Cat. No.: HY-B0819

Phoxim

Phoxim is an organophosphorus pesticide and an orally active inhibitor of cholinesterase and CYP3A, which induces neurotoxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans and causes nephrotoxicity characterized by glomerular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. Phoxim induces inhibition of the autophagy pathway. Phoxim induces dopaminergic neuron degeneration and exacerbates Aβ-induced paralysis. Phoxim damages enterocytes and disrupts intestinal barrier integrity. Phoxim induces ROS accumulation. Phoxim induces mitochondrial apoptosis, involving upregulation of Bad, Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9 and downregulation of Bcl-2. Phoxim inhibits mitochondrial functional enzymes (COX, Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase, SDH). Phoxim upregulates Nrf2 mRNA expression in the jejunal mucosa. Phoxim increases TNF-α and decreases IL-6 and IL-8 in the intestinal mucosa. Phoxim alters gut microbial composition by increasing total bacteria and Escherichia coli and reducing Lactobacillus. Phoxim enhances energy metabolism in silver carp by upregulating key glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes. Phoxim is used in research on neurodegenerative diseases, nephrotoxicity, intestinal oxidative stress and barrier dysfunction, and bacterial sepsis.

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CAS No.: 14816-18-3
화학식: C₁₂H₁₅N₂O₃PS
분자량:298.30

보관:

Solution, -20°C, 2 years

Phoxim Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 14816-18-3

Amount: USD 0.00

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Use of MCE Products

Strong Fluorescence Signal / Multi-Disciplinary Applications / High Fluorescence Specificity

Biological Activity
- 제품 설명
- IC₅₀ & Target
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Chemical Information
순도&문서
References
Calculators
Help & FAQs
Classifications
Bioz

Biological Activity

제품 설명

IC₅₀ & Target

^[1]^[3]^[2]

CYP3A

TNF-α

Caspase 8

Caspase 9

Caspase 3

IL-6

IL-8

All Cholinesterase (ChE) Isoforms :

AChE
BChE

All Cytochrome P450 Isoforms :

All Bcl-2 Family Isoforms :

All Caspase Isoforms :

All COX Isoforms :

All TNF Receptor Isoforms :

All Interleukin Related Isoforms :

In Vitro

Phoxim (1 mg/L; 12-24 h) induces oxidative stress in PK15 cells, manifested as increased ROS and MDA levels and decreased SOD activity^[2].
Phoxim (1 mg/L; 12-24 h) induces severe mitochondrial ultrastructural damage in PK15 cells, including swelling, membrane deformation, and vacuolization, decreases COX, Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase, and SDH activities, and induces a significant increase in apoptosis and a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential^[2].
Phoxim (1 mg/L; 12-24 h) upregulates pro-apoptotic genes (Bad, Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Caspase-9, cyto-c) and downregulates the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 in PK15 cells, thereby activating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway^[2].
Phoxim (0.5-5 μg/mL; in NGM medium; exposure for 24-48 h) induces a dose-dependent increase in mortality in Caenorhabditis elegans, with an LC₅₀ of 3.92 μg/mL, and inhibits growth, reduces body length and body width, decreases the number of dopaminergic neuronal processes in the BZ555 strain, accelerates Aβ-induced paralysis in the CL4176 strain, induces intestinal damage, and downregulates the expression of autophagy-related genes vps-34, atg-13, and unc-51^[1].
Phoxim alters the intestinal microbial composition of silver carp, promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria such as Cetobacterium, and may enhance the host's disease resistance^[4].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

ELISA Assay^[2]

Cell Line:

PK15 cells
Concentration:

1 mg/L
Incubation Time:

12 h; 24 h
Result:

Declined COX activity to 315.29 IU/L, Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase to 320.88 ng/L, and SDH to 475.46 U/L at 24 h.
Reduced COX to 354.54 IU/L, SDH to 580.26 U/L, and Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase to 310.80 ng/L at 12 h.

Apoptosis Analysis^[2]

Cell Line:

PK15 cells
Concentration:

1 mg/L
Incubation Time:

12 h; 24 h
Result:

Increased the apoptotic rate to 19.90% at 24 h.
Increased the apoptotic rate to 8.16% at 12 h.

Real Time qPCR^[2]

Cell Line:

PK15 cells
Concentration:

1 mg/L
Incubation Time:

12 h; 24 h
Result:

Elevated Bad to 1.64, Bax to 1.13, Caspase-3 to 1.40, Caspase-8 to 1.35, Caspase-9 to 1.48, and cyto-c to 1.16, while decreasing Bcl-2 to 0.81 at 12 h.
Increased Bad to 1.68, Bax to 1.09, Caspase-3 to 1.75, Caspase-8 to 1.82, Caspase-9 to 2.24, and cyto-c to 1.35, while decreasing Bcl-2 to 0.76 at 24 h.

