Cat. No.: HY-17589A

Chloroquine

1197 Cited Publications

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Based on 1197 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Chloroquine is an antimalarial and anti-inflammatory agent widely used to treat malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine is an autophagy and toll-like receptors (TLRs) inhibitor. Chloroquine is highly effective in the control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection in vitro (EC₅₀=1.13 μM).

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Purity: 99.50%
CAS No.: 54-05-7
화학식: C₁₈H₂₆ClN₃
분자량:319.87

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* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light)

Chloroquine Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 54-05-7

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Fluorescent Dye

Strong Fluorescence Signal / Multi-Disciplinary Applications / High Fluorescence Specificity

Biological Activity
- 제품 설명
- IC₅₀ & Target
- Cellular Effect
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- In Vivo
Chemical Information
Publications (1197)
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Biological Activity

제품 설명

IC₅₀ & Target^[1]^[2][3]^[5]

Plasmodium

Malaria

TLRs

SARS-COV-2

HIV-1

All Parasite Isoforms :

All Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Isoforms :

All HIV Isoforms :

All Antibiotic Isoforms :

Cellular Effect

Cell Line	Type	Value	Description	References
184B5	GI₅₀	76.13 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human 184B5 cells after 48 hrs by SRB assay Cytotoxicity against human 184B5 cells after 48 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 19804979]
184B5	GI₅₀	76.13 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human 184B5 cells after 48 hrs by SRB assay Cytotoxicity against human 184B5 cells after 48 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 20106668]
184B5	IC₅₀	63.08 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Antiproliferative activity against human 184B5 cells after 72 hrs by SRB assay Antiproliferative activity against human 184B5 cells after 72 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 26602827]
184B5	IC₅₀	76.13 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human 184B5 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 48 hrs by SRB assay Cytotoxicity against human 184B5 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 48 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 28586716]
A-431	ED₅₀	>20 μg/mL Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human A431 cells after 3 days by sulforhodamine B assay Cytotoxicity against human A431 cells after 3 days by sulforhodamine B assay	[PMID: 8450319]
A549	IC₅₀	40 nM Compound: 1 (Chloroquine)	Cytotoxicity against human lung cell carcinoma A549 cell line Cytotoxicity against human lung cell carcinoma A549 cell line	[PMID: 15115412]
A549	IC₅₀	100 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Anticancer activity against human A549 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured for 72 hrs by MTT assay Anticancer activity against human A549 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured for 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 34303874]
A549	CC₅₀	144.2 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells infected with USUV 3345 isolate Arb276 pretreated with virus for 1 hr followed by infection of cells with compound treated-virus for 20 hrs by MTS assay Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells infected with USUV 3345 isolate Arb276 pretreated with virus for 1 hr followed by infection of cells with compound treated-virus for 20 hrs by MTS assay	[PMID: 36623328]
A549	CC₅₀	80.45 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells infected with ZIKV MR766 pretreated with virus for 1 hr followed by infection of cells with compound treated-virus for 30 hrs by MTS assay Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells infected with ZIKV MR766 pretreated with virus for 1 hr followed by infection of cells with compound treated-virus for 30 hrs by MTS assay	[PMID: 36623328]
BEAS-2B	IC₅₀	3.07 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Anticancer activity against human BEAS-2B cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured for 72 hrs by MTT assay Anticancer activity against human BEAS-2B cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured for 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 34303874]
BHK-21	CC₅₀	>20 μM Compound: 1; CQ	cytotoxicity against golden hamster BHK-21 cells incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay cytotoxicity against golden hamster BHK-21 cells incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 32845145]
BJ	EC₅₀	>25 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human BJ cells Cytotoxicity against human BJ cells	[PMID: 25316317]
BT-474	IC₅₀	>1000 μM Compound: 29; CQ	Cytotoxicity against human BT474 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human BT474 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 29211480]
BT-474	EC₅₀	4.8 μM Compound: 149	Inhibition of autophagy in human BT-474 cells Inhibition of autophagy in human BT-474 cells	[PMID: 36283182]
BT-483	GI₅₀	10.2 μM Compound: CQ	Growth inhibition of human BT-483 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay in presence of 10% FBS supplemented DMEM medium Growth inhibition of human BT-483 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay in presence of 10% FBS supplemented DMEM medium	[PMID: 19748786]
BXPC-3	IC₅₀	25 μM Compound: CQ, Lys01	Antiproliferative activity against human BxPC3 cells after 72 hrs by SRB method Antiproliferative activity against human BxPC3 cells after 72 hrs by SRB method	[PMID: 25699157]
BXPC-3	IC₅₀	>30 μM Compound: CQ	Antiproliferative activity against human BXPC-3 cells measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human BXPC-3 cells measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 36692906]
Caco-2	GI₅₀	38.67 μM Compound: CQ, 1	Antiproliferative activity against human Caco2 cells after 2 days by sulforhodamine B assay Antiproliferative activity against human Caco2 cells after 2 days by sulforhodamine B assay	[PMID: 24184076]
Cancer cell lines	IC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: CQ, chloroquine	Inhibition of cell proliferation of breast cancer cells (unknown origin) Inhibition of cell proliferation of breast cancer cells (unknown origin)	[PMID: 26135471]
Cancer cell lines	IC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: CQ, chloroquine	Inhibition of cell proliferation of lung cancer cells (unknown origin) Inhibition of cell proliferation of lung cancer cells (unknown origin)	[PMID: 26135471]
CCRF-CEM	IC₅₀	23 μM Compound: 1, CQ	Cytotoxicity against human CEM cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation by Coulter counter analysis Cytotoxicity against human CEM cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation by Coulter counter analysis	[PMID: 26114811]
CHO	CC₅₀	155 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against CHO cells assessed as cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against CHO cells assessed as cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25791675]
CHO	IC₅₀	35.8 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against CHO cells by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against CHO cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 26832222]
CHO	IC₅₀	57.84 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against CHO cells by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against CHO cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 29559277]
Erythrocyte	CC₅₀	>100 μg/mL Compound: Chloroquine	Hemolytic activity in human erythrocytes measured after 1 hr by microtiter plate method Hemolytic activity in human erythrocytes measured after 1 hr by microtiter plate method	[PMID: 27667552]
Erythrocyte	CC₅₀	466.66 ppm Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human RBC assessed as reduction in cell viability by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human RBC assessed as reduction in cell viability by MTT assay	[PMID: 31272837]
Erythrocyte	CC₅₀	466.66p pM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human RBC assessed as reduction in cell viability by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human RBC assessed as reduction in cell viability by MTT assay	[PMID: 31272837]
Erythrocyte	IC₅₀	0.188 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum RKL9 infected in human erythrocyte assessed as inhibition of parasite growth incubated for 24 hrs by two fold serial dilution assay Antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum RKL9 infected in human erythrocyte assessed as inhibition of parasite growth incubated for 24 hrs by two fold serial dilution assay	[PMID: 35985254]
Erythrocyte	CC₅₀	>100 μg/mL Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human erythrocytes Cytotoxicity against human erythrocytes	[PMID: 37556947]
Erythrocyte	IC₅₀	0.006 μM Compound: CQ	Antimalarial activity against synchronous ring stage Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 infected in human Erythrocyte assessed as inhibition of parasite growth incubated for 96 hrs supplemented with IPP by [3H]-hypoxanthine incorporation assay Antimalarial activity against synchronous ring stage Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 infected in human Erythrocyte assessed as inhibition of parasite growth incubated for 96 hrs supplemented with IPP by [3H]-hypoxanthine incorporation assay	[PMID: 39241483]
FM3A	EC₅₀	3.2 x 10^-5 M Compound: chloroquine	Compound was tested for cytotoxicity against FM3A mouse mammary cells. Compound was tested for cytotoxicity against FM3A mouse mammary cells.	[PMID: 10447961]
FM3A	EC₅₀	32 μM Compound: chloroquine	Antiproliferative activity against Mouse mammary tumor FM3A cells Antiproliferative activity against Mouse mammary tumor FM3A cells	[PMID: 10966746]
FM3A	EC₅₀	3.2 x 10^-5 M Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against mouse mammary tumor FM3A cells representing a model of host Cytotoxicity against mouse mammary tumor FM3A cells representing a model of host	[PMID: 11855978]
FM3A	EC₅₀	3.2 x 10^-5 M Compound: Chloroquine	In vitro cytotoxicity against mouse mammary FM3A cells In vitro cytotoxicity against mouse mammary FM3A cells	[PMID: 12036365]
FM3A	IC₅₀	19 nM Compound: CQ	Selectivity for FM3A cells over Plasmodium falciparum as mean EC50 ratio Selectivity for FM3A cells over Plasmodium falciparum as mean EC50 ratio	[PMID: 12408708]
FM3A	EC₅₀	0.00032 nM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity of compound was tested against mouse mammary tumor FM3A cells Cytotoxicity of compound was tested against mouse mammary tumor FM3A cells	[PMID: 12570385]
FM3A	EC₅₀	3.2 x 10^-5 M Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against FM3A mouse mammary cells Cytotoxicity against FM3A mouse mammary cells	[PMID: 13678413]
FM3A	EC₅₀	32 μM Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against mouse FM3A cell line Cytotoxicity against mouse FM3A cell line	[PMID: 16524728]
FM3A	EC₅₀	32 μM Compound: 1	Cytotoxicity against mouse FM3A cells assessed as inhibition of increase in cell density after 48 hrs Cytotoxicity against mouse FM3A cells assessed as inhibition of increase in cell density after 48 hrs	[PMID: 18479926]
HCA1	IC₅₀	>10 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against mouse HCA1 cells assessed as cell viability by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against mouse HCA1 cells assessed as cell viability by MTT assay	[PMID: 34558909]
HCC827	IC₅₀	76 μM Compound: CQ, Lys01	Antiproliferative activity against human HCC827 cells after 72 hrs by SRB method Antiproliferative activity against human HCC827 cells after 72 hrs by SRB method	[PMID: 25699157]
HCT-116	IC₅₀	33.7 μM Compound: 70	Cytotoxicity against human HCT116 cells after 72 hrs by WST1 assay Cytotoxicity against human HCT116 cells after 72 hrs by WST1 assay	[PMID: 12398531]
HCT-8	IC₅₀	27 nM Compound: chloroquine	Antimicrobial activity against Cryptosporidium parvum infected in human HCT-8 cells after 48 hrs by ELISA Antimicrobial activity against Cryptosporidium parvum infected in human HCT-8 cells after 48 hrs by ELISA	[PMID: 18591280]
HEK293	IC₅₀	12 μM Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HEK293 cells after 72 hrs by alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity against human HEK293 cells after 72 hrs by alamar blue assay	[PMID: 21155593]
HEK293	IC₅₀	600 μM Compound: chloroquine	Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for human HEK293 cells to IC50 for chloroquine, pyrimethamine, and mefloquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum Dd2 Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for human HEK293 cells to IC50 for chloroquine, pyrimethamine, and mefloquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum Dd2	[PMID: 21155593]
HEK293	IC₅₀	48 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells after 72 hrs by Alamar Blue assay Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells after 72 hrs by Alamar Blue assay	[PMID: 21190857]
HEK293	EC₅₀	>25 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells	[PMID: 25316317]
HEK293	IC₅₀	2.5 μM Compound: Ch	Inhibition of human ERG expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction in tail current at membrane potential of +20 mV Inhibition of human ERG expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction in tail current at membrane potential of +20 mV	[PMID: 25746816]
