha release in RAW 264.7 cells in the supernatant Inhibitory activity against TNF-alpha release in RAW 264.7 cells in the supernatant	[PMID: 12361395]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	>25 μg/mL Compound: Dexamethasone	Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells after 2 days by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells after 2 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 15165136]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	36 μg/mL Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of iNOS production in LPS-activated mouse RAW264.7 cells after 20 hrs Inhibition of iNOS production in LPS-activated mouse RAW264.7 cells after 20 hrs	[PMID: 15165136]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.86 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production treated 2 hrs before LPS challenge measured after 18 hrs by griess reaction Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production treated 2 hrs before LPS challenge measured after 18 hrs by griess reaction	[PMID: 21288727]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.01 μM Compound: Dexsamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha secretion after 18 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha secretion after 18 hrs	[PMID: 21353543]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.8 μM Compound: Dexsamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production after 24 hrs by Griess method Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production after 24 hrs by Griess method	[PMID: 21353543]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	20 nM Compound: DXM	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of IFN-gamma induced NO production after 24 hrs by Griess reaction Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of IFN-gamma induced NO production after 24 hrs by Griess reaction	[PMID: 21361338]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.47 μM Compound: Hexadecadrol	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-stimulated nitric oxide production pretreated for 2 hrs before LPS challenge measured after 18 hrs by Griess method Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-stimulated nitric oxide production pretreated for 2 hrs before LPS challenge measured after 18 hrs by Griess method	[PMID: 22372956]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.98 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production pretreated for 2 hrs before LPS challenge measured after 18 hrs by Griess method Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production pretreated for 2 hrs before LPS challenge measured after 18 hrs by Griess method	[PMID: 22537362]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	1.43 μM Compound: dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production incubated for 2 hrs prior to LPS-challenge measured after 24 hrs by Griess method Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production incubated for 2 hrs prior to LPS-challenge measured after 24 hrs by Griess method	[PMID: 23373965]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.016 μg/mL Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha release in mouse RAW264.7 cells compound preincubated for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured after 6 to 12 hrs by sandwich immunoassay Inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha release in mouse RAW264.7 cells compound preincubated for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured after 6 to 12 hrs by sandwich immunoassay	[PMID: 25113933]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	1.84 μg/mL Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of LPS-induced IL1-beta release in mouse RAW264.7 cells compound preincubated for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured after 6 to 12 hrs by sandwich immunoassay Inhibition of LPS-induced IL1-beta release in mouse RAW264.7 cells compound preincubated for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured after 6 to 12 hrs by sandwich immunoassay	[PMID: 25113933]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.8 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production in mouse RAW264.7 cells after 24 hrs by Griess assay relative to vehicle-treated control Inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production in mouse RAW264.7 cells after 24 hrs by Griess assay relative to vehicle-treated control	[PMID: 25499882]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.04 μM Compound: DEXA	Inhibition of TNFalpha production in mouse RAW264.7 cells incubated for 6 hrs by sandwich immunoassay Inhibition of TNFalpha production in mouse RAW264.7 cells incubated for 6 hrs by sandwich immunoassay	[PMID: 25824662]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	4.7 μM Compound: DEXA	Inhibition of IL-1beta production in mouse RAW264.7 cells incubated for 12 hrs by sandwich immunoassay Inhibition of IL-1beta production in mouse RAW264.7 cells incubated for 12 hrs by sandwich immunoassay	[PMID: 25824662]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.63 μM Compound: dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production after 24 hrs by Griess assay Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production after 24 hrs by Griess assay	[PMID: 26087384]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.8 μM Compound: dexamethasone	Inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production in mouse RAW264.7 cells after 24 hrs by Griess assay Inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production in mouse RAW264.7 cells after 24 hrs by Griess assay	[PMID: 26305406]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.63 μM Compound: DXM	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production after 24 hrs in presence of LPS by Griess assay Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production after 24 hrs in presence of LPS by Griess assay	[PMID: 27825545]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	7 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in LPS-induced NO production pretreated for 30 mins followed by LPS stimulation for 24 hrs by Griess assay Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in LPS-induced NO production pretreated for 30 mins followed by LPS stimulation for 24 hrs by Griess assay	[PMID: 28499733]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	2.5 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of LPS-induced NO production in mouse RAW264.7 cells after 24 hrs by Griess assay Inhibition of LPS-induced NO production in mouse RAW264.7 cells after 24 hrs by Griess assay	[PMID: 28598633]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.8 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production by griess assay Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production by griess assay	[PMID: 29272126]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	10.7 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production in mouse RAW264.7 cells after 24 hrs by Griess assay Inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production in mouse RAW264.7 cells after 24 hrs by Griess assay	[PMID: 29518326]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	8.3 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production	[PMID: 29741372]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	2.66 μM Compound: Dex	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production pretreated for 2 hrs followed by LPS stimulation measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production pretreated for 2 hrs followed by LPS stimulation measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay	[PMID: 30108912]
RAW264.7	CC₅₀	>50 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by CCK8 assay Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by CCK8 assay	[PMID: 30528697]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	8.7 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha production pretreated for 30 mins followed by LPS stimulation for 24 hrs by ELISA Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha production pretreated for 30 mins followed by LPS stimulation for 24 hrs by ELISA	[PMID: 30528697]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	1.2 μM Compound: DEX	Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in LPS-induced TNF-alpha production after 48 hrs by ELISA Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in LPS-induced TNF-alpha production after 48 hrs by ELISA	[PMID: 30579802]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	9.4 μM Compound: DEX	Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in LPS-induced IL-6 production after 48 hrs by ELISA Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in LPS-induced IL-6 production after 48 hrs by ELISA	[PMID: 30579802]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.13 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production preincubated for 1 hr followed by LPS-stimulation and measured after 18 hrs by Griess reagent-based assay Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production preincubated for 1 hr followed by LPS-stimulation and measured after 18 hrs by Griess reagent-based assay	[PMID: 30808589]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	7.9 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production preincubated for 3 hrs followed by LPS-stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production preincubated for 3 hrs followed by LPS-stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay	[PMID: 30817151]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.01 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production preincubated for 30 mins followed by LPS-stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production preincubated for 30 mins followed by LPS-stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay	[PMID: 30931559]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	18.4 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production preincubated for 12 hrs followed by LPS-stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production preincubated for 12 hrs followed by LPS-stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay	[PMID: 31181925]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	159.2 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability preincubated for 1 hr followed by LPS stimulation measured after 24 hrs by WST-1 assay Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability preincubated for 1 hr followed by LPS stimulation measured after 24 hrs by WST-1 assay	[PMID: 31260892]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	5.02 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity against LPS-induced mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of NO overproduction preincubated for 1 hr prior to Escherichia coli LPS stimulation followed by further incubation for 24 hrs by Griess reagent based spectrophotome Antiinflammatory activity against LPS-induced mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of NO overproduction preincubated for 1 hr prior to Escherichia coli LPS stimulation followed by further incubation for 24 hrs by Griess reagent based spectrophotome	[PMID: 31260892]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.01 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitirc oxide production preincubated for 1 hr followed by LPS-stimulation and measured after 18 hrs by Griess assay Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitirc oxide production preincubated for 1 hr followed by LPS-stimulation and measured after 18 hrs by Griess assay	[PMID: 31301930]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	6 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production incubated for 24 hrs by Griess reagent-based assay Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production incubated for 24 hrs by Griess reagent-based assay	[PMID: 31577434]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	6.1 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha secretion after 24 hrs by ELISA Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha secretion after 24 hrs by ELISA	[PMID: 31577434]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	8.4 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL-6 secretion after 24 hrs by ELISA Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL-6 secretion after 24 hrs by ELISA	[PMID: 31577434]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	5.5 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production	[PMID: 31873014]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	32.5 μM Compound: DXMS	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production preincubated for 1 hr followed by LPS stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess reagent based assay Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production preincubated for 1 hr followed by LPS stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess reagent based assay	[PMID: 32070636]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.62 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production measured after 24 hrs Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production measured after 24 hrs	[PMID: 32485533]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	4.16 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-stimulated NO production Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-stimulated NO production	[PMID: 32738985]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.62 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in LPS-induced mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS induced NO production Antiinflammatory activity in LPS-induced mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS induced NO production	[PMID: 32795767]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	24.3 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production preincubated for 2 hrs followed by LPS addition and measured after 18 hrs by Griess reagent-based