In Vivo

Phoxim (500 mg/kg; diet; daily; 30 days) induces nephrotoxicity in piglets, manifested as elevated serum BUN (3.68 mmol/L) and CRE (121.82 μmol/L), oxidative stress, and mitochondrial apoptosis^[2].
Phoxim (20-180 mg/kg·BW; gavage; once daily; 28 days) induces intestinal toxicity in rats by causing villus damage, oxidative stress, disruption of barrier and immune function, and alterations in microbial community profiles, with these effects being more pronounced at the high dose of 180 mg/kg·BW^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model:

Piglets (5-week-old male, weighing 16.5 kg, healthy piglets fed a diet supplemented with phoxim)^[2]
Dosage:

500 mg/kg
Administration:

diet; daily; 30 days
Result:

Increased serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) to 3.68 mmol/L and creatinine (CRE) to 121.82 μmol/L.
Increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content to 1.96 nmol/mg protein and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) to 203.06 U/mg protein, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) to 0.31 U/mg protein, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) to 21.8 nmol/mg protein, catalase (CAT) to 7.41 U/mg protein, and glutathione (GSH) to 24.04 U/mg protein.
Induced serum ROS levels of 289.60 IU/mL.
Elevated mRNA expression of pro-apoptotic factors Bad (1.35), Bax (1.18), Caspase-3 (1.22), Caspase-8 (1.32), and Caspase-9 (1.34), while decreasing anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 (0.74).

Animal Model:

Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (male; 130-150 g; phoxim-induced intestinal toxicity)^[3]
Dosage:

20 mg/kg·BW; 180 mg/kg·BW
Administration:

gavage; once a day; 28 days
Result:

Decreased jejunum villus height at 180 mg/kg·BW.
Increased MDA content to 2.89 nmol/g mucosa and decreased GSH content to 61.6 mg/g mucosa and T-AOC to 0.88 U/mg mucosa in the jejunum at 180 mg/kg·BW.
Decreased GSH content to 49.0 mg/g mucosa and T-AOC to 0.78 U/mg mucosa in the ileum at 180 mg/kg·BW.
Increased mRNA expression of Nrf2 and GPx2 in jejunum mucosa and decreased SOD mRNA expression at 180 mg/kg·BW.
Increased TNF-α concentration to 400.1 ng/L in the jejunum and to 405.1 ng/L in the ileum, while decreasing IL-8 concentration to 467.4 ng/L in the ileum at 180 mg/kg·BW.
Decreased mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 in jejunum and ileum mucosa and increased TNF-α mRNA expression in both tissues at 180 mg/kg·BW.
Decreased mRNA expressions of occludin and claudin-4 in the jejunum and ileum mucosa at 180 mg/kg·BW.
Increased total bacteria to 19.5 and E. coli to 8.6, and decreased Lactobacillus to 10.5 in cecal digesta at 180 mg/kg·BW.

Related Protocols :

Chemical Information

CAS No. 14816-18-3
Appearance Liquid
분자량 298.30
화학식 C₁₂H₁₅N₂O₃PS
Color Colorless to light yellow
SMILES

S=P(OCC)(OCC)O/N=C(C#N)\C1=CC=CC=C1
선적

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
보관

Solution, -20°C, 2 years

순도&문서

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (292 KB)
SDS (393 KB)
- English - EN (393 KB)
- Français - FR (393 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (393 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (393 KB)
- Español - ES (393 KB)
- Swedish - SV (393 KB)
- Italian - IT (393 KB)
- Korean - KR (393 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (393 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Zhang M, et al. Phoxim induces neurotoxicity and intestinal damage in Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Pharmacol. 2025 Dec 9;16:1657527.

[2]. Zhang J, et al. Vitamin E-Inhibited Phoxim-Induced Renal Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Apoptosis In Vivo and In Vitro of Piglets. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland). 2023 Nov 14;12(11):2000.

[3]. Sun Y, et al. Vitamin E alleviates phoxim-induced toxic effects on intestinal oxidative stress, barrier function, and morphological changes in rats. Environmental science and pollution research international. 2018 Sep;25(26):26682-26692. [Content Brief]

[4]. Yang Y, et al. Effects of phoxim on antibacterial infection of silver carp. Fish & shellfish immunology. 2024 Jul;150:109628.

Calculators

몰농도 계산기

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass Mass

Concentration Concentration

Volume Volume

Molecular Weight Molecular Weight

농도 희석 계산기

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Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

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Phoxim

All Cholinesterase (ChE) Isoforms

All Cytochrome P450 Isoforms

All Bcl-2 Family Isoforms

All Caspase Isoforms

All COX Isoforms

All TNF Receptor Isoforms

All Interleukin Related Isoforms