HEK293	IC₅₀	>120 nM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells by alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells by alamar blue assay	[PMID: 27212070]
HEK293	IC₅₀	40 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition after 72 hrs by Alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition after 72 hrs by Alamar blue assay	[PMID: 28774427]
HEK293	IC₅₀	0.49 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells after 72 hrs by resazurin dye based assay Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells after 72 hrs by resazurin dye based assay	[PMID: 29236492]
HEK293	CC₅₀	≥20 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells after 72 hrs by resazurin dye based assay Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells after 72 hrs by resazurin dye based assay	[PMID: 30537832]
HEK293	IC₅₀	>40 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells incubated for 72 hrs by resazurin dye based assay Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells incubated for 72 hrs by resazurin dye based assay	[PMID: 31961680]
HEK293	IC₅₀	>1000 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by neutral red dye based analysis Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by neutral red dye based analysis	[PMID: 33666415]
HEK293	IC₅₀	101.19 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HEK293 cells incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HEK293 cells incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 33744688]
HEK293	CC₅₀	20 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HEK293 cells assessed as cell viability measured for 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HEK293 cells assessed as cell viability measured for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 34303874]
HEK293	IC₅₀	>10 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 72 hrs by alamar blue dye based fluorescence assay Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 72 hrs by alamar blue dye based fluorescence assay	[PMID: 36799121]
HEK293	IC₅₀	17.21 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human HEK293 cells incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HEK293 cells incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 38107179]
HEK293	IC₅₀	265 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells incubated for 24 hrs by Neutral Red Uptake assay Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells incubated for 24 hrs by Neutral Red Uptake assay	[PMID: 39208744]
HEK-293T	IC₅₀	>50 μM Compound: 1, CQ	Cytotoxicity against HEK293T cells assessed as cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against HEK293T cells assessed as cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 24077527]
HEL	CC₅₀	58.5 μM Compound: 1, CQ	Cytotoxicity against human HEL cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability by colorimetric formazan-based MTS assay Cytotoxicity against human HEL cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability by colorimetric formazan-based MTS assay	[PMID: 26114811]
HEL 299	CC₅₀	33.6 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against HEL 299 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 1 to 2 hrs by MTS colorimetric assay Cytotoxicity against HEL 299 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 1 to 2 hrs by MTS colorimetric assay	[PMID: 35571875]
HeLa	IC₅₀	9.665 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells assessed as cell survival after 7 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells assessed as cell survival after 7 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 17768052]
HeLa	GI₅₀	18.6 μM Compound: CQ	Growth inhibition of human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay in presence of 10% FBS supplemented DMEM medium Growth inhibition of human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay in presence of 10% FBS supplemented DMEM medium	[PMID: 19748786]
HeLa	GI₅₀	2.1 μM Compound: CQ	Growth inhibition of human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay in presence of 100 uM ZnCl2 Growth inhibition of human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay in presence of 100 uM ZnCl2	[PMID: 19748786]
HeLa	GI₅₀	4.4 μM Compound: CQ	Growth inhibition of human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay in presence of 50 uM CuCl2 Growth inhibition of human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay in presence of 50 uM CuCl2	[PMID: 19748786]
HeLa	GI₅₀	5.3 μM Compound: CQ	Growth inhibition of human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay in presence of 10 uM CuCl2 Growth inhibition of human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay in presence of 10 uM CuCl2	[PMID: 19748786]
HeLa	GI₅₀	5.6 μM Compound: CQ	Growth inhibition of human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay in presence of 50 uM ZnCl2 Growth inhibition of human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay in presence of 50 uM ZnCl2	[PMID: 19748786]
HeLa	GI₅₀	6.1 μM Compound: CQ	Growth inhibition of human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay in presence of 1 uM CuCl2 Growth inhibition of human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay in presence of 1 uM CuCl2	[PMID: 19748786]
HeLa	IC₅₀	9.67 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells after 7 days by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells after 7 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 21489789]
HeLa	IC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 22858300]
HeLa	IC₅₀	12.48 μM Compound: CQ	Antiviral activity against VSV-G pseudotyped HIV1 lentiviral particles infected in human HeLa cells incubated for 48 hrs by spectrofluorometry Antiviral activity against VSV-G pseudotyped HIV1 lentiviral particles infected in human HeLa cells incubated for 48 hrs by spectrofluorometry	[PMID: 22858300]
HeLa	CC₅₀	>1000 μg/mL Compound: CQ	Cytotoxic activity against human HeLa cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxic activity against human HeLa cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25920564]
HeLa	EC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: 1, CQ	Antiviral activity against Coxsackievirus B4 infected in human HeLa cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by visual scoring analysis Antiviral activity against Coxsackievirus B4 infected in human HeLa cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by visual scoring analysis	[PMID: 26114811]
HeLa	EC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: 1, CQ	Antiviral activity against Respiratory syncytial virus infected in human HeLa cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by visual scoring analysis Antiviral activity against Respiratory syncytial virus infected in human HeLa cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by visual scoring analysis	[PMID: 26114811]
HeLa	EC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: 1, CQ	Antiviral activity against Vesicular stomatitis virus infected in human HeLa cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by visual scoring analysis Antiviral activity against Vesicular stomatitis virus infected in human HeLa cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by visual scoring analysis	[PMID: 26114811]
HeLa	IC₅₀	18 μM Compound: 1, CQ	Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation by Coulter counter analysis Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation by Coulter counter analysis	[PMID: 26114811]
HeLa	IC₅₀	29.96 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells after 72 hrs by SRB assay Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells after 72 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 26602827]
HeLa	EC₅₀	19.6 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Inhibition of lysosomal acidification in human HeLa cells incubated for 3 hrs by LysoTracker Red DND-99 staining based array scan method Inhibition of lysosomal acidification in human HeLa cells incubated for 3 hrs by LysoTracker Red DND-99 staining based array scan method	[PMID: 32356659]
HeLa	IC₅₀	>1000 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by neutral red dye based analysis Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by neutral red dye based analysis	[PMID: 33666415]
HeLa	IC₅₀	8.54 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells assessed as cell growth inhibition Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells assessed as cell growth inhibition	[PMID: 33989911]
Hep 3B2	IC₅₀	>10 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human Hep3B cells assessed as cell viability by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human Hep3B cells assessed as cell viability by MTT assay	[PMID: 34558909]
Hepatocyte	IC₅₀	200 μM Compound: 13 Chloroquine	Inhibition of apamin-sensitive SKCa channel of guinea-pig hepatocytes Inhibition of apamin-sensitive SKCa channel of guinea-pig hepatocytes	[PMID: 15225721]
Hepatocyte	IC₅₀	1900 nM Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against rat hepatocytes Cytotoxicity against rat hepatocytes	[PMID: 16434194]
HepG2	IC₅₀	30 μM Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 17981462]
HepG2	IC₅₀	30 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 19482476]
HepG2	IC₅₀	30 μM Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 19926173]
HepG2	IC₅₀	415 μM Compound: chloroquine	Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for human HepG2 cells to IC50 for chloroquine, pyrimethamine, and mefloquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum Dd2 Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for human HepG2 cells to IC50 for chloroquine, pyrimethamine, and mefloquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum Dd2	[PMID: 21155593]
HepG2	IC₅₀	8.3 μM Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 72 hrs by alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 72 hrs by alamar blue assay	[PMID: 21155593]
HepG2	IC₅₀	12.9 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 72 hrs by Alamar Blue assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 72 hrs by Alamar Blue assay	[PMID: 21190857]
HepG2	CC₅₀	30 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 21741131]
HepG2	CC₅₀	30 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 21852132]
HepG2	GI₅₀	22.16 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 48 hrs by lactate dehydrogenase assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 48 hrs by lactate dehydrogenase assay	[PMID: 21882831]
HepG2	EC₅₀	25 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as intracellular ATP level after 72 hrs by Celltiter-Glo luminescent assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as intracellular ATP level after 72 hrs by Celltiter-Glo luminescent assay	[PMID: 21910466]
HepG2	IC₅₀	116 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 24 hrs by MTS assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 24 hrs by MTS assay	[PMID: 22321992]
HepG2	IC₅₀	116 μM Compound: CHL, CLQ	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 24 hrs by MTS assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 24 hrs by MTS assay	[PMID: 22380766]
HepG2	CC₅₀	30 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 22608675]
HepG2	CC₅₀	30 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 22889559]
HepG2	CC₅₀	504.1 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 23353738]
HepG2	CC₅₀	810 μM Compound: 1	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 24469080]
HepG2	EC₅₀	>10000 nM Compound: 36	Antimicrobial activity against Plasmodium berghei sporozoites infected in 12 hrs compound pretreated human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in viability of exoerythrocytic forms measured after 48 hrs of incubation by luciferase bioluminescence assay Antimicrobial activity against Plasmodium berghei sporozoites infected in 12 hrs compound pretreated human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in viability of exoerythrocytic forms measured after 48 hrs of incubation by luciferase bioluminescence assay	[PMID: 24641010]
HepG2	CC₅₀	30 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 24858543]
HepG2	IC₅₀	>10 μM Compound: CQ	Antimalarial activity against exo-erythrocytic form of Plasmodium berghei infected in human HepG2 cells after 48 hrs Antimalarial activity against exo-erythrocytic form of Plasmodium berghei infected in human HepG2 cells after 48 hrs	[PMID: 24904967]
HepG2	IC₅₀	>10 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 48 hrs Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 48 hrs	[PMID: 24904967]
HepG2	CC₅₀	30 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 24946216]
HepG2	CC₅₀	30 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25282267]
HepG2	EC₅₀	>25 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells	[PMID: 25316317]
HepG2	IC₅₀	12020 ng/mL Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25654185]
HepG2	GI₅₀	43.09 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth after 48 hrs by LDH assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth after 48 hrs by LDH assay	[PMID: 25684422]
HepG2	CC₅₀	1.6 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells expressing CD81 assessed as cell viability after 72 hrs by CellTiter-glo assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells expressing CD81 assessed as cell viability after 72 hrs by CellTiter-glo assay	[PMID: 25791675]