assay Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production preincubated for 2 hrs followed by LPS addition and measured after 18 hrs by Griess reagent-based assay	[PMID: 32935986]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	47 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of NO production in LPS-induced mouse RAW264.7 cells Inhibition of NO production in LPS-induced mouse RAW264.7 cells	[PMID: 33454546]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	>50 μM Compound: Dex	Cytotoxicity against LPS-induced mouse RAW 264.7 cells assessed as cell viability measured by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against LPS-induced mouse RAW 264.7 cells assessed as cell viability measured by MTT assay	[PMID: 33515864]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	>50 μM Compound: Dex	Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW 264.7 cells assessed as cell viability by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW 264.7 cells assessed as cell viability by MTT assay	[PMID: 33515864]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	8.71 μM Compound: Dex	Inhibition of LPS-induced NO release in mouse RAW264.7 cells preincubated for 1 hrs followed by LPS stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess reagent based assay Inhibition of LPS-induced NO release in mouse RAW264.7 cells preincubated for 1 hrs followed by LPS stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess reagent based assay	[PMID: 33515864]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	8.28 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production after 24 hrs by Griess reagent-based assay Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production after 24 hrs by Griess reagent-based assay	[PMID: 33667092]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	6.9 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production incubated for 24 hrs in presence of LPS by Griess reagent-based assay Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production incubated for 24 hrs in presence of LPS by Griess reagent-based assay	[PMID: 33914536]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	14.75 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay	[PMID: 33933753]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.58 μM Compound: Dex	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production preincubated for 3 hrs followed by LPS-stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess reagent based assay Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production preincubated for 3 hrs followed by LPS-stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess reagent based assay	[PMID: 34333975]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	22.2 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW 264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production measured after 24 hrs by Griess reagent assay Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW 264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production measured after 24 hrs by Griess reagent assay	[PMID: 35007071]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	7.9 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production preincubated for 3 hrs followed by LPS stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess reagent based assay Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production preincubated for 3 hrs followed by LPS stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess reagent based assay	[PMID: 35063896]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	159.2 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 by WST-1 vital dye reagent method Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 by WST-1 vital dye reagent method	[PMID: 35567964]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	5.02 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of NO release in mouse RAW264.7 incubated for 15 mins by fluoroscence-luminescence reader infinite M200 Pro analysis Inhibition of NO release in mouse RAW264.7 incubated for 15 mins by fluoroscence-luminescence reader infinite M200 Pro analysis	[PMID: 35567964]
RAW264.7	CC₅₀	4.4 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Cytotoxicity in LPS-stimulated mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by alamar blue dye based colorimetric assay Cytotoxicity in LPS-stimulated mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by alamar blue dye based colorimetric assay	[PMID: 35998343]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	7.9 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production incubated for 3 hrs followed by LPS addition and measured after 24 hrs Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production incubated for 3 hrs followed by LPS addition and measured after 24 hrs	[PMID: 37002536]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	11.5 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production preincubated for 24 hrs followed by LPS stimulation by Griess reagent-based colorimetric assay Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production preincubated for 24 hrs followed by LPS stimulation by Griess reagent-based colorimetric assay	[PMID: 37043994]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	2.6 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production preincubated with compound for 30 mins followed by LPS-stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production preincubated with compound for 30 mins followed by LPS-stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay	[PMID: 37369059]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	>50 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of NO release Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of NO release	[PMID: 37852423]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	2 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Anti-inflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production at 10 uM preincubated with compound for 2 hrs followed by LPS stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess reagent based analysis Anti-inflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production at 10 uM preincubated with compound for 2 hrs followed by LPS stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess reagent based analysis	[PMID: 37856864]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	6.7 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity against LPS-stimulated mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of NO production preincubated with compound for 2 hrs followed by LPS stimulation and measured after 12 hrs by Griess reagent based microplate reader analysis Antiinflammatory activity against LPS-stimulated mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of NO production preincubated with compound for 2 hrs followed by LPS stimulation and measured after 12 hrs by Griess reagent based microplate reader analysis	[PMID: 38117952]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	3.8 μM Compound: DXM	Anti-inflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production measured after 24 hrs incubation by Griess assay Anti-inflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production measured after 24 hrs incubation by Griess assay	[PMID: 38704943]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	8.52 μM Compound: Dex	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production incubated for 24 hrs by Griess reagent based assay Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production incubated for 24 hrs by Griess reagent based assay	[PMID: 38986603]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	6.9 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction of LPS-induced NO production preincubated for 2 hrs followed by LPS-stimulation and measured after 12 hrs by Griess reagent assay Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction of LPS-induced NO production preincubated for 2 hrs followed by LPS-stimulation and measured after 12 hrs by Griess reagent assay	[PMID: 39051441]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	>40 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability by MTT assay relative to control Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability by MTT assay relative to control	[PMID: 39149113]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	11.04 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of LPS-induced NO production in mouse RAW264.7 cells preincubated for 2 hrs followed by LPS addition and measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay relative to control Inhibition of LPS-induced NO production in mouse RAW264.7 cells preincubated for 2 hrs followed by LPS addition and measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay relative to control	[PMID: 39149113]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	355.14 μM Compound: dexamethasone	Anti-inflammatory activity in Mus musculus (mouse) RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced macrophages respiratory burst measured up to 30 min by chemiluminescence method Anti-inflammatory activity in Mus musculus (mouse) RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced macrophages respiratory burst measured up to 30 min by chemiluminescence method	10.1007/s00044-013-0504-9
REH	EC₅₀	6.7 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Cytotoxicity against human REH cells overexpressing GR assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 3 days by resazurin based assay Cytotoxicity against human REH cells overexpressing GR assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 3 days by resazurin based assay	[PMID: 34046609]
RPMI-8226	IC₅₀	6.5 nM Compound: dexamethasone	Antiproliferative activity against human RPMI8226 cells after 4 days Antiproliferative activity against human RPMI8226 cells after 4 days	[PMID: 17705362]
Sf21	IC₅₀	137.4 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in plasma membrane vesicles of Sf21 cells assessed as inhibition of ATP-dependent [3H]taurocholate uptake Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in plasma membrane vesicles of Sf21 cells assessed as inhibition of ATP-dependent [3H]taurocholate uptake	[PMID: 21965623]
Sf21	IC₅₀	231.9 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of Sprague-Dawley rat Bsep expressed in plasma membrane vesicles of Sf21 cells assessed as inhibition of ATP-dependent [3H]taurocholate uptake Inhibition of Sprague-Dawley rat Bsep expressed in plasma membrane vesicles of Sf21 cells assessed as inhibition of ATP-dependent [3H]taurocholate uptake	[PMID: 21965623]
Splenocyte	IC₅₀	0.001 μM Compound: Dexa	Immunomodulatory activity in BALB/c mouse splenocytes assessed as inhibition of concanavalin A-induced lymphocyte proliferation by measuring [3H]-thymidine uptake after 48 to 72 hrs by scintillation counting analysis Immunomodulatory activity in BALB/c mouse splenocytes assessed as inhibition of concanavalin A-induced lymphocyte proliferation by measuring [3H]-thymidine uptake after 48 to 72 hrs by scintillation counting analysis	[PMID: 29523468]
Splenocyte	IC₅₀	0.04 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Immunosuppressive activity in BALB/c mouse splenocytes assessed as inhibition of ConA-induced T cell proliferation incubated for 48 hrs by CCK-8 assay Immunosuppressive activity in BALB/c mouse splenocytes assessed as inhibition of ConA-induced T cell proliferation incubated for 48 hrs by CCK-8 assay	[PMID: 39051441]
Splenocyte	IC₅₀	0.47 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Immunosuppressive activity in BALB/c mouse splenocytes assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced B cell proliferation incubated for 48 hrs by CCK-8 assay Immunosuppressive activity in BALB/c mouse splenocytes assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced B cell proliferation incubated for 48 hrs by CCK-8 assay	[PMID: 39051441]
SW1353	IC₅₀	1.8 nM Compound: DEX	Transrepression activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human SW1353 cells assessed as repression of IL-1-induced MMP-13 production after 24 hrs by ELISA Transrepression activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human SW1353 cells assessed as repression of IL-1-induced MMP-13 production after 24 hrs by ELISA	[PMID: 25706100]
T-cell	IC₅₀	0.005 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibitory concentration against T cell proliferation using concanavalin A stimulated mice spleen cells Inhibitory concentration against T cell proliferation using concanavalin A stimulated mice spleen cells	[PMID: 11229767]
T-cell	IC₅₀	1.6 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Immunosuppressive activity against BALB/C mouse T lymphocytes assessed as reduction in concanavalin A-induced cell proliferation by measuring [3H]-thymidine uptake incubated for 8 hrs by Beta scintillation counting method Immunosuppressive activity against BALB/C mouse T lymphocytes assessed as reduction in concanavalin A-induced cell proliferation by measuring [3H]-thymidine uptake incubated for 8 hrs by Beta scintillation counting method	[PMID: 31961677]
THP-1	IC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: dexamethasone	Cytotoxicity against human THP1 cells Cytotoxicity against human THP1 cells	[PMID: 18625560]
THP-1	IC₅₀	0.007 μM Compound: dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in human THP1 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL6 by ELISA Antiinflammatory activity in human THP1 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL6 by ELISA	[PMID: 18625560]
THP-1	IC₅₀	0.05 μM Compound: dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in human THP1 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha by ELISA Antiinflammatory activity in human THP1 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha by ELISA	[PMID: 18625560]
THP-1	IC₅₀	>=80 μM Compound: Dex	Cytotoxicity against human THP-1 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by CCK8 assay Cytotoxicity against human THP-1 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by CCK8 assay	[PMID: 38687956]

In Vitro

Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) regulates several transcription factors, including activator protein-1, nuclear factor-AT, and nuclear factor-kB, leading to the activation and repression of key genes involved in the inflammatory response^[1].
Dexamethasone potently inhibits granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) release from A549 cells with EC₅₀ of 2.2 nM. Dexamethasone (EC₅₀=36 nM) induces transcription of the β₂-receptor is found to correlate with glucocorticoid receptor (GR) DNA binding and occurred at 10-100 fold higher concentrations than the inhibition of GM-CSF release. Dexamethasone (IC₅₀=0.5 nM) inhibits a 3×κB (NF-κB, IκBα, and I-κBβ), which is associated with inhibition of GM-CSF release^[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Induced Disease Models

Note:
Please do not refer to only one article to determine the experimental conditions. It is recommended to determine the optimal experimental conditions (animal strain, age, dosage, frequency and cycle, detection time and indicators, etc.) through preliminary experiments before the formal experiment.

Based on blood and multi-tissue concentration-time profiles of Dexamethasone (DEX), no significant sex differences were found in its tissue distribution. Blood cell to plasma partitioning (0.664) and plasma free fraction (0.175) were moderate, with widespread distribution in the liver (Kp=6.76). Possibly due to P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux, the concentration of DEX in the brain is very low compared to the expected high permeability^[5].
Dexamethasone (DEX) can be used in animal modeling to construct models of muscle atrophy, hypertension and depression.

1. Induction of muscle atrophy^[6]^[7]

Background

Glucocorticoids are important mediators of skeletal muscle protein degradation and upregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Dexamethasone induces tibialis anterior muscle protein degradation by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor, resulting in muscle atrophy.

Specific Modeling Methods

Mice: C57BL/6 • male • 6-week-old
Administration: 5 mg/kg • ip • once daily for 2 weeks

Modeling Indicators

Molecular changes: Increased indicators: C₂C₁₂ ubiquitin ligase, MuRF1, Atrogin-1, Cbl-b, p-Foxo1, p-Foxo3a. Resulted C₂C₁₂ myotube protein degradation, and Glucocorticoid receptor translocation to the nucleus

Phenotypic observation: Decreased indicators: The weight of the anterior muscles, gastrocnemius, quadriceps and soleus muscles. The ratio of skeletal muscle to body weight decreases.

Correlated Product(s): Betamethasone (HY-13570)

Opposite Product(s): Glabridin (HY-N0393)

2. Induction of hypertension^[8]^[9]

Background

The underlying mechanisms that induce hypertension (HT) are unknown.

Specific Modeling Methods

Rat: Sprague-Dawley • Male • 200-300 g
Administration: 20 μg • sc • once daily from days 5 to 16 • control rats: saline with 0.1 mL/100 g/day from days 1 to 16 (po) or 0.2 mL/rat/day (sc).

Dog: 10.1-19.1 kg • average=13.7 kg
Administration: 0.5 mg/kg • po • once daily for 10 days

Modeling Indicators

Hemodynamics: MAP, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, TPR levels increased in central hemodynamics. Total peripheral resistance, blood pressure, atrial natriuretic peptide, and the pressor response to norepinephrine, are significantly increased in Systemic and renal hemodynamics.

Behavior: The dog showed obvious natriuresis and diuresis.

Opposite Product(s): Saralasin (HY-P0205); Prazosin (HY-B0193)

3. Induction of depressive behavior^[10]^[11]

Background

Astrocytes are a key feature of major depressive disorder (MD), and reduced expression by glucocorticoids results in reduced astrocyte numbers. Long-term treatment with Dexamethasone can cause a series of depression-like symptoms in rodents.

Specific Modeling Methods

Rat: Sprague-Dawley • Male • 200-250 g
Administration: 1 mg/kg • po • once daily every other day for 5 months

Note

(1) Prepare a 3% (w/v) treatment solution and filter through a 0.45 μm cellulose acetate filter.
(2) Rats should not be exposed to any other water source for 4 days before starting treatment.
(3) On the 4th day, change the treatment solution to water and feed for 3 days to allow the mice to recover temporarily. Weigh and conduct behavioral experiments on day 7.

Mice: C57BL/6 • Male • 9-10 weeks old • 23-25 g
Administration: 4 mg/kg • ip • once dailly for 21 days

Modeling Indicators

Metabolism changes: Serum cortisol levels in rats ↑.

Behavior: Immobility time during the forced swim test (FST) &uarr. Preference for sucrose &darr in the sucrose preference test.

Opposite Product(s): Amitriptyline (HY-B0527)

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Clinical Trial

NCT Number	Sponsor	Condition	Start Date	Phase A549
NCT01329991	Plexxikon\|		2011-05	PHASE1

Chemical Information

CAS No. 50-02-2
Appearance Solid
Molecular Weight 392.46
Formula C₂₂H₂₉FO₅
Color White to off-white
SMILES

O=C1C=C[C@@]2(C)C(CC[C@]3([H])[C@]2(F)[C@@H](O)C[C@@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])C[C@@H](C)[C@@]4(C(CO)=O)O)=C1
Synonyms

Hexadecadrol; Prednisolone F
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage

4°C, protect from light

* In solvent : -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months (protect from light)

Publications (386)

All 2D/3D Cell Culture and DifferentiationIn Vivo Efficacy StudyRT-PCRBio/Physico-chemical AssayHistological Imaging/StainingIFWBCell Proliferation/Viability Assay

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Journal Impact Factor

Cell

p53 safeguards chemical reprogramming of human somatic cells toward pluripotency. [Abstract]

2026 Jun 11;189(12):3541-3552.e18. PMID: 41999746
Cell

An organ-conformal, kirigami-structured bioelectronic patch for precise intracellular delivery. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 19;189(4):1086-1107.e32. PMID: 41605209
Cell

The enteric nervous system relays psychological stress to intestinal inflammation. [Abstract]

2023 Jun 22;186(13):2823-2838.e20. PMID: 37236193

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell. 2023 Jun 22;186(13):2823-2838.e20. [Abstract]

Whole-mount IF staining for HuC/D, GFAP and pSTAT3 (arrows indicate pSTAT3+ nuclei) (P), and quantification of pSTAT3+ enteric glia cell nuclei normalized to the GFAP+ area (Q) after 7 days of stress or dexamethasone treatment.
Nat Genet

MYC activity at enhancers drives prognostic transcriptional programs through an epigenetic switch. [Abstract]

2024 Apr;56(4):663-674. PMID: 38454021

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Genet. 2024 Apr;56(4):663-674. [Abstract]

Dexamethasone (Dex) (2 h) increases MYC expression in BT549 cells.
Bioact Mater

Dynamic hydrogels orchestrate the differentiation fate of mesenchymal stem cells through epigenetic regulation of SETD7 to accelerate bone defect repair. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 11:61:136-149. PMID: 41716674
Bioact Mater

Imidazole functionalized photo-crosslinked aliphatic polycarbonate drug-eluting coatings on zinc alloys for osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and bacteriostasis in bone regeneration. [Abstract]

2024 May 6:37:549-562. PMID: 38756420
J Extracell Vesicles

Targeted Blockage of Pathological Extracellular Vesicles and Particles From Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes for Osteoarthritis Relief: Proteomic Analysis and Cellular Effect. [Abstract]

2025 Sep;14(9):e70162. PMID: 40919882
Bone Res

Enhanced SIRT3 expression restores mitochondrial quality control mechanism to reverse osteogenic impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 3;13(1):30. PMID: 40025004
Bone Res

Isovitexin targets SIRT3 to prevent steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head by modulating mitophagy-mediated ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 26;13(1):18. PMID: 39865068

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Bone Res. 2025 Jan 26;13(1):18. [Abstract]

Effect of Dexamethasone (DEX) on the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells was determined by CCK-8 assay after 2 days of stimulation.
Adv Funct Mater

2025 Dec 5.
Adv Funct Mater

2025 May 22.

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Funct Mater. 2025 May 22.

BMSCs at 80% confluence were induced with an osteogenic medium consisting of DMEM/F-12, 10% FBS, 10 nm Dexamethasone, 10 mm β-glycerophosphate, and 50 µg/mL ascorbic acid. The induction medium was replaced every 3 days. Alizarin red and ALP staining results of BMSCs on day 14.
Adv Funct Mater

2025 Apr 21.
Nat Commun

Helicobacter hepaticus promotes hepatic steatosis through CdtB-induced mitochondrial stress and lipid metabolism reprogramming. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 26;16(1):7954. PMID: 40858606
Exp Mol Med

Hepatocyte estrogen-related receptor α modulates a gluconeogenic-epigenetic crosstalk counteracting MASLD/MASH progression. [Abstract]

2026 May;58(5):1536-1555. PMID: 42104013
ACS Nano

Hybrid Biomembrane-Functionalized Nanorobots Penetrate the Vitreous Body of the Eye for the Treatment of Retinal Vein Occlusion. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 4;19(8):7728-7741. PMID: 39964811
ACS Nano

Intracellularly Synthesized Artificial Exosome Treats Acute Lung Injury. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 13;18(32):21009-21023. PMID: 39087239

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: ACS Nano. 2024 Aug 13;18(32):21009-21023. [Abstract]

The ALI mice were intratracheally treated with PBS, 5 mg/kg VER, VER-MSNs (equivalent to 5 mg/kg VER), EVM (equivalent to 5 mg/kg VER), and 5 mg/kg Dexamethasone (DXM) as the positive control, respectively. Representative images of lung samples in EBA extravasation assay. The Evans Blue albumin (EBA) extravasation assay confirmed that the treatment with EVM prominently reversed the exacerbated permeability in the ALI mice, which was considerably similar to the treatment with DXM.

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: ACS Nano. 2024 Aug 13;18(32):21009-21023. [Abstract]

The ALI mice were intratracheally treated with PBS, 5 mg/kg VER, VER-MSNs (equivalent to 5 mg/kg VER), EVM (equivalent to 5 mg/kg VER), and 5 mg/kg Dexamethasone (DXM) as the positive control, respectively. Histological analysis of lung tissues.