HepG2	CC₅₀	30 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25791675]
HepG2	IC₅₀	1650 nM Compound: Chloroquine	Antiplasmodial activity against liver stage of Plasmodium yoelii 17X NL sporozoites infected in human HepG2 cells expressing CD81 after 48 hrs by DAPI staining-based immunofluorescence analysis Antiplasmodial activity against liver stage of Plasmodium yoelii 17X NL sporozoites infected in human HepG2 cells expressing CD81 after 48 hrs by DAPI staining-based immunofluorescence analysis	[PMID: 25791675]
HepG2	CC₅₀	>1000 μg/mL Compound: CQ	Cytotoxic activity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxic activity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25920564]
HepG2	IC₅₀	25 μM Compound: CQ, chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell number incubated for 72 hrs Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell number incubated for 72 hrs	[PMID: 26135471]
HepG2	IC₅₀	9 μM Compound: CQ	Antimalarial activity against sporozoite stage of Plasmodium berghei yoelii infected in human HepG2 cells Antimalarial activity against sporozoite stage of Plasmodium berghei yoelii infected in human HepG2 cells	[PMID: 26640981]
HepG2	CC₅₀	30 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 27155463]
HepG2	CC₅₀	30 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 27654395]
HepG2	CC₅₀	393 μM Compound: 4	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 29324340]
HepG2	EC₅₀	10.1 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 48 hrs by CellTiter-Glo assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 48 hrs by CellTiter-Glo assay	[PMID: 29800827]
HepG2	EC₅₀	384 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 29879353]
HepG2	CC₅₀	137.42 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 30199706]
HepG2	IC₅₀	37577 nM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells measured after 24 to 36 hrs by resazurin dye based fluorescence assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells measured after 24 to 36 hrs by resazurin dye based fluorescence assay	[PMID: 30852885]
HepG2	IC₅₀	37577 nM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 32390431]
HepG2	EC₅₀	10430 nM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTS assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTS assay	[PMID: 32959656]
HepG2	IC₅₀	384 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 33158577]
HepG2	CC₅₀	>30 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by CellTiter-Glo assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by CellTiter-Glo assay	[PMID: 33620219]
HepG2	IC₅₀	73.7 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by neutral red dye based analysis Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by neutral red dye based analysis	[PMID: 33666415]
HepG2	IC₅₀	37577 nM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured for 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured for 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 34111350]
HepG2	IC₅₀	49.02 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Anticancer activity against human HepG2 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured for 72 hrs by MTT assay Anticancer activity against human HepG2 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured for 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 34303874]
HepG2	CC₅₀	30 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 34364164]
HepG2	IC₅₀	>10 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as cell viability by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as cell viability by MTT assay	[PMID: 34558909]
HepG2	CC₅₀	>200 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 37130472]
HepG2	CC₅₀	30 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 37857143]
HepG2	CC₅₀	398 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 38290351]
HepG2	CC₅₀	30 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 38452406]
HFF-1	GI₅₀	>100 μM Compound: CQ, 1	Antiproliferative activity against human HFF1 cells after 2 days by sulforhodamine B assay Antiproliferative activity against human HFF1 cells after 2 days by sulforhodamine B assay	[PMID: 24184076]
HL-60	GI₅₀	128 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells by alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells by alamar blue assay	[PMID: 23266185]
HL-60	IC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 29398445]
HMEC-1	IC₅₀	>32000 nM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against HMEC1 cells by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against HMEC1 cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 18562202]
HMEC-1	CC₅₀	>32000 nM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against HMEC1 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against HMEC1 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 20797868]
HMEC-1	IC₅₀	>38000 nM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human HMEC1 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HMEC1 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 22901673]
HMEC-1	IC₅₀	>38000 nM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human HMEC1 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HMEC1 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 22917857]
HMEC-1	CC₅₀	>38 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against HMEC1 assessed as cell growth inhibition after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against HMEC1 assessed as cell growth inhibition after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25311562]
HMEC-1	IC₅₀	>38 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against HMEC1 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against HMEC1 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25497962]
HMEC-1	IC₅₀	>20 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against HMEC1 assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against HMEC1 assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 26081764]
HMEC-1	IC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: CQ	Antiproliferative activity against SV40 large T-antigen 38 immortalized HMEC1 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against SV40 large T-antigen 38 immortalized HMEC1 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 28128956]
HMEC-1	IC₅₀	>40 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity in human HMEC1 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity in human HMEC1 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 30996801]
HT-1080	ED₅₀	6.5 μg/mL Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HT1080 cells after 3 days by sulforhodamine B assay Cytotoxicity against human HT1080 cells after 3 days by sulforhodamine B assay	[PMID: 8450319]
HT-29	IC₅₀	3.6 μM Compound: CQ, Lys01	Cytotoxicity against human HT-29 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HT-29 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25699157]
HT-29	IC₅₀	58000 ng/mL Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human HT-29 cells after 72 hrs by Alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity against human HT-29 cells after 72 hrs by Alamar blue assay	[PMID: 9644053]
Huh-7	CC₅₀	12.42 μM Compound: GNF-Pf-4216	NOVARTIS: Cytotoxicity against human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (Huh7) NOVARTIS: Cytotoxicity against human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (Huh7)	[PMID: 18579783]
Huh-7	IC₅₀	15.9 μM Compound: 1, CQ	Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium berghei liver stage form transfected in human Huh-7 cells assessed as cell viability after 48 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium berghei liver stage form transfected in human Huh-7 cells assessed as cell viability after 48 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 23273038]
Huh-7	IC₅₀	>15 μM Compound: CQ	Antiplasmodial activity against liver stage of Plasmodium berghei expressing GFP-Luc infected in HuH7 cells incubated at 1 hr prior to infection followed by compound replenisment at 24 hrs post-infection measured after 48 hrs by Alamar blue assay Antiplasmodial activity against liver stage of Plasmodium berghei expressing GFP-Luc infected in HuH7 cells incubated at 1 hr prior to infection followed by compound replenisment at 24 hrs post-infection measured after 48 hrs by Alamar blue assay	[PMID: 23290049]
Huh-7	CC₅₀	>50 μM Compound: 1; CQ	Cytotoxicity against human Huh-7 cells incubated for 1 hr by MTS assay Cytotoxicity against human Huh-7 cells incubated for 1 hr by MTS assay	[PMID: 32845145]
Huh-7	CC₅₀	>100 μg/mL Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human Huh-7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human Huh-7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 36306538]
Huh-7	CC₅₀	58.51 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human Huh-7 cells infected with ZIKV MR766 pretreated with virus for 1 hr followed by infection of cells with compound treated-virus for 30 hrs by MTS assay Cytotoxicity against human Huh-7 cells infected with ZIKV MR766 pretreated with virus for 1 hr followed by infection of cells with compound treated-virus for 30 hrs by MTS assay	[PMID: 36623328]
Huh-7	CC₅₀	75.49 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human Huh-7 cells infected with USUV 3345 isolate Arb276 pretreated with virus for 1 hr followed by infection of cells with compound treated-virus for 20 hrs by MTS assay Cytotoxicity against human Huh-7 cells infected with USUV 3345 isolate Arb276 pretreated with virus for 1 hr followed by infection of cells with compound treated-virus for 20 hrs by MTS assay	[PMID: 36623328]
HUVEC	CC₅₀	31.5 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against HUVEC cells assessed as reduction in cell viability Cytotoxicity against HUVEC cells assessed as reduction in cell viability	[PMID: 34116159]
J774	EC₅₀	47.2 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against mouse J774 cells Cytotoxicity against mouse J774 cells	[PMID: 27291102]
J774	EC₅₀	47.2 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against mouse J774 cells after 72 hrs by CellTiter-96 aqueous one solution cell proliferation assay Cytotoxicity against mouse J774 cells after 72 hrs by CellTiter-96 aqueous one solution cell proliferation assay	[PMID: 29215279]
J774.1	IC₅₀	18.4 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against mouse J774.1 cells after 24 hrs by AlamarBlue based cytotoxicity assay Cytotoxicity against mouse J774.1 cells after 24 hrs by AlamarBlue based cytotoxicity assay	[PMID: 27316542]
Jurkat	IC₅₀	95 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human Jurkat cells after 20 hrs by propidium iodide staining based flow cytometry Cytotoxicity against human Jurkat cells after 20 hrs by propidium iodide staining based flow cytometry	[PMID: 29398445]
Jurkat E6.1	IC₅₀	83.64 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human Jurkat E6-1 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human Jurkat E6-1 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 29398445]
K562	IC₅₀	29030 nM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human K562 cells by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human K562 cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 18562202]
K562	CC₅₀	9.7 μM Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human K562 cells assessed as radioactive thymidine incorporation after 24 hrs Cytotoxicity against human K562 cells assessed as radioactive thymidine incorporation after 24 hrs	[PMID: 18680278]
K562	IC₅₀	32 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human K562 cells after 72 hrs by flow cytometry Cytotoxicity against human K562 cells after 72 hrs by flow cytometry	[PMID: 19482476]
K562	IC₅₀	32 μM Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human K562 cells after 72 hrs by flow cytometry Cytotoxicity against human K562 cells after 72 hrs by flow cytometry	[PMID: 19926173]
K562	CC₅₀	>25000 nM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human K562 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human K562 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 20797868]
K562	IC₅₀	25.3 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Toxicity in human K562 cells assessed as effect on cell growth measured after 24 hrs by [3H]thymidine incorporation based assay Toxicity in human K562 cells assessed as effect on cell growth measured after 24 hrs by [3H]thymidine incorporation based assay	[PMID: 32687714]
K562	IC₅₀	43.8 μg/mL Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against Homo sapiens (human) K562 cells by Sulphorhodamine B assay Cytotoxicity against Homo sapiens (human) K562 cells by Sulphorhodamine B assay	10.1007/s00044-011-9694-1
KB	ED₅₀	17.4 μg/mL Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human KB cells after 72 hrs Cytotoxicity against human KB cells after 72 hrs	[PMID: 11421741]
KB	IC₅₀	20.4 μM Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human KB cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human KB cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 11809075]
KB	IC₅₀	51.4 μg/mL Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human KB cells Cytotoxicity against human KB cells	[PMID: 12398543]
KB	IC₅₀	17400 ng/mL Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human KB cells Cytotoxicity against human KB cells	[PMID: 1294700]
KB	ED₅₀	30.8 μM Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human KB cells by SRB assay Cytotoxicity against human KB cells by SRB assay	[PMID: 16562832]