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: ACS Nano. 2024 Aug 13;18(32):21009-21023. [Abstract]

The ALI mice were intratracheally treated with PBS, 5 mg/kg VER, VER-MSNs (equivalent to 5 mg/kg VER), EVM (equivalent to 5 mg/kg VER), and 5 mg/kg Dexamethasone (DXM) as the positive control, respectively. Overall survival.
ACS Nano

Multifunctional Hydrogel Eye Drops for Synergistic Treatment of Ocular Inflammatory Disease. [Abstract]

2023 Dec 26;17(24):25377-25390. PMID: 37890030
Neuron

Lcn2 from neutrophil extracellular traps induces astrogliosis and post-stroke emotional disorders. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 10:S0896-6273(25)00706-8. PMID: 41075784
Metabolism

Prevention of insulin-induced lipohypertrophy by coadministration of a low dose of high-affinity PI3K inhibitors. [Abstract]

2025 Jul:168:156252. PMID: 40169086
Redox Biol

The protective role of adipogenic lineage precursors in maintaining bone marrow redox homeostasis in a mouse model of prenatal dexamethasone exposure. [Abstract]

2025 Oct:86:103820. PMID: 40845776

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Redox Biol. 2025 Oct:86:103820. [Abstract]

qPCR analysis of the effect of Dexamethasone (250 nM; 12-48 h) on Fbln5 mRNA expression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The results showed that Dexamethasone treatment significantly reduced Fbln5 expression.
Nat Chem Biol

Nuclear m6A modification regulates satellite transcription and chromosome segregation. [Abstract]

2025 May 22. PMID: 40404899
Gut Microbes

The microbial metabolite desaminotyrosine is a potent antiobesity agent with potential effects on white adipose tissue remodeling in mice. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 31;17(1):2587400. PMID: 41340566

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Gut Microbes. 2025 Dec 31;17(1):2587400. [Abstract]

3T3-L1 preadipocytes were exposed to DAT (1 or 5 mM) throughout both the differentiation induction (days 0−4) and maintenance phases (days 4−9). 3T3-L1, nondifferentiated; Ctrl, differentiated without DAT; 1 mM DAT, differentiated with 1 mM DAT; 5 mM DAT, differentiated with 5 mM DAT. 3T3-L1 cells were grown to full confluence in full growth media containing DMEM and antibiotic-antimycotic. Then the cells were incubated in differentiation induction media [i.e., full growth media plus 2 µg/mL Dexamethasone, 500 µM IBMX, and 5 µg/mL insulin. The media was refreshed every other day for a total of four days. After that, the cells were kept in maintenance medium (full growth media supplemented with 10 µg/mL insulin) for five more days. Representative images of Oil Red O-stained 3T3-L1-derived adipocytes 9 days after differentiation under the indicated conditions.
J Nanobiotechnology

Suppression of senescent metabolism of adipose tissue by rebalancing mitochondrial homeostasis via a selective drug delivery system. [Abstract]

2026 Jun 2. PMID: 42231423
J Nanobiotechnology

TRPC6-targeted dexamethasone nanobubbles with ultrasound-guided theranostics for adriamycin-induced nephropathy. [Abstract]

2025 May 30;23(1):398. PMID: 40448086

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Nanobiotechnology. 2025 May 30;23(1):398. [Abstract]

20–22 g male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 5 groups for the experiment. Except the control group, normal saline, free Dexamethasone (Dex, 2 mg/kg), Dex@NBs (loading 1 mg/kg Dex) or Dex@NBs-TRPC6 (loading 1 mg/kg Dex) were administered by tail vein starting at Day 1 post-ADR injection, and continued every 2 days, for a total of 7 doses. After 7 times of injection, urine was collected on Day 14. Albuminuria (urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio) was determined in control group, ADR + NS group and three Dex-treated ADR groups. n = 9–10 mice per group.

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Nanobiotechnology. 2025 May 30;23(1):398. [Abstract]

20–22 g male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 5 groups for the experiment. Except the control group, normal saline, free Dexamethasone (Dex, 2 mg/kg), Dex@NBs (loading 1 mg/kg Dex) or Dex@NBs-TRPC6 (loading 1 mg/kg Dex) were administered by tail vein starting at Day 1 post-ADR injection, and continued every 2 days, for a total of 7 doses. Representative kidney images of PAS staining. Upper: glomerular morphology, scale bar = 20 μm; Lower: tubule-interstitial morphology, scale bar = 50 μm.

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Nanobiotechnology. 2025 May 30;23(1):398. [Abstract]

20–22 g male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 5 groups for the experiment. Except the control group, normal saline, free Dexamethasone (Dex, 2 mg/kg), Dex@NBs (loading 1 mg/kg Dex) or Dex@NBs-TRPC6 (loading 1 mg/kg Dex) were administered by tail vein starting at Day 1 post-ADR injection, and continued every 2 days, for a total of 7 doses. Upper: immunofluorescence staining of WT1 expressed in nuclei of mouse podocytes, scale bar = 20 μm. Lower: immunofluorescence staining of podocin expressed along the glomerular basement membrane, scale bar = 20 μm.
J Nanobiotechnology

Precision 3D printed meniscus scaffolds to facilitate hMSCs proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation for tissue regeneration. [Abstract]

2021 Dec 2;19(1):400. PMID: 34856996
Nucleic Acids Res

COVID19 Drug Repository: text-mining the literature in search of putative COVID19 therapeutics. [Abstract]

2021 Jan 8;49(D1):D1113-D1121. PMID: 33166390
Theranostics

Nanotuner targeting mitochondrial redox and iron homeostasis imbalance for the treatment of acute liver injury. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 16;15(17):9131-9158. PMID: 40963901
Acta Pharm Sin B

2026 May 15.
Acta Pharm Sin B

2025 Nov 13.
Acta Pharm Sin B

Natural killer cell-derived granzyme B as a therapeutic target for alleviating graft injury during liver transplantation. [Abstract]

2025 Oct;15(10):5277-5293. PMID: 41132839
Acta Pharm Sin B

Phenylalanine deprivation inhibits multiple myeloma progression by perturbing endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. [Abstract]

2024 Aug;14(8):3493-3512. PMID: 39220878
J Biomed Sci

USP24 upregulation stabilizes PKA-Cα to promote lipogenesis, inflammation, and fibrosis during MASH progression. [Abstract]

2025 May 30;32(1):54. PMID: 40448065
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Skeletal Muscle HSF1 Alleviates Age-Associated Sarcopenia and Mitochondrial Function Decline via SIRT3-PGC1α Axis. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 16:e10368. PMID: 41400028
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Forsythoside E Alleviates Liver Injury by Targeting PKM2 Tetramerization to Promote Macrophage M2 Polarization. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 14:e14514. PMID: 41236855
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Targeted Inhibition of CD74+ Macrophages by Luteolin via CEBPB/P65 Signaling Ameliorates Osteoarthritis Progression. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 21:e08472. PMID: 41268703
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Repurposing of Chemokine Antagonists for Combined Phase-Resolved Spinal Cord Injury Treatment. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 28:e16569. PMID: 41147460
Adv Sci (Weinh)

PSMD14 Stabilizes SLC7A11 to Ameliorate Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis by Suppressing Osteocyte Ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2025 Aug;12(31):e14902. PMID: 40444470
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Asprosin-FABP5 Interaction Modulates Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation through PPARα Contributing to MASLD Development. [Abstract]

2025 Jun;12(21):e2415846. PMID: 40231957
Adv Sci (Weinh)

A Neural Circuit For Bergamot Essential Oil-Induced Anxiolytic Effects. [Abstract]

2025 Jan;12(1):e2406766. PMID: 39487959
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Near-Infrared-Responded High Sensitivity Nanoprobe for Steady and Visualized Detection of Albumin in Hepatic Organoids and Mouse Liver. [Abstract]

2022 Sep;9(26):e2202505. PMID: 35853243
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Discovery of Novel GR Ligands toward Druggable GR Antagonist Conformations Identified by MD Simulations and Markov State Model Analysis. [Abstract]

2022 Jan;9(3):e2102435. PMID: 34825505
Cell Rep Med

Reconstruction of T cell infiltration in an osteosarcoma PDX-organoid interactive biobank for personalized immunotherapy. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 17;7(3):102644. PMID: 41763214
Cell Rep Med

Epigenetic profiling identifies markers of endocrine resistance and therapeutic options for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 15;6(7):102215. PMID: 40609538
Cell Rep Med

scRNA-seq reveals an immune microenvironment and JUN-mediated NK cell exhaustion in relapsed T-ALL. [Abstract]

2025 May 20;6(5):102098. PMID: 40306275
Sci Adv

DLX2 acts as a pioneer factor and drives Msx1+ ectomesenchyme formation from embryonic stem cells. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 16;12(3):eaea0685. PMID: 41533791
Biomaterials

Epidermal and dermal cell-composed organospheres to assess microplastic-induced skin toxicity. [Abstract]

2026 Jan:324:123513. PMID: 40582217
Biomaterials

Reactive oxygen species-responsive dexamethasone-loaded nanoparticles for targeted treatment of rheumatoid arthritis via suppressing the iRhom2/TNF-α/BAFF signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2020 Feb:232:119730. PMID: 31918224

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biomaterials. 2020 Feb:232:119730. [Abstract]

Raw264.7 macrophages induced with LPS (1 μg/mL) for 6 h. Then cellular uptake of Cy5-labeled Dexamethasone (Dex)/OxiαCD NPs or Dex/FA-Oxi-αCD NPs is assessed using confocal laser scanning microscopy at various times.

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biomaterials. 2020 Feb:232:119730. [Abstract]

Raw264.7 cells are treated with various concentrations of blank NPs, free Dexamethasone (Dex), Dex/Oxi-αCD NPs, or Dex/FA-Oxi-αCD NPs for 24 h, the optical density values at 450 nm were measured and the cell viability was determined by CCK-8 assay.

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biomaterials. 2020 Feb:232:119730. [Abstract]

Raw264.7 cells are treated with various concentrations of blank NPs, free Dexamethasone (Dex), Dex/Oxi-αCD NPs, or Dex/FA-Oxi-αCD NPs for 24 h, mRNA level of iRhom2 in Raw264.7 cells is detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Data are presented by the relative amount of mRNA normalized by GAPDH.

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biomaterials. 2020 Feb:232:119730. [Abstract]

Western blot analysis of iRhom2, TNF-α, and BAFF expression in Raw264.7 cells treated with various concentrations of blank NPs, free Dexamethasone (Dex), Dex/Oxi-αCD NPs, or Dex/FA-Oxi-αCD NPs for 24 h.
Carbohydr Polym

Slc9a1 plays a vital role in chitosan oligosaccharide transport across the intestinal mucosa of mice. [Abstract]

2023 Jan 1:299:120179. PMID: 36876794

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Carbohydr Polym. 2023 Jan 1:299:120179. [Abstract]

Western blotting analysis of Itgb2 levels in Dexamethasone (100 nM; for 1 hour)-treated MODE-K cells.

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Carbohydr Polym. 2023 Jan 1:299:120179. [Abstract]

mRNA levels of Itgb2 in Dexamethasone (100 nM; for 1 hour)-treated MODE-K cells.

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Carbohydr Polym. 2023 Jan 1:299:120179. [Abstract]

Immunofluorescence analysis of Itgb2 in Dexamethasone (100 nM; for 1 hour)-treated MODE-K cells.
Mol Biomed

5-methoxytryptamine improves hepatic inflammation and insulin resistance in a macrophage C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 14 dependent manner. [Abstract]

2026 Jun 28;7(1):101. PMID: 42365576
Chem Eng J

2026 Jan 24;530:173330.
Chem Eng J

2025 Oct 8;524:169421.
Chem Eng J

2023 Aug 6, 145212.
J Control Release

Integrin/CD44-targeted liposomes remodel the pulmonary microenvironment to alleviate acute exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 10:389:114427. PMID: 41265642
Small

Vertex-Integrated Tetrahedral DNA Nanoframe Enhances miR-143-3p Delivery for Osteoarthritis Therapy. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 11:e11570. PMID: 41808575
Small

Transport of Adoptive Cell Transfers With Magnetic Helical Microrobots. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 5:e05946. PMID: 40911713
Small

Bubble-Based Microrobots with Rapid Circular Motions for Epithelial Pinning and Drug Delivery. [Abstract]

2023 Aug;19(32):e2300409. PMID: 37058137
J Allergy Clin Immunol

Brg1-imprinted chromatin status controls effector and memory group 2 innate lymphoid cell metabolism to exacerbate allergic lung inflammation. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 17:S0091-6749(25)00948-0. PMID: 40972980
J Immunother Cancer

Loss of Annexin A1 in macrophages restrains efferocytosis and remodels immune microenvironment in pancreatic cancer by activating the cGAS/STING pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 4;12(9):e009318. PMID: 39237260
Cell Commun Signal

Chemo-proteomics reveals dihydrocaffeic acid exhibits anti-inflammation effects via Transaldolase 1 mediated PERK-NF-κB pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 5;23(1):65. PMID: 39910568
Phytomedicine

Targeted dermal delivery of phloretin via thermoresponsive nanoparticles potently suppresses STAT3/NF-κB-driven psoriatic inflammation. [Abstract]

2026 Jul:156:158267. PMID: 42134228
Phytomedicine

Novel BLT1 inhibitor baeckein E ameliorates LPS-induced acute lung injury through ferroptosis inhibition. [Abstract]

2026 Jun:155:158147. PMID: 41966024
Phytomedicine

Dihydroartemisinin alleviates sepsis-associated encephalopathy by reducing microglial iron accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction via HIF1A/HMOX1 pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 25:148:157413. PMID: 41135271
Phytomedicine

Perillyl alcohol ameliorates high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice by modulating gut microbiota and activating IRF4-mediated brown fat thermogenesis. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 25:148:157400. PMID: 41138577
Phytomedicine

Columbianadin targets TRIM7 to maintain P2X7 palmitoylation, inhibiting cuproptosis in synovial M2 macrophages. [Abstract]

2025 Oct:146:157091. PMID: 40768810
Phytomedicine

Euchrenone A10 attenuates septic lung injury though S100A8/A9-dependent TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 27:148:157336. PMID: 41038141
Phytomedicine

Genkwanin reduces airway epithelial cell ferroptosis and alleviates asthma symptoms in mice. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 24:148:157306. PMID: 41046685
Phytomedicine

Tanshinone IIA attenuates sepsis-induced lung injury by reducing VEGFR2/PI3K/AKT-driven mitochondrial disruption dependent apoptosis. [Abstract]

2025 Sep:145:156957. PMID: 40544732
Phytomedicine

Raspberry ketone alleviates radiation-induced lung injury through the STAT2-P2X7r/NLRP3 signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Sep:145:156984. PMID: 40544736
Phytomedicine

Dihydromyricetin alleviates lipid peroxidation-induced Pyroptosis by inhibiting xCT ubiquitination and degradation in experimental COPD model. [Abstract]

2025 Aug:144:156929. PMID: 40483790
Phytomedicine

Ophiopogonin C protects against acute lung injury by fatal sepsis through pyroptosis macrophage. [Abstract]

2025 Jul:142:156698. PMID: 40397999
Allergy

Ficolin-A Protects Against Allergic Asthma via Suppressing ILC2-Drived Type 2 Inflammation. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 25. PMID: 40708471
Phytomedicine

Luteolin inhibits inflammation and M1 macrophage polarization in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced acute pneumonia through suppressing EGFR/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB and EGFR/ERK/AP-1 signaling pathways. [Abstract]

2025 Jun:141:156663. PMID: 40133026
Phytomedicine

Quercetin improves airway remodeling in COPD rats by suppressing phenotypic switch of ASMCs via inhibiting the Wnt5a/β-catenin pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Apr:139:156491. PMID: 39955824
Phytomedicine

Jieyu Guben decoction alleviates combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome by balancing Th17/Treg expression and restoring PPARD. [Abstract]

2025 Apr:139:156508. PMID: 40031093
Phytomedicine

Stigmasterol from Prunella vulgaris L. Alleviates LPS-induced mammary gland injury by inhibiting inflammation and ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2025 Feb:137:156362. PMID: 39809030
Phytomedicine

Shikonin ameliorated LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice via modulating MCU-mediated mitochondrial Ca2+ and macrophage polarization. [Abstract]

2024 Dec:135:156043. PMID: 39366155
Phytomedicine

The volatile oil of Acorus tatarinowii Schott ameliorates Alzheimer's disease through improving insulin resistance via activating the PI3K/AKT pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Dec:135:156168. PMID: 39486109
Phytomedicine

Targeting macrophagic RasGRP1 with catechin hydrate ameliorates sepsis-induced multiorgan dysfunction. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 25:130:155733. PMID: 38759314
Phytomedicine

Amelioration of lipid accumulations and metabolism disorders in differentiation and development of 3T3-L1 adipocytes through mulberry leaf water extract. [Abstract]

2022 Apr:98:153959. PMID: 35134622
J Pharm Anal

2025 Aug 9.
Chin Herb Med

Amplifying protection against acute lung injury: Targeting both inflammasome and cGAS-STING pathway by Lonicerae Japonicae Flos-Forsythiae Fructus drug pair. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 30;16(3):422-434. PMID: 39072201
Adv Healthc Mater

Porous Microspheres Loading Small Molecule Targeting REV-ERBs Modulate Inflammatory Cytokines Fluctuations to Promote Periodontal Bone Regeneration. [Abstract]

2025 Sep;14(23):e2500867. PMID: 40557559
Adv Healthc Mater

Novel Drug-Testing Platform for Vascular Injury-induced Intimal Hyperplasia Using a Microphysiological System. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 11:e00602. PMID: 40787716
Mater Today Bio

A biomimetic multimodal nanoplatform combining neutrophil-coated two-dimensional metalloporphyrinic framework nanosheet and exendin-4 to treat obesity-related osteoporosis. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 21:33:102009. PMID: 40673132
Mater Today Bio

The design of strut/TPMS-based pore geometries in bioceramic scaffolds guiding osteogenesis and angiogenesis in bone regeneration. [Abstract]

2023 May 18:20:100667. PMID: 37273795
Journal of Future Foods

2026 May 26.
Acta Pharmacol Sin

Targeting the HuR/E2F7 axis synergizes with bortezomib against multiple myeloma. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 25. PMID: 40133626
Acta Biomater

The synergistic regulation of chondrogenesis by collagen-based hydrogels and cell co-culture. [Abstract]

2022 Dec:154:194-211. PMID: 36309191
Acta Pharmacol Sin

Discovery of a novel nonsteroidal selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator by virtual screening and bioassays. [Abstract]

2022 Sep;43(9):2429-2438. PMID: 35110698
Acta Pharmacol Sin

Osimertinib successfully combats EGFR-negative glioblastoma cells by inhibiting the MAPK pathway. [Abstract]

2021 Jan;42(1):108-114. PMID: 32398685
Acta Pharmacol Sin

6-O-angeloylplenolin exerts neuroprotection against lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation in vitro and in vivo. [Abstract]

2020 Jan;41(1):10-21. PMID: 31213669
Collagen Leather

2025 Nov 19，7(1):39.
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle

Conservative analysis of Synaptopodin-2 intron sense-overlapping lncRNA reveals its novel function in promoting muscle atrophy. [Abstract]

2022 Aug;13(4):2017-2030. PMID: 35592920

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2022 Aug;13(4):2017-2030. [Abstract]

qRT‐PCR results show that DEX (DEX; 25 μg/g ; once a day; for 10 days)-induced myotube atrophy can increase the expression levels of MuRF1, Atrogin‐1, FoxO3a, SYISL, and miR‐205‐5p, decrease the expression levels of miR‐23a‐3p and miR‐103‐3p, but does not affect the expression level of SYNPO2.