KB	ED₅₀	17.4 μg/mL Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human KB cells Cytotoxicity against human KB cells	[PMID: 16933872]
KB	CC₅₀	187 μM Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human KB cells Cytotoxicity against human KB cells	[PMID: 17548196]
KB	IC₅₀	110 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human KB cells after 48 hrs by alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity against human KB cells after 48 hrs by alamar blue assay	[PMID: 18215443]
KB	ED₅₀	260 μM Compound: 1	Cytotoxicity against human KB cells Cytotoxicity against human KB cells	[PMID: 18278859]
KB	IC₅₀	97.48 μM Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human KB cells Cytotoxicity against human KB cells	[PMID: 18774709]
KB	IC₅₀	22.5 μM Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human KB cells after 72 hrs by MTS assay Cytotoxicity against human KB cells after 72 hrs by MTS assay	[PMID: 19879150]
KB	CC₅₀	44 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human KB cells after 72 hrs by alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity against human KB cells after 72 hrs by alamar blue assay	[PMID: 20014857]
KB	IC₅₀	35.95 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human KB cells assessed as growth inhibition Cytotoxicity against human KB cells assessed as growth inhibition	[PMID: 21705220]
KB	IC₅₀	97725.5 nM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human KB cells assessed as cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human KB cells assessed as cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 24148834]
KB	IC₅₀	34 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human KB cells after 72 hrs by Alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity against human KB cells after 72 hrs by Alamar blue assay	[PMID: 24900724]
KB	IC₅₀	27 μg/mL Compound: chloroquine	Inhibitory activity against herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) replication in KB cells Inhibitory activity against herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) replication in KB cells	[PMID: 2838633]
KB	IC₅₀	85 μg/mL Compound: chloroquine	In vitro cytotoxicity against herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) HF strain in infected KB cells In vitro cytotoxicity against herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) HF strain in infected KB cells	[PMID: 2838633]
KB	ED₅₀	17.4 μg/mL Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human KB cells after 3 days by sulforhodamine B assay Cytotoxicity against human KB cells after 3 days by sulforhodamine B assay	[PMID: 8450319]
KB	IC₅₀	17400 ng/mL Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human KB cells Cytotoxicity against human KB cells	[PMID: 8759172]
KB	IC₅₀	17400 ng/mL Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human KB cells Cytotoxicity against human KB cells	[PMID: 9134742]
KB	ED₅₀	33700 nM Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human KB cells after 72 hrs by SRB assay Cytotoxicity against human KB cells after 72 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 9917283]
KB-V1	ED₅₀	7.8 μg/mL Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human KBV1 cells after 3 days by sulforhodamine B assay Cytotoxicity against human KBV1 cells after 3 days by sulforhodamine B assay	[PMID: 8450319]
L02	IC₅₀	15 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Anticancer activity against human L02 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured for 72 hrs by MTT assay Anticancer activity against human L02 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured for 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 34303874]
L1210	IC₅₀	15 μM Compound: 1, CQ	Cytotoxicity against mouse L1210 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation by Coulter counter analysis Cytotoxicity against mouse L1210 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation by Coulter counter analysis	[PMID: 26114811]
L6	IC₅₀	188.5 μM Compound: chl	Cytotoxicity against L6 cells Cytotoxicity against L6 cells	[PMID: 16889962]
L6	IC₅₀	188.5 nM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells by alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells by alamar blue assay	[PMID: 17178177]
L6	IC₅₀	7.7 μM Compound: 1	Cytotoxicity against L6 cells Cytotoxicity against L6 cells	[PMID: 17280835]
L6	IC₅₀	188.5 μM Compound: chl	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 72 hrs by microplate assay Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 72 hrs by microplate assay	[PMID: 17544672]
L6	IC₅₀	188.5 μM Compound: Chl	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells	[PMID: 17698258]
L6	IC₅₀	117 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells	[PMID: 17948982]
L6	IC₅₀	0.23 μM Compound: chloroquine	Antiparasitic activity against chloroquine, pyrimethamine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K1 erythrocyte stage infected rat L6 cells Antiparasitic activity against chloroquine, pyrimethamine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K1 erythrocyte stage infected rat L6 cells	[PMID: 17949068]
L6	IC₅₀	188.5 μM Compound: chloroquine (chl)	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 72 hrs by microplate alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 72 hrs by microplate alamar blue assay	[PMID: 18502136]
L6	IC₅₀	117 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells	[PMID: 18841956]
L6	IC₅₀	70.1 μM Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells	[PMID: 19091562]
L6	IC₅₀	117 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 70 hrs by alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 70 hrs by alamar blue assay	[PMID: 19267462]
L6	IC₅₀	188.5 μM Compound: Chl	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 72 hrs by alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 72 hrs by alamar blue assay	[PMID: 19395265]
L6	IC₅₀	116.9 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells	[PMID: 19409677]
L6	IC₅₀	117 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 70 hrs by alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 70 hrs by alamar blue assay	[PMID: 19606902]
L6	IC₅₀	43.1 μM Compound: chloroquine	Toxicity against rat L6 cells Toxicity against rat L6 cells	[PMID: 19781948]
L6	IC₅₀	188.5 μM Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells	[PMID: 19879671]
L6	IC₅₀	117 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 70 hrs by alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 70 hrs by alamar blue assay	[PMID: 19928900]
L6	IC₅₀	0.25 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine and pyrimethamine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K1 infected in rat L6 cells Antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine and pyrimethamine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K1 infected in rat L6 cells	[PMID: 19942439]
L6	IC₅₀	188.5 μM Compound: chl	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells	[PMID: 20709557]
L6	IC₅₀	0.178 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Antiparasitic activity against Plasmodium falciparum K1 infected in rat L6 cells assessed as inhibition of parasite growth preincubated for 48 hrs before [3H]hypoxanthine addition measured after 24 hrs by [3H]hypoxanthine incorporation assay Antiparasitic activity against Plasmodium falciparum K1 infected in rat L6 cells assessed as inhibition of parasite growth preincubated for 48 hrs before [3H]hypoxanthine addition measured after 24 hrs by [3H]hypoxanthine incorporation assay	[PMID: 21937228]
L6	IC₅₀	188.5 μM Compound: chl	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells	[PMID: 22136906]
L6	IC₅₀	0.11 μg/mL Compound: Chloroquine	Antimalarial activity against chloroquine and pyrimethamine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K1 infected in rat L6 cells assessed as [3H]-hypoxanthine incorporation after 48 hrs by liquid scintillation counting Antimalarial activity against chloroquine and pyrimethamine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K1 infected in rat L6 cells assessed as [3H]-hypoxanthine incorporation after 48 hrs by liquid scintillation counting	[PMID: 22352841]
L6	IC₅₀	76.5 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 72 hrs by Alamar Blue assay Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 72 hrs by Alamar Blue assay	[PMID: 23795673]
L6	IC₅₀	117 mM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 72 hrs by Alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 72 hrs by Alamar blue assay	[PMID: 23871911]
L6	IC₅₀	188.5 μM Compound: Chl	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 72 hrs by microplate fluorometry Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 72 hrs by microplate fluorometry	[PMID: 23880082]
L6	IC₅₀	0.007 μg/mL Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 70 hrs by alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 70 hrs by alamar blue assay	[PMID: 24056020]
L6	IC₅₀	76.5 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells assessed as cell viability after 70 hrs by Alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells assessed as cell viability after 70 hrs by Alamar blue assay	[PMID: 24268543]
L6	IC₅₀	76.5 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 3 days by Alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 3 days by Alamar blue assay	[PMID: 24956553]
L6	IC₅₀	78 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 72 hrs by alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 72 hrs by alamar blue assay	[PMID: 25195945]
L6	IC₅₀	188.5 μM Compound: Ch	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 72 hrs by alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 72 hrs by alamar blue assay	[PMID: 25746816]
L6	IC₅₀	120 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells	[PMID: 27156774]
L6	IC₅₀	188.5 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by Alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by Alamar blue assay	[PMID: 27344215]
L6	IC₅₀	90.92 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 70 hrs by alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 70 hrs by alamar blue assay	[PMID: 28031151]
L6	IC₅₀	90.92 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 70 hrs by alamar blue staining based fluorometric assay Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 70 hrs by alamar blue staining based fluorometric assay	[PMID: 28279559]
L6	IC₅₀	91 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by alamar blue assay	[PMID: 28284860]
L6	CC₅₀	92.8 μM Compound: CHQ	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cels assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by Alamar Blue dye-based fluorometric analysis Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cels assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by Alamar Blue dye-based fluorometric analysis	[PMID: 30615444]
L6	IC₅₀	188.5 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity in rat L6 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity in rat L6 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by alamar blue assay	[PMID: 30962114]
L6	IC₅₀	91 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 72 hrs by Alamar blue based inverted microscopy analysis Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 72 hrs by Alamar blue based inverted microscopy analysis	[PMID: 31784198]
L6	IC₅₀	116.9 μM Compound: chl	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 70 hrs by Alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 70 hrs by Alamar blue assay	[PMID: 33148495]
L929	EC₅₀	18.6 μg/mL Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against mouse L929 cells by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against mouse L929 cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 16854076]
L929	IC₅₀	14 μg/mL Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against mouse L929 cells after 5 days by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against mouse L929 cells after 5 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 18922036]
LN-229	IC₅₀	3.6 μM Compound: CQ, Lys01	Cytotoxicity against human LN229 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human LN229 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25699157]
LNCaP	IC₅₀	32.87 μM Compound: CQ, chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human LNCAP cells assessed as reduction in cell number incubated for 72 hrs Cytotoxicity against human LNCAP cells assessed as reduction in cell number incubated for 72 hrs	[PMID: 26135471]
LNCaP	ED₅₀	14.3 μg/mL Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human LNCAP cells after 3 days by sulforhodamine B assay Cytotoxicity against human LNCAP cells after 3 days by sulforhodamine B assay	[PMID: 8450319]
Lymphocyte	IC₅₀	12 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against C57B1/6J mouse splenic lymphocyte after 24 hrs by alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity against C57B1/6J mouse splenic lymphocyte after 24 hrs by alamar blue assay	[PMID: 20088608]
Lymphocyte	IC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human lymphocytes after 24 to 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human lymphocytes after 24 to 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 29398445]
Mahlavu	IC₅₀	>10 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human Mahlavu cells assessed as cell viability by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human Mahlavu cells assessed as cell viability by MTT assay	[PMID: 34558909]