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2022 Aug;13(4):2017-2030. [Abstract]

Western blotting results show that SYISL overexpression can further promote protein ubiquitination levels in Dexamethasone (DEX; 25 μg/g ; once a day; for 10 days)-induced muscular atrophy. Muscle atrophy is induced by intraperitoneal injection of DEX for 10 days in 3‐month‐old wild‐type and KO mice, respectively.

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2022 Aug;13(4):2017-2030. [Abstract]

Representative photographs of H&E and Lamin immunofluorescence staining for WT and KO TA muscles. Quantification of five independent experiments shows that knockout of SYISL alleviates muscle weight loss caused by Dexamethasone (DEX; 25 μg/g ; once a day; for 10 days)-induced muscle atrophy.
J Orthop Translat

The CD163/TWEAK/Fn14 axis: A potential therapeutic target for alleviating inflammatory bone loss. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 4:49:82-95. PMID: 39430128
J Transl Med

Transcription factor, E4BP4, inhibits autophagy and apoptosis in multiple myeloma and promotes the HDAC3-mediated suppression of the Beclin1 promoter to reduce dexamethasone sensitivity. [Abstract]

2026 Jun 22;24(1):806. PMID: 42332765
J Transl Med

Doxorubicin synergizes bortezomib-induced multiple myeloma cell death by inhibiting aggresome formation and augmenting endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi stress and apoptosis. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 3;22(1):1095. PMID: 39623468
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Combination antiviral and anti-inflammatory therapy mitigates persistent neurological deficits in mice post SARS-CoV-2 infection. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 13;123(2):e2530209123. PMID: 41499397
Oncogene

Dexamethasone enhances the lung metastasis of breast cancer via a PI3K-SGK1-CTGF pathway. [Abstract]

2021 Sep;40(35):5367-5378. PMID: 34272474

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oncogene. 2021 Sep;40(35):5367-5378. [Abstract]

The GR expression of 4T1 cells treated with Dexamethasone (100 nM)/Mifepristone for 48 h.

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oncogene. 2021 Sep;40(35):5367-5378. [Abstract]

The migration assay of 4T1 cells in different condition. 4T1 cells were pretreated with 100 nM Dexamethasone (Dex) for 48 h and then are used for Transwell.

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oncogene. 2021 Sep;40(35):5367-5378. [Abstract]

For in situ treatment in the 4T1 tumor model, Dexamethasone (Dex; 3 mg/kg) is performed every three days by gavage twice/day. The expression of Nedd4l, p-Nedd4l, Smad2 and p-Smad2 after SGK1 knockout.

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oncogene. 2021 Sep;40(35):5367-5378. [Abstract]

4T1 cells are treated with Dexamethasone (Dex; 100 nM)/GSK650394 in vitro for 48 h before inoculation via intravenous injection.
Int J Surg

Targeting SIRT3 to regulate mitophagy-dependent ferroptosis for preventing glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 2. PMID: 40607908
JHEP Rep

2026 May 5.
Int J Biol Macromol

Circular RNA circPTPN3 facilitates duck hepatitis A virus type 3 (DHAV-3) infection by reducing miR-130b-5p function in duck. [Abstract]

2025 Dec;334(Pt 2):149132. PMID: 41265597
BMC Med

The regulatory variant rs1950834 confers the risk of depressive disorder by reducing LRFN5 expression. [Abstract]

2025 May 30;23(1):316. PMID: 40442660
Small Methods

Plasma Membrane-Derived Biomimetic Apoptotic Nanovesicles Targeting Inflammation and Cartilage Degeneration for Osteoarthritis. [Abstract]

2025 Jan;9(1):e2400660. PMID: 39036830
Int J Nanomedicine

A Multifunctional Nanodrug Co-Delivering VEGF-siRNA and Dexamethasone for Synergistic Therapy in Ocular Neovascular Diseases. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 21:19:12369-12387. PMID: 39606561
Int J Biol Macromol

Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd. ex Lindl.) derived polysaccharide with enhanced glycolipid metabolism regulation and mice gut microbiome. [Abstract]

2023 Dec 2;257(Pt 1):128588. PMID: 38048922
Int J Mol Med

Microbiota‑derived indole‑3‑propionic acid reprograms bone marrow stem cell fate via PPARγ suppression to rescue osteoporosis. [Abstract]

2026 Aug;58(2):208. PMID: 42246175
Int J Mol Med

Sophoricoside attenuates autoimmune‑mediated liver injury through the regulation of oxidative stress and the NF‑κB signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Sep;52(3):78. PMID: 37477163
Plant Physiol

Ascorbate peroxidase 1 allows monitoring of cytosolic accumulation of effector-triggered reactive oxygen species using a luminol-based assay. [Abstract]

2023 Feb 12;191(2):1416-1434. PMID: 36461917
Antioxidants (Basel)

Discovery of Novel Pterostilbene Derivatives That Might Treat Sepsis by Attenuating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation through Modulation of MAPKs/NF-κB Signaling Pathways. [Abstract]

2021 Aug 24;10(9):1333. PMID: 34572964
Phytother Res

Chrysophanol Attenuates Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis by Targeting the E74-Like Factor 5/Osteoglycin-Regulated PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Axis: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. [Abstract]

2026 Apr;40(4):2143-2165. PMID: 41657040
Phytother Res

Scutellarin Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice by Inhibiting M1 Macrophage Polarization via the GBP2/JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 18. PMID: 40968089
Phytother Res

Delay the progression of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: Fraxin targets ferroptosis via the Nrf2/GPX4 pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Nov;38(11):5203-5224. PMID: 39192711
Mater Today Adv

2026 Feb 10.
Free Radic Biol Med

Chronic stress-induced steroids mediate mitochondrial fission and fibrosis in the trabecular meshwork via the MIEF1-MAOA complex. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 16:246:316-333. PMID: 41579974
Free Radic Biol Med

Ferulic acid attenuates Sarcopenia progression by inhibiting peroxisomal ACOX1. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 13:240:183-196. PMID: 40816648
Free Radic Biol Med

Mifepristone protects acetaminophen induced liver injury through NRF2/GSH/GST mediated ferroptosis suppression. [Abstract]

2024 Sep:222:229-243. PMID: 38906233
Free Radic Biol Med

Lactoferrin ameliorated obesity-induced endothelial dysfunction by inhibiting the Tak1/IL-18/eNOS pathway between PVAT and vascular endothelium. [Abstract]

2024 Feb 20:212:309-321. PMID: 38159893
Free Radic Biol Med

Therapeutic effect of SIRT3 on glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head via intracellular oxidative suppression. [Abstract]

2021 Nov 20;176:228-240. PMID: 34260898
Clin Transl Med

CRISPRa-based activation of Fgf21 and Fndc5 ameliorates obesity by promoting adipocytes browning. [Abstract]

2023 Jul;13(7):e1326. PMID: 37462619
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces

Magnesium-Chelating Vitamin C Nanostructures Induce p38 MAPK Vitcylation for Hepatic Fibrosis Therapy. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 8;18(13):18781-18792. PMID: 41871182
Stem Cell Res Ther

Impact of mesenchymal stem cell size and adhesion modulation on in vivo distribution: insights from quantitative PET imaging. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 28;15(1):456. PMID: 39609885
Stem Cell Res Ther

Hypertonicity induces mitochondrial extracellular vesicles (MEVs) that activate TNF-α and β-catenin signaling to promote adipocyte dedifferentiation. [Abstract]

2023 Dec 20;14(1):333. PMID: 38115136
Aging Cell

Aging-Related Muscle Bmal1 Decline Contributes to Bone Loss in Mice via Enhancing IL-1α-Mediated Osteoclastogenesis. [Abstract]

2026 Jun;25(6):e70582. PMID: 42259765
Cell Rep

Paracrine stimulation of brown adipose tissue vascularization by adipocyte O-GlcNAc signaling. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 11;44(12):116678. PMID: 41385373
Curr Biol

A noradrenergic pathway for the induction of pain by sleep loss. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 17;34(12):2644-2656.e7. PMID: 38810638
Cell Rep

A microglial activation cascade across cortical regions underlies secondary mechanical hypersensitivity to amputation. [Abstract]

2024 Feb 17;43(2):113804. PMID: 38368612
Cell Prolif

Nuclear receptor Rev-erbα alleviates intervertebral disc degeneration by recruiting NCoR-HDAC3 co-repressor and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome. [Abstract]

2024 Dec;57(12):e13720. PMID: 39045886
Br J Pharmacol

Ginsenoside compound K up-regulates β-subunits of long-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA (HADHB) to promote fatty acid oxidation recovery and improve the balance of macrophage polarization in mice with ulcerative colitis. [Abstract]

2026 Jul;183(13):3633-3650. PMID: 41918496
Brain Behav Immun

Chronic psychological stress-orchestrated glial-ILC3 circuit exacerbates intestinal inflammation and depression. [Abstract]

2025 Nov:130:106118. PMID: 40987409
Br J Pharmacol

Protopanaxadiol alleviates neuropathic pain by spinal microglial dynorphin A expression following glucocorticoid receptor activation. [Abstract]

2021 Aug;178(15):2976-2997. PMID: 33786848

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Br J Pharmacol. 2021 Aug;178(15):2976-2997. [Abstract]

Primary microglial cells incubated with Protopanaxadiol (100 μM), Dexamethasone (100 nM) or Dexamethasone-BSA (10 nM) show remarkable dynorphin A expression. Pretreatment with Dexamethasone-21-mesylate for 0.5 h completely abolished Protopanaxadiol-, Dexamethasone- or Dexamethasone-BSA-stimulated dynorphin A expression.
Transl Psychiatry

PTEN in prefrontal cortex is essential in regulating depression-like behaviors in mice. [Abstract]

2021 Mar 26;11(1):185. PMID: 33771972
Chin Med

Fat-targeted small molecule alleviates abnormal adipose tissue remodeling in obesity via SIRT3-driven mitophagy and inflammasome inhibition. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 10;20(1):215. PMID: 41372934
J Med Chem

Discovery of Chromone Derivatives as Selective BLT1 Inhibitors for Alleviating Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 26;69(4):4361-4390. PMID: 41696851
J Med Chem

Discovery of Novel Nonsteroidal SGRMs of Sulfonamide-2-Oxo-Tetrahydroquinoline Derivatives by Carbonyl Migration. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 22;69(2):1507-1529. PMID: 41490153
J Med Chem

Discovery of Novel Neo-Clerodane Derivatives as Potent Dual-Functional Antiosteoporosis Agents through Targeting Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 12;67(17):15738-15755. PMID: 39185622
J Med Chem

Discovery of the Potent and Highly Selective PARP7 Inhibitor as a Novel Immunotherapeutic Agent for Tumors. [Abstract]

2023 Jan 12;66(1):473-490. PMID: 36576395
J Med Chem

Discovery and Optimization of N-Acyl-6-sulfonamide-tetrahydroquinoline Derivatives as Novel Non-Steroidal Selective Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulators. [Abstract]

2022 Dec 8;65(23):15710-15724. PMID: 36399795
J Med Chem

Development of an In Silico Prediction Model for P-glycoprotein Efflux Potential in Brain Capillary Endothelial Cells toward the Prediction of Brain Penetration. [Abstract]

2021 Mar 11;64(5):2725-2738. PMID: 33619967
J Med Chem

Discovery of 4-Aminoquinoline-3-carboxamide Derivatives as Potent Reversible Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. [Abstract]

2019 Jul 25;62(14):6561-6574. PMID: 31260299
Atherosclerosis

C-reactive protein exacerbates high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis via a liver-to-vessel axis that determines therapeutic efficacy of atorvastatin. [Abstract]

2026 Jan:412:120594. PMID: 41319376
Chem Mater

2017, 29(19):8221-8238.
Redox Rep

Scutellarin suppresses Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced pyroptosis in macrophages by inhibiting the HIF-1α-mediated Warburg effect. [Abstract]

2025 Dec;30(1):2565861. PMID: 41051976
J Ethnopharmacol

Attenuation of acute lung injury by Lonicerae Japonicae Flos extracts is associated with the rebalancing of Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg cells in lungs and colons. [Abstract]

2026 Aug 10:367:121740. PMID: 42009238
J Ethnopharmacol

An active marker-based strategy for Anti-inflammatory Enhancement of Qiangli Pipa Syrup. [Abstract]

2026 Aug 10:367:121739. PMID: 42019737
J Ethnopharmacol

Linggan Wuwei Jiangxin Decoction attenuates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease via modulation of the AGE/RAGE signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2026 Jun 12:364:121483. PMID: 41791616
J Ethnopharmacol

Dendropanax proteus root and its major bio-phytochemicals alleviate rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting TLR4/CLEC1B/PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathways: proteomics, metabolomics, collagen-induced arthritis rats, MH7A cells, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic simulation. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 28:357:120903. PMID: 41242509
J Ethnopharmacol

Discovery of ganodecalone A, from Ganoderma calidophilum for the treatment of acute gastric ulcers by binding to ALOX5 via the MAPK/NF-κB/iNOS signaling. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 24:351:120082. PMID: 40482864
J Ethnopharmacol

Shuangdan Jiedu Decoction improved LPS-induced acute lung injury by regulating both cGAS-STING pathway and inflammasome. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 10:336:118661. PMID: 39159837
J Ethnopharmacol

Extract of Nanhaia speciosa J. Compton & Schrire alleviates LPS-induced acute lung injury via the NF-κB/Nrf2/AQPs pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 30;337(Pt 1):118831. PMID: 39278292
J Ethnopharmacol

Serum metabolomics and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing reveal the role of puerarin in alleviating bone loss aggravated by antidiabetic agent pioglitazone in type 2 diabetic mice. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 31:340:119128. PMID: 39617084
J Ethnopharmacol

In vivo and in vitro study on the regulatory mechanism of XiaoChaiHu decoction on PANoptosis in sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 10:336:118740. PMID: 39197800
J Ethnopharmacol

Molecular mechanism of Gan-song Yin inhibiting the proliferation of renal tubular epithelial cells by regulating miR-21-5p in adipocyte exosomes. [Abstract]

2024 Mar 1:321:117530. PMID: 38043753
J Ethnopharmacol

Prinsepia utilis Royle leaf extract: Ameliorative effects on allergic inflammation and skin lesions in allergic contact dermatitis and polyphenolic profiling through UPLC-MS/MS coupled to chemometric analysis. [Abstract]

2023 Apr 6:305:116093. PMID: 36603785
J Ethnopharmacol

23-O-acetylshengmanol-3-O-α-L-arabinoside alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury through inhibiting IκB/NF-κB and MAPK/AP-1 signaling pathways. [Abstract]

2023 Jan 10:300:115725. PMID: 36115602
J Ethnopharmacol

The water extract of "Jiao Mei Gu" attenuates the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response via inhibiting NF-κB activity in mice. [Abstract]

2020 Sep 15:259:112882. PMID: 32325181
J Agric Food Chem

Sodium Benzoate Inhibits Osteoblast Differentiation and Accelerates Bone Loss by Regulating the FGF2/p38/RUNX2 Pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 4;73(22):13891-13901. PMID: 40404584
Eur J Med Chem

Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship of novel 2-pyrimidinylindole derivatives as orally available anti-obesity agents. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 5:277:116773. PMID: 39163779
Eur J Med Chem

Novel pterostilbene derivatives ameliorate heart failure by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation through regulating Nrf2/NF-κB signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Oct 5:258:115602. PMID: 37406380
Eur J Med Chem

Discovery of novel non-steroidal selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators by structure- and IGN-based virtual screening, structural optimization, and biological evaluation. [Abstract]

2022 Jul 5:237:114382. PMID: 35483323
Eur J Med Chem

Design, synthesis, and SAR study of novel 4,5-dihydropyrazole-Thiazole derivatives with anti-inflammatory activities for the treatment of sepsis. [Abstract]

2021 Dec 5:225:113743. PMID: 34403978
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf

Regulation of Parkin in Cr (VI)-induced mitophagy in chicken hepatocytes. [Abstract]

2022 Dec 15:248:114315. PMID: 36423368
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf

Gestational cadmium exposure impairs placental angiogenesis via activating GC/GR signaling. [Abstract]

2021 Aug 16:224:112632. PMID: 34411824
Biochem Pharmacol

Discovery of novel CSF1R inhibitor for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treatment through TAMs reprogramming. [Abstract]

2026 Aug;250(Pt 1):117984. PMID: 42000076
Mech Ageing Dev

PCSK9 promotes aging-related cardiac calcification by inducing osteogenic differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts. [Abstract]

2026 Aug:232:112215. PMID: 42320599
Cell Mol Life Sci

Myogenic enhancer snatching promotes adipogenic differentiation during epigenetic reprogramming mediated by lineage-specific transcription factors. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 19;82(1):412. PMID: 41258103
Biochem Pharmacol

Irisin alleviates steroid-induced vascular dysfunction by regulating the αVβ5-c-Abl-Caveolin-1 signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Jun:236:116870. PMID: 40086515
Biochem Pharmacol

20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 promotes myoblast differentiation and protects against myotube atrophy via regulation of the Akt/mTOR/FoxO3 pathway. [Abstract]

2020 Oct:180:114145. PMID: 32653593

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biochem Pharmacol. 2020 Oct:180:114145. [Abstract]

After C2C12 myotubes are incubated with Dexamethasone (DEX) and S-Rg3 for 24 h, myotube levels of MuRF1 and atrogin-1 are detected using Western blot analysis.

Dexamethasone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biochem Pharmacol. 2020 Oct:180:114145. [Abstract]

Translocation of FoxO3 after treatment with S-Rg3 in DEX-treated C2C12 myotubes was investigated by immunofluorescence staining.
Life Sci

Mucin 1 downregulation impairs the anti-necroptotic effects of glucocorticoids in human bronchial epithelial cells. [Abstract]

2019 Mar 15:221:168-177. PMID: 30738043
Nanoscale Adv

Dexamethasone-loaded lipid-polymeric nanoparticles to improve therapy for cisplatin-induced sensorineural hearing loss. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 21. PMID: 41278499
J Mater Chem B

Oxidized chondroitin sulfate eye drops ameliorate the prognosis of fungal keratitis with anti-inflammatory and antifungal effects. [Abstract]

2022 Oct 5;10(38):7847-7861. PMID: 36070420
Drug Des Devel Ther

ED-71 Prevents Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis by Regulating Osteoblast Differentiation via Notch and Wnt/β-Catenin Pathways. [Abstract]

2022 Nov 15:16:3929-3946. PMID: 36411860
Cells

The Asp-Encoding Gene FBN1 Mediates Cold Adaptation in Sunite Sheep by Reprogramming Adipocyte Differentiation Towards Thermogenesis. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 11;15(4):329. PMID: 41744772
Ceram Int

2025 Nov 7.
ACS Biomater Sci Eng

Mechanoresponsive Drug Loading System with Tunable Host-Guest Interactions for Ocular Disease Treatment. [Abstract]

2022 Nov 14;8(11):4850-4862. PMID: 36214483
J Biomed Inform

From Centralized to Ad-Hoc Knowledge Base Construction for Hypotheses Generation. [Abstract]

2023 Jun:142:104383. PMID: 37196989
Commun Biol

Macrophage-derived IL-1β directs fibroblast progenitor cell fate via metabolic reprogramming in wound healing. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 27;8(1):1291. PMID: 40866544
Commun Biol

Pantothenic acid ameliorates hepatic fibrosis by targeting IGFBP6 to regulate the TGF-β/SMADs pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 29;8(1):1127. PMID: 40730679
Commun Biol

Inhibition of inner ear macrophage phagocytosis alleviates cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 30;8(1):1134. PMID: 40739377
Commun Biol

Prenatal dexamethasone exposure reduces osteoprogenitor proliferation in mice via histone modifications at the Mkp-1 gene locus. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 28;7(1):1589. PMID: 39609620
Nat Prod Bioprospect

Essential oil extracted from Quzhou Aurantii Fructus prevents acute liver failure through inhibiting lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammatory response. [Abstract]

2023 Oct 7;13(1):36. PMID: 37804362
Commun Biol

A pipeline for malignancy and therapy agnostic assessment of cancer drug response using cell mass measurements. [Abstract]

2022 Nov 26;5(1):1295. PMID: 36435843
Eur J Pharmacol

Isoliquiritigenin ameliorates Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced acute lung injury through inhibiting lung epithelial cell ferroptosis via PPARγ/Nrf2/GPX4 axis. [Abstract]

2026 Jul 10:1029:179018. PMID: 42178009
Pharmaceuticals (Basel)

Diosmetin Alleviates MRSA-Induced Pneumonia in Mice by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and NF-κB Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]

2026 May;19(5):674. PMID: 42198348
Eur J Pharmacol

Purmorphamine attenuates dexamethasone-induced suppression of neurite outgrowth through sonic hedgehog signaling in Neuro2a cells. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 12:1011:178434. PMID: 41349709
Eur J Pharmacol

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2026 Jan 10:1010:178362. PMID: 41276104
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The Differential Effects of Immunosuppressants on Hepatitis E Virus Replication and the Triggered Inflammatory Responses in Macrophages. [Abstract]

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Brutons tyrosine kinase inhibitor Zanubrutinib modulates Fc gamma receptors to inhibit platelet destruction for alleviation of refractory immune thrombocytopenia. [Abstract]

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Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (254.80 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

Ethanol : 8.33 mg/mL (21.23 mM; Need ultrasonic)

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

2.5480 mL

12.7402 mL

25.4803 mL

5 mM

0.5096 mL

2.5480 mL

5.0961 mL

10 mM

0.2548 mL

1.2740 mL

2.5480 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.

Molarity Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass Mass

Concentration Concentration

Volume Volume

Molecular Weight Molecular Weight

Dilution Calculator

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

Concentration _(start) Concentration _(start)

Volume _(start) Volume _(start)

Concentration _(final) Concentration _(final)

Volume _(final) Volume _(final)

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

Stock Solution Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 5% DMSO 95% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.37 mM); Clear solution

Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline

Solubility: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (5.30 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

Protocol 3

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

Solubility: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (5.30 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

Protocol 4

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil

Solubility: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (5.30 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:

It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.

The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 0.5% CMC-Na/saline water

Solubility: 18.18 mg/mL (46.32 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage Dosage
mg/kg
Animal Weight (Per Animal) Animal Weight (Per Animal)
g
Dosing Volume (Per Animal) Dosing Volume (Per Animal)
μL
Number of Animals Number of Animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Please enter your animal formula composition:

%
DMSO +

Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
%
+
+
%
Tween-80 + +
%
Saline +

The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).

Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL

Protocol

Animal Administration^[3]^[4]

Mice^[3]
Female C57Bl/6JBom mice (age 10-12 weeks) are used in all experiments. Dexamethasone is administered as a single injection of 1 or 10 mg/kg. In one experiment, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) (100 and 500 mg/kg) is injected successively every 4•5 h, starting 1 h before challenge (five injections in total). Intratracheal administration is performed by instillation of 100 μL NAC (50, 100 or 500 mg/kg) or Dexamethasone (10 mg/kg) into the lungs of mice.
Rats^[4]
Male Sprague-Dawley rats are used.Dexamethasone-treated rats are injected intraperitoneally once daily with Dexamethasone (1.5 mg/kg body weight) for 5 days and are allowed to feed ad libitum. The Dexamethasone dose (1.5 mg/kg/day) and the duration of treatment (5 days) are specifically chosen as this treatment induced a reproducible and marked catabolic state. Control rats received no treatment and are fed ad libitum. In order to take into account the decrease in food intake induced by Dexamethasone treatment, a third group of pair-fed rats are used.

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Purity & Documentation

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (296 KB)
SDS (419 KB)
- English - EN (419 KB)
- Français - FR (419 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (419 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (419 KB)
- Español - ES (419 KB)
- Swedish - SV (419 KB)
- Italian - IT (419 KB)
- Korean - KR (419 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (419 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. LaLone CA, et al. Effects of a glucocorticoid receptor agonist, Dexamethasone, on fathead minnow reproduction, growth, and development. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2012 Mar;31(3):611-22. [Content Brief]

[2]. Adcock IM, et al. Ligand-induced differentiation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) trans-repression and transactivation: preferential targetting of NF-kappaB and lack of I-kappaB involvement. Br J Pharmacol. 1999 Jun;127(4):1003-11 [Content Brief]

[3]. Ballabh P, et al. Neutrophil and monocyte adhesion molecules in bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and effects of corticosteroids. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2004 Jan;89(1):F76-83. [Content Brief]

[4]. Yun Chen, et al. Glucocorticoids inhibit production of exosomes containing inflammatory microRNA-155 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory responses. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2018;11(7):3391-3397.

[5]. Song D, et al. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics of Dexamethasone in Rats. Drug Metab Dispos. 2020 Sep;48(9):811-818. [Content Brief]

[6]. Yoshioka Y, et al. Glabridin inhibits dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2019 Mar 30;664:157-166. [Content Brief]

[7]. Troncoso R, et al. Dexamethasone-induced autophagy mediates muscle atrophy through mitochondrial clearance. Cell Cycle. 2014;13(14):2281-95. [Content Brief]

[8]. Ong SL, et al. Hemodynamics of dexamethasone-induced hypertension in the rat. Hypertens Res. 2009 Oct;32(10):889-94. [Content Brief]

[9]. Nakamoto H, et al. Characterization of alterations of hemodynamics and neuroendocrine hormones in dexamethasone induced hypertension in dogs. Clin Exp Hypertens A. 1991;13(4):587-606. [Content Brief]

[10]. Mesripour A, et al. The effect of vitamin B6 on dexamethasone-induced depression in mice model of despair. Nutr Neurosci. 2019 Oct;22(10):744-749. [Content Brief]

[11]. Bhatt S, et al. Role of Aspirin and Dexamethasone against Experimentally Induced Depression in Rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2016 Jul;119(1):10-8. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
Ethanol / DMSO	1 mM	2.5480 mL	12.7402 mL	25.4803 mL	63.7008 mL
	5 mM	0.5096 mL	2.5480 mL	5.0961 mL	12.7402 mL
	10 mM	0.2548 mL	1.2740 mL	2.5480 mL	6.3701 mL
	15 mM	0.1699 mL	0.8493 mL	1.6987 mL	4.2467 mL
	20 mM	0.1274 mL	0.6370 mL	1.2740 mL	3.1850 mL
DMSO	25 mM	0.1019 mL	0.5096 mL	1.0192 mL	2.5480 mL
	30 mM	0.0849 mL	0.4247 mL	0.8493 mL	2.1234 mL
	40 mM	0.0637 mL	0.3185 mL	0.6370 mL	1.5925 mL
	50 mM	0.0510 mL	0.2548 mL	0.5096 mL	1.2740 mL
	60 mM	0.0425 mL	0.2123 mL	0.4247 mL	1.0617 mL
	80 mM	0.0319 mL	0.1593 mL	0.3185 mL	0.7963 mL
	100 mM	0.0255 mL	0.1274 mL	0.2548 mL	0.6370 mL

Dexamethasone

386 Cited Publications

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Dexamethasone

IBMX

Rosiglitazone

L-Ascorbic acid

Insulin (human)

Hydrocortisone

Indomethacin

Mifepristone

β-Glycerophosphate disodium salt pentahydrate

Forskolin

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Dexamethasone (Water Soluble)

Laduviglusib

Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Dexamethasone

All Antibiotic Isoforms

All ADC Payloads Isoforms

Biological Activity

Chemical Information

Publications (386)

Solvent & Solubility

Protocol

Purity & Documentation

References

Help & FAQs

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Dexamethasone

IBMX

Rosiglitazone

L-Ascorbic acid

Insulin (human)

Hydrocortisone

Indomethacin

Mifepristone

β-Glycerophosphate disodium salt pentahydrate

Forskolin

Prednisolone

Dexamethasone (Water Soluble)

Laduviglusib

Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Dexamethasone

All Antibiotic Isoforms

All ADC Payloads Isoforms

Biological Activity

Chemical Information

Publications (386)

Solvent & Solubility

Protocol

Purity & Documentation

References

Help & FAQs

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Dexamethasone Related Classifications

HY-14648 Related Classifications