MCF-10A	GI₅₀	81.26 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human MCF10A cells after 48 hrs by SRB assay Cytotoxicity against human MCF10A cells after 48 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 19804979]
MCF-10A	GI₅₀	81.26 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human MCF10A cells after 48 hrs by SRB assay Cytotoxicity against human MCF10A cells after 48 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 20106668]
MCF-10A	GI₅₀	81.26 μM Compound: CQ	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF10A cells after 48 hrs by SRB assay Antiproliferative activity against human MCF10A cells after 48 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 20561720]
MCF7	IC₅₀	12 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as [3H]hypoxanthine incorporation Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as [3H]hypoxanthine incorporation	[PMID: 18512987]
MCF7	IC₅₀	>100 μg/mL Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as [3H]hypoxanthin incorporation after 24 to 72 hrs Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as [3H]hypoxanthin incorporation after 24 to 72 hrs	[PMID: 19296616]
MCF7	GI₅₀	38.44 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells after 48 hrs by SRB assay Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells after 48 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 19804979]
MCF7	IC₅₀	36.1 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 19892554]
MCF7	CC₅₀	19.4 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 20014857]
MCF7	GI₅₀	38.44 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells after 48 hrs by SRB assay Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells after 48 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 20106668]
MCF7	GI₅₀	38.44 μM Compound: CQ	Antiproliferative activity against human p53+/- MCF7 cells after 48 hrs by SRB assay Antiproliferative activity against human p53+/- MCF7 cells after 48 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 20561720]
MCF7	GI₅₀	64.35 μM Compound: CQ, 1	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells after 2 days by sulforhodamine B assay Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells after 2 days by sulforhodamine B assay	[PMID: 24184076]
MCF7	CC₅₀	19.4 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as decrease in cell viability after 48 hrs by XTT assay Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as decrease in cell viability after 48 hrs by XTT assay	[PMID: 24594524]
MCF7	CC₅₀	19.4 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells after 48 hrs by XTT reduction assay Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells after 48 hrs by XTT reduction assay	[PMID: 24686013]
MCF7	IC₅₀	23.43 μM Compound: CQ, chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell number incubated for 72 hrs Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell number incubated for 72 hrs	[PMID: 26135471]
MCF7	IC₅₀	38.44 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 48 hrs by SRB assay Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 48 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 28586716]
MCF7	IC₅₀	13.2 μM Compound: 8	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells measured after 2 days by SRB assay Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells measured after 2 days by SRB assay	[PMID: 35231830]
MCF7	CC₅₀	19 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells	10.1039/C1MD00127B
MDA-MB-231	GI₅₀	22.52 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-231 cells after 48 hrs by SRB assay Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-231 cells after 48 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 19804979]
MDA-MB-231	GI₅₀	22.52 μM Compound: CQ	Antiproliferative activity against human p53, pRB mutant and estrogen receptor deficient MDA-MB-231 cells after 48 hrs by SRB assay Antiproliferative activity against human p53, pRB mutant and estrogen receptor deficient MDA-MB-231 cells after 48 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 20561720]
MDA-MB-231	IC₅₀	36.53 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells after 72 hrs by SRB assay Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells after 72 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 26602827]
MDA-MB-231	IC₅₀	22.52 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 48 hrs by SRB assay Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 48 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 28586716]
MDA-MB-361	IC₅₀	97 μM Compound: CQ, chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-361 cells assessed as reduction in cell number incubated for 72 hrs Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-361 cells assessed as reduction in cell number incubated for 72 hrs	[PMID: 26135471]
MDA-MB-468	GI₅₀	28.58 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-468 cells after 48 hrs by SRB assay Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-468 cells after 48 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 19804979]
MDA-MB-468	GI₅₀	28.58 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-468 cells after 48 hrs by SRB assay Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-468 cells after 48 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 20106668]
MDA-MB-468	IC₅₀	19.86 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-468 cells after 72 hrs by SRB assay Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-468 cells after 72 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 26602827]
MDA-MB-468	IC₅₀	28.58 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-468 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 48 hrs by SRB assay Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-468 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 48 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 28586716]
MDA-MB-468	IC₅₀	10.6 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-468 cells measured after 72 hrs by Celltiter-Glo assay Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-468 cells measured after 72 hrs by Celltiter-Glo assay	[PMID: 33200929]
MDCK	CC₅₀	55.6 μM Compound: 1, CQ	Cytotoxicity against MDCK cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability by colorimetric formazan-based MTS assay Cytotoxicity against MDCK cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability by colorimetric formazan-based MTS assay	[PMID: 26114811]
MIA PaCa-2	EC₅₀	14 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Antiproliferative activity against human MIA PaCa-2 cells assessed as cell viability measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MIA PaCa-2 cells assessed as cell viability measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 28105281]
MIA PaCa-2	IC₅₀	3.5 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Antiproliferative activity against human MIA PaCa-2 cells Antiproliferative activity against human MIA PaCa-2 cells	[PMID: 30125720]
MIA PaCa-2	IC₅₀	>30 μM Compound: CQ	Antiproliferative activity against human MIA PaCa-2 cells measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MIA PaCa-2 cells measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 36692906]
MKN-28	GI₅₀	44.44 μM Compound: CQ, 1	Antiproliferative activity against human MKN28 cells after 2 days by sulforhodamine B assay Antiproliferative activity against human MKN28 cells after 2 days by sulforhodamine B assay	[PMID: 24184076]
MRC5	IC₅₀	50 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity tests were performed on a human diploid embryonic lung cell line (MRC5) using the colorimetric MTT assay Cytotoxicity tests were performed on a human diploid embryonic lung cell line (MRC5) using the colorimetric MTT assay	[PMID: 12182868]
MRC5	CC₅₀	50 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity of compound was tested on human diploid embryonic lung cell line (MRC-5) Cytotoxicity of compound was tested on human diploid embryonic lung cell line (MRC-5)	[PMID: 12570376]
MRC5	CC₅₀	50 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human diploid embryonic lung cell line (MRC5 cells) using the colorimetric MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human diploid embryonic lung cell line (MRC5 cells) using the colorimetric MTT assay	[PMID: 14552779]
MRC5	CC₅₀	50 μM Compound: chloroquine(CQ)	Cytotoxic effect on human diploid embryonic lung cell line (MRC-5) using the colorimetric MTT assay Cytotoxic effect on human diploid embryonic lung cell line (MRC-5) using the colorimetric MTT assay	[PMID: 15357968]
MRC5	CC₅₀	50 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human diploid embryonic lung MRC5 cells by colorimetric MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human diploid embryonic lung MRC5 cells by colorimetric MTT assay	[PMID: 16263280]
MRC5	CC₅₀	50 μM Compound: CQ	Toxicity against MRC5 cell line Toxicity against MRC5 cell line	[PMID: 16913719]
MRC5	CC₅₀	50 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human MRC5 cells after 7 days by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human MRC5 cells after 7 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 18226428]
MRC5	IC₅₀	50 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human MRC5 cells after 5 days by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human MRC5 cells after 5 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 18819813]
MRC5	IC₅₀	64 nM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human MRC5 after 3 days Cytotoxicity against human MRC5 after 3 days	[PMID: 20329733]
MRC5	IC₅₀	58.2 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human MRC5 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition and measured after 2 days by WST-8 assay Cytotoxicity against human MRC5 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition and measured after 2 days by WST-8 assay	[PMID: 35512262]
MRC5	IC₅₀	>25 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human MRC5 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth Cytotoxicity against human MRC5 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth	[PMID: 38421618]
NCH89	IC₅₀	41.2 μM Compound: CQ	Antiproliferative activity against human carmustine-resistant NCH-89 cells assessed as BrdU incorporation after 48 hrs Antiproliferative activity against human carmustine-resistant NCH-89 cells assessed as BrdU incorporation after 48 hrs	[PMID: 20329733]
NCI-H460	IC₅₀	52 μM Compound: CQ, Lys01	Antiproliferative activity against human H460 cells after 72 hrs by SRB method Antiproliferative activity against human H460 cells after 72 hrs by SRB method	[PMID: 25699157]
NFF	IC₅₀	34 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human NFF assessed as growth inhibition after 3 days by sulforhodamine B assay Cytotoxicity against human NFF assessed as growth inhibition after 3 days by sulforhodamine B assay	[PMID: 22269277]
NFF	IC₅₀	37.3 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human NFF cells after 3 days by sulforhodamine B assay Cytotoxicity against human NFF cells after 3 days by sulforhodamine B assay	[PMID: 23117170]
NFF	IC₅₀	>1000 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human NFF cells after 3 days by SRB assay Cytotoxicity against human NFF cells after 3 days by SRB assay	[PMID: 24084158]
NFF	IC₅₀	45900 nM Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human NFF after 72 hrs by SRB assay Cytotoxicity against human NFF after 72 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 24900794]
NFF	IC₅₀	46608 nM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human NFF cells Cytotoxicity against human NFF cells	[PMID: 30245402]
NFF	IC₅₀	31.72 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human NFF cells assessed as growth inhibition incubated for 72 hrs by SRB assay Cytotoxicity against human NFF cells assessed as growth inhibition incubated for 72 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 37972998]
NFF	IC₅₀	36.7 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human NFF cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by SRB assay Cytotoxicity against human NFF cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 39241483]
NIH3T3	IC₅₀	71954 nM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against mouse 3T3 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against mouse 3T3 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 22055713]
NIH3T3	IC₅₀	>50 μM Compound: 1, CQ	Cytotoxicity against mouse NIH/3T3 cells assessed as cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against mouse NIH/3T3 cells assessed as cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 24077527]
NSC	CC₅₀	94.95 μM Compound: 38	Cytotoxicity against human NSC after 5 days by CellTiter Blue assay Cytotoxicity against human NSC after 5 days by CellTiter Blue assay	[PMID: 31549836]
P388	ED₅₀	>5 μg/mL Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against mouse P388 cells after 2 days by sulforhodamine B assay Cytotoxicity against mouse P388 cells after 2 days by sulforhodamine B assay	[PMID: 8450319]
Panc02	IC₅₀	>30 μM Compound: CQ	Antiproliferative activity against mouse Panc02 cells measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against mouse Panc02 cells measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 36692906]
PANC-1	IC₅₀	>30 μM Compound: CQ	Antiproliferative activity against human PANC-1 cells measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human PANC-1 cells measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 36692906]
PBMC	IC₅₀	5.1 μM Compound: chloroquine	Antiproliferative activity against PHA-stimulated human PBMC after 72 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against PHA-stimulated human PBMC after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 18222568]
Peritoneal macrophage	CC₅₀	88.6 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against mouse peritoneal macrophages after 48 hrs by trypan blue exclusion method Cytotoxicity against mouse peritoneal macrophages after 48 hrs by trypan blue exclusion method	[PMID: 21724395]
Raji	EC₅₀	>25 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human Raji cells Cytotoxicity against human Raji cells	[PMID: 25316317]
ScN2a	EC₅₀	4 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Half maximal inhibition of Prion protein PrPsc formation was assayed in ScN2a cells Half maximal inhibition of Prion protein PrPsc formation was assayed in ScN2a cells	[PMID: 12904059]
ScN2a	EC₅₀	4000 nM Compound: CQ	Inhibition of scrapie prion formation in mouse ScN2a cell line relative to control Inhibition of scrapie prion formation in mouse ScN2a cell line relative to control	[PMID: 16913719]
SH-SY5Y	CC₅₀	30 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human SH-SY5Y cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human SH-SY5Y cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 29559198]
SK-BR-3	IC₅₀	50.37 μM Compound: CQ, chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human SKBR3 cells assessed as reduction in cell number incubated for 72 hrs Cytotoxicity against human SKBR3 cells assessed as reduction in cell number incubated for 72 hrs	[PMID: 26135471]
SK-MEL-2	ED₅₀	>20 μg/mL Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human SK-MEL-2 cells after 3 days by sulforhodamine B assay Cytotoxicity against human SK-MEL-2 cells after 3 days by sulforhodamine B assay	[PMID: 8450319]
Splenocyte	IC₅₀	3.46 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against concanavalin-stimulated BALB/c mouse splenocytes after 72 hrs by resazurin dye reduction method Cytotoxicity against concanavalin-stimulated BALB/c mouse splenocytes after 72 hrs by resazurin dye reduction method	[PMID: 19908867]
SW480	IC₅₀	14.7 μM Compound: 8	Antiproliferative activity against human SW480 cells measured after 3 days by SRB assay Antiproliferative activity against human SW480 cells measured after 3 days by SRB assay	[PMID: 35231830]
THP-1	IC₅₀	40 μM Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human THP1 cells by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human THP1 cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 17981462]
THP-1	IC₅₀	40 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human THP1 cells after 72 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometry Cytotoxicity against human THP1 cells after 72 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometry	[PMID: 19748781]
THP-1	IC₅₀	57 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for human THP1 cells to IC50 for Plasmodium falciparum Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for human THP1 cells to IC50 for Plasmodium falciparum	[PMID: 19748781]
THP-1	IC₅₀	40 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human THP1 cells assessed as cell viability after 72 hrs by Alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity against human THP1 cells assessed as cell viability after 72 hrs by Alamar blue assay	[PMID: 19914747]
THP-1	IC₅₀	40 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human THP1 cells using propidium iodide staining after 72 hrs by flow cytometry Cytotoxicity against human THP1 cells using propidium iodide staining after 72 hrs by flow cytometry	[PMID: 20638854]
Vero	IC₅₀	>10 μg/mL Compound: chloroquinine	Cytotoxicity against african green monkey kidney Vero cells Cytotoxicity against african green monkey kidney Vero cells	[PMID: 15165136]
Vero	IC₅₀	>4.7 μg/mL Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against Vero cells Cytotoxicity against Vero cells	[PMID: 17134906]
Vero	IC₅₀	48.5 μg/mL Compound: Chloroquinec	Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 18855442]
Vero	IC₅₀	5.2 ng/mL Compound: CQ	Antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 infected in African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) Vero cells after 72 hrs by twofold serial dilution method Antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 infected in African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) Vero cells after 72 hrs by twofold serial dilution method	[PMID: 19665899]
Vero	IC₅₀	484 nM Compound: Chloroquine	Antimalarial activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum W2 infected in African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) (Cercopithecus aethiops) Vero cells assessed as parasite LDH activity after 72 hrs Antimalarial activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum W2 infected in African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) (Cercopithecus aethiops) Vero cells assessed as parasite LDH activity after 72 hrs	[PMID: 19833520]
Vero	IC₅₀	50 nM Compound: Chloroquine	Antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum D6 infected in African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) Vero cells assessed as parasite LDH activity after 72 hrs Antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum D6 infected in African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) Vero cells assessed as parasite LDH activity after 72 hrs	[PMID: 19833520]
Vero	IC₅₀	125 ng/mL Compound: Chloroquine	Antimalarial activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum W2 infected in African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) Vero cells assessed as parasite LDH activity after 72 hrs by Malstat reagent method Antimalarial activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum W2 infected in African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) Vero cells assessed as parasite LDH activity after 72 hrs by Malstat reagent method	[PMID: 19914074]
Vero	IC₅₀	17 ng/mL Compound: Chloroquine	Antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum D6 infected in African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) Vero cells assessed as parasite LDH activity after 72 hrs by Malstat reagent method Antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum D6 infected in African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) Vero cells assessed as parasite LDH activity after 72 hrs by Malstat reagent method	[PMID: 19914074]
Vero	IC₅₀	>50000 nM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells	[PMID: 22766218]
Vero	CC₅₀	75000 ng/mL Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 23182089]
Vero	CC₅₀	89 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells by MTS assay Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells by MTS assay	[PMID: 23215460]
Vero	EC₅₀	11 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Antiviral activity against Chikungunya virus 899 infected in african green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect incubated for 6 to 7 days by MTS assay Antiviral activity against Chikungunya virus 899 infected in african green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect incubated for 6 to 7 days by MTS assay	[PMID: 23215460]
Vero	EC₅₀	11 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Antiviral activity against Sindbis virus HRsp infected in african green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect incubated for 6 to 7 days by MTS assay Antiviral activity against Sindbis virus HRsp infected in african green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect incubated for 6 to 7 days by MTS assay	[PMID: 23215460]
Vero	EC₅₀	14 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Antiviral activity against Semliki forest virus infected in african green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect incubated for 6 to 7 days by MTS assay Antiviral activity against Semliki forest virus infected in african green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect incubated for 6 to 7 days by MTS assay	[PMID: 23215460]
Vero	CC₅₀	235109 nM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero C1008 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero C1008 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 23270565]
Vero	CC₅₀	125.9 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 23354072]
Vero	IC₅₀	21 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by MTS assay Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by MTS assay	[PMID: 23727538]
Vero	CC₅₀	89 μM Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against non-infected African green monkey Vero cells after 7 days by MTS/PMS method Cytotoxicity against non-infected African green monkey Vero cells after 7 days by MTS/PMS method	[PMID: 24800626]
Vero	EC₅₀	11 μM Compound: chloroquine	Antiviral activity against Chikungunya virus Indian Ocean strain 899 infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect after 7 days by MTS/PMS method Antiviral activity against Chikungunya virus Indian Ocean strain 899 infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect after 7 days by MTS/PMS method	[PMID: 24800626]
Vero	CC₅₀	89 μM Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of overall cell metabolism after 6 to 7 days by MTS assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of overall cell metabolism after 6 to 7 days by MTS assay	[PMID: 24926807]
Vero	EC₅₀	10 μM Compound: chloroquine	Antiviral activity against Chikungunya virus 899 infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cell death after 6 to 7 days by MTS assay Antiviral activity against Chikungunya virus 899 infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cell death after 6 to 7 days by MTS assay	[PMID: 24926807]
Vero	EC₅₀	11 μM Compound: chloroquine	Antiviral activity against Sindbis virus HRsp infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cell death after 6 to 7 days by MTS assay Antiviral activity against Sindbis virus HRsp infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cell death after 6 to 7 days by MTS assay	[PMID: 24926807]
Vero	EC₅₀	13.8 μM Compound: chloroquine	Antiviral activity against Semliki forest virus Vietnam infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cell death after 6 to 7 days by MTS assay Antiviral activity against Semliki forest virus Vietnam infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cell death after 6 to 7 days by MTS assay	[PMID: 24926807]
Vero	CC₅₀	684.68 μM Compound: 16, CQ	Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells after 2 days by resazurin assay Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells after 2 days by resazurin assay	[PMID: 25147607]
Vero	CC₅₀	89 μM Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of cell metabolism after 72 hrs by MTS assay Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of cell metabolism after 72 hrs by MTS assay	[PMID: 25946116]
Vero	EC₅₀	11 μM Compound: chloroquine	Antiviral activity against Chikungunya virus strain 899 infected in african green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus induced cell death measured after 7 days Antiviral activity against Chikungunya virus strain 899 infected in african green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus induced cell death measured after 7 days	[PMID: 25946116]
Vero	EC₅₀	11 μM Compound: chloroquine	Antiviral activity against Sindbis virus strain HRsp infected in african green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus induced cell death measured after 7 days Antiviral activity against Sindbis virus strain HRsp infected in african green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus induced cell death measured after 7 days	[PMID: 25946116]
Vero	EC₅₀	14 μM Compound: chloroquine	Antiviral activity against Semliki forest virus strain Vietnam infected in african green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus induced cell death measured after 7 days Antiviral activity against Semliki forest virus strain Vietnam infected in african green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus induced cell death measured after 7 days	[PMID: 25946116]
Vero	EC₅₀	10 μM Compound: chloroquine	Antiviral activity against chikungunya virus Indian ocean strain 899 infected in Vero cells assessed as virus-induced cytopathic effect after 6 to 7 days Antiviral activity against chikungunya virus Indian ocean strain 899 infected in Vero cells assessed as virus-induced cytopathic effect after 6 to 7 days	[PMID: 25970561]
Vero	EC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: 1, CQ	Antiviral activity against Coxsackievirus B4 infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by visual scoring analysis Antiviral activity against Coxsackievirus B4 infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by visual scoring analysis	[PMID: 26114811]
Vero	EC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: 1, CQ	Antiviral activity against Parainfluenza virus 3 infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by visual scoring analysis Antiviral activity against Parainfluenza virus 3 infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by visual scoring analysis	[PMID: 26114811]
Vero	EC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: 1, CQ	Antiviral activity against Punta Toro virus infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by visual scoring analysis Antiviral activity against Punta Toro virus infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by visual scoring analysis	[PMID: 26114811]
Vero	EC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: 1, CQ	Antiviral activity against Reovirus-1 infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by visual scoring analysis Antiviral activity against Reovirus-1 infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by visual scoring analysis	[PMID: 26114811]
Vero	EC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: 1, CQ	Antiviral activity against Sindbis virus infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by visual scoring analysis Antiviral activity against Sindbis virus infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by visual scoring analysis	[PMID: 26114811]
Vero	CC₅₀	125 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 26338359]
Vero	IC₅₀	234470 nM Compound: 2; CQ	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells	[PMID: 26421992]
Vero	IC₅₀	234.47 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells by MTS assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells by MTS assay	[PMID: 26748697]
Vero	IC₅₀	>14.88 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells after 48 hrs by neutral red uptake assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells after 48 hrs by neutral red uptake assay	[PMID: 27936446]
Vero	CC₅₀	412 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by XTT assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by XTT assay	[PMID: 28068604]
Vero	EC₅₀	12 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Antiviral activity against Zika virus infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of viral RNA replication after 24 hrs by RT-PCR method Antiviral activity against Zika virus infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of viral RNA replication after 24 hrs by RT-PCR method	[PMID: 28068604]
Vero	CC₅₀	412 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells after 72 hrs by XTT assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells after 72 hrs by XTT assay	[PMID: 28092859]
Vero	EC₅₀	12 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Antiviral activity against Zika virus infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of viral RNA replication after 24 hrs by RT-PCR method Antiviral activity against Zika virus infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of viral RNA replication after 24 hrs by RT-PCR method	[PMID: 28092859]
Vero	CC₅₀	226 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells measured after 3 days by resazurin dye based fluorescence assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells measured after 3 days by resazurin dye based fluorescence assay	[PMID: 28319782]
Vero	CC₅₀	75 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 28763644]
Vero	CC₅₀	89 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells assessed as decrease in cell viability after 5 days by MTS/PMS method Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells assessed as decrease in cell viability after 5 days by MTS/PMS method	[PMID: 29336951]
Vero	CC₅₀	89 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells by MTS/PMS assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells by MTS/PMS assay	[PMID: 29499487]
Vero	CC₅₀	>500 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells after 3 days by resazurin dye based fluorescence assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells after 3 days by resazurin dye based fluorescence assay	[PMID: 29940466]
Vero	EC₅₀	16 μM Compound: CQ	Antiviral activity against Ebolavirus H. sapiens-wt/1995/Kikwit-9510621 infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of viral infection pretreated for 2 hrs followed by viral infection and measured after 48 hrs by EboV GP immunostain Antiviral activity against Ebolavirus H. sapiens-wt/1995/Kikwit-9510621 infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of viral infection pretreated for 2 hrs followed by viral infection and measured after 48 hrs by EboV GP immunostain	[PMID: 30408747]
Vero	CC₅₀	>500 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells measured after 72 hrs by resazurin assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells measured after 72 hrs by resazurin assay	[PMID: 30469040]
Vero	CC₅₀	89 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells by MTS assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells by MTS assay	[PMID: 30681849]
Vero	EC₅₀	11 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Antiviral activity against Chikungunya virus Indian Ocean strain 899 infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as protection against virus-induced cytopathic effect after 5 days by MTS assay Antiviral activity against Chikungunya virus Indian Ocean strain 899 infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as protection against virus-induced cytopathic effect after 5 days by MTS assay	[PMID: 30681849]
Vero	CC₅₀	94.95 μM Compound: 38	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells after 5 days by CellTiter Blue assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells after 5 days by CellTiter Blue assay	[PMID: 31549836]
Vero	EC₅₀	9.82 μM Compound: 38	Antiviral activity against Zika virus MR 766 infected in African green monkey Vero cells measured 5 days post infection by CellTiter Blue assay Antiviral activity against Zika virus MR 766 infected in African green monkey Vero cells measured 5 days post infection by CellTiter Blue assay	[PMID: 31549836]
Vero	CC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: 4	Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells incubated for 3 days Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells incubated for 3 days	[PMID: 32539378]
Vero	CC₅₀	>25 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 betaCoV/KOR/KCDC03/2020 assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 72 hrs by CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 betaCoV/KOR/KCDC03/2020 assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 72 hrs by CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay	[PMID: 33160024]
Vero	CC₅₀	226.7 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells	[PMID: 33333397]
Vero	CC₅₀	114.8 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells infected with USUV 3345 isolate Arb276 pretreated with virus for 1 hr followed by infection of cells with compound treated-virus for 20 hrs by MTS assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells infected with USUV 3345 isolate Arb276 pretreated with virus for 1 hr followed by infection of cells with compound treated-virus for 20 hrs by MTS assay	[PMID: 36623328]
Vero	CC₅₀	135.8 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells infected with ZIKV MR766 pretreated with virus for 1 hr followed by infection of cells with compound treated-virus for 30 hrs by MTS assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells infected with ZIKV MR766 pretreated with virus for 1 hr followed by infection of cells with compound treated-virus for 30 hrs by MTS assay	[PMID: 36623328]
Vero	CC₅₀	>25 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells	[PMID: 36870624]
Vero	CC₅₀	187 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells incubated for 3 days by fluorescence based assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells incubated for 3 days by fluorescence based assay	[PMID: 37054559]
Vero	CC₅₀	35.8 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 37130472]
Vero	CC₅₀	138.4 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 37163950]
Vero	CC₅₀	513 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 37163950]
Vero	CC₅₀	86.75 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against African monkey Vero cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against African monkey Vero cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 37163950]
Vero	CC₅₀	112.44 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 37556947]
Vero	CC₅₀	>150 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cell viability measured by CellTiter-Glo assay in Vero cells at MOI 0.05 after 72hr Cell viability measured by CellTiter-Glo assay in Vero cells at MOI 0.05 after 72hr	10.1101/2020.03.20.999730
Vero	IC₅₀	7.28 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 (viral titer) measured by plaque assay in Vero cells at MOI 0.0125 after 24 hr Antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 (viral titer) measured by plaque assay in Vero cells at MOI 0.0125 after 24 hr	10.1101/2020.03.20.999730
Vero C1008	CC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero E6 cells assessed as reduction of cell viability measured after 48 hrs by CCK-8 assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero E6 cells assessed as reduction of cell viability measured after 48 hrs by CCK-8 assay	[PMID: 32563814]
Vero C1008	CC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero E6 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition incubated for 48 hrs by CCK8 assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero E6 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition incubated for 48 hrs by CCK8 assay	[PMID: 32771797]
Vero C1008	CC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: 1; CQ	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero E6 cells by the CCK8 assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero E6 cells by the CCK8 assay	[PMID: 32845145]
Vero C1008	CC₅₀	>128 μM Compound: 1; CQ	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero E6 cells incubated for 3 days by the MTS assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero E6 cells incubated for 3 days by the MTS assay	[PMID: 32845145]
Vero C1008	CC₅₀	261 μM Compound: 1; CQ	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero E6 cells by the MTS assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero E6 cells by the MTS assay	[PMID: 32845145]
Vero C1008	CC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: 1	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero E6 cells by CCK-8 assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero E6 cells by CCK-8 assay	[PMID: 33486200]
Vero C1008	EC₅₀	1.13 μM Compound: 1	Antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 infected in Vero E6 cells assessed as reduction in viral replication measured after 48 hrs by qRT-PCR assay Antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 infected in Vero E6 cells assessed as reduction in viral replication measured after 48 hrs by qRT-PCR assay	[PMID: 33486200]
Vero C1008	EC₅₀	5.47 μM Compound: 1	Antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 infected in Vero E6 cells assessed as reduction in viral replication measured upto 48 hrs by qRT-PCR assay Antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 infected in Vero E6 cells assessed as reduction in viral replication measured upto 48 hrs by qRT-PCR assay	[PMID: 33486200]
Vero C1008	ED₅₀	4.4 μM Compound: 1	Antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 infected in Vero E6 cells assessed as reduction in viral replication by measuring effective dose measured after 18 hrs by immunofluorescence staining based assay Antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 infected in Vero E6 cells assessed as reduction in viral replication by measuring effective dose measured after 18 hrs by immunofluorescence staining based assay	[PMID: 33486200]
Vero C1008	CC₅₀	249.5 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero E6 cells by CCK8 assay Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero E6 cells by CCK8 assay	[PMID: 33609889]
Vero C1008	CC₅₀	83.4 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero E6 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 1 to 2 hrs by MTS colorimetric assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero E6 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 1 to 2 hrs by MTS colorimetric assay	[PMID: 35571875]
Vero C1008	CC₅₀	377.7 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero E6 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero E6 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability	[PMID: 37329713]
WEHI	ED₅₀	9.7 μM Compound: 1	Cytotoxicity against mouse WEHI cell line by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against mouse WEHI cell line by MTT assay	[PMID: 16890433]
WI-38	CC₅₀	8.5 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human WI38 cells assessed as reduction in cellular DNA level preincubated for 2 hrs before viral infection measured after 7 days by real time PCR assay Cytotoxicity against human WI38 cells assessed as reduction in cellular DNA level preincubated for 2 hrs before viral infection measured after 7 days by real time PCR assay	[PMID: 17893158]
WI-38	EC₅₀	1.7 μM Compound: Chloroquine	Antiviral activity against BKV Gardner ATCC VR837 infected in human WI38 cells assessed as reduction in viral DNA level preincubated for 2 hrs before viral infection measured after 7 days by real time PCR assay Antiviral activity against BKV Gardner ATCC VR837 infected in human WI38 cells assessed as reduction in viral DNA level preincubated for 2 hrs before viral infection measured after 7 days by real time PCR assay	[PMID: 17893158]
WI-38	IC₅₀	3.63 μM Compound: CQ	Cytotoxicity against human WI38 cells assessed as inhibition of proliferation after 24 hrs by SRB assay Cytotoxicity against human WI38 cells assessed as inhibition of proliferation after 24 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 25461309]
ZR-75-1	ED₅₀	1.2 μg/mL Compound: chloroquine	Cytotoxicity against human ZR-75-1 cells after 3 days by sulforhodamine B assay Cytotoxicity against human ZR-75-1 cells after 3 days by sulforhodamine B assay	[PMID: 8450319]

In Vitro

Chloroquine (CHQ, 20 μM) inhibits IL-12p70 release and reduces Th1-priming capacity of activated human monocyte-derived Langerhans-like cells (MoLC).
Chloroquine (20 μM) enhances IL-1–induced IL-23 secretion in MoLC and subsequently increases IL-17A release by primed CD4⁺ T cells^[1].
Chloroquine (25 μM) suppresses MMP-9 mRNA expression in normoxia and hypoxia in parental MDA-MB-231 cells.
Chloroquine has cell-, dose- and hypoxia-dependent effects on MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-13 mRNA expression^[2].
TLR7 and TLR9 inhibition using IRS-954 or chloroquine significantly reduces HuH7 cell proliferation in vitro^[3].
Chloroquine (0.01-100 μM; 48 hours) potently blocked virus infection (vero E6 cells infected with SARS-CoV-2) at low-micromolar concentration (EC₅₀=1.13 μM).
Chloroquine blocks virus infection by increasing endosomal pH required for virus/cell fusion, as well as interfering with the glycosylation of cellular receptors of SARS-CoV^[4].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

In Vivo

Chloroquine (80 mg/kg, i.p.) does not prevent the growth of the triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cells with high or low TLR9 expression levels in the orthotopic mouse model^[2].
TLR7 and TLR9 inhibition using IRS-954 or chloroquine significantly inhibits tumour growth in the mouse xenograft model. HCC development in the DEN/NMOR rat model is also significantly inhibited by Chloroquine^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Chemical Information

CAS No. 54-05-7
Appearance Solid
분자량 319.87
화학식 C₁₈H₂₆ClN₃
Color White to light yellow
SMILES

CC(NC1=CC=NC2=CC(Cl)=CC=C12)CCCN(CC)CC
선적

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
보관

4°C, protect from light

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light)

Publications (1197)

All IFWBCell Proliferation/Viability Assay

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Journal Impact Factor

Signal Transduct Target Ther

Vertical RAS pathway inhibition in pancreatic cancer drives therapeutically exploitable mitochondrial alterations. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 16;11(1):33. PMID: 41545339
Signal Transduct Target Ther

Disruption of heme homeostasis by nuclear receptor Nur77 induces pyroptosis through granzyme B-dependent GSDMC cleavage. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 17;10(1):413. PMID: 41407678
Signal Transduct Target Ther

Glucosidase alpha neutral C promotes influenza virus replication by inhibiting proteosome-dependent degradation of hemagglutinin. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 23;10(1):131. PMID: 40263249
Signal Transduct Target Ther

Targeting TRPV1-mediated autophagy attenuates nitrogen mustard-induced dermal toxicity. [Abstract]

2021 Jan 25;6(1):29. PMID: 33487631
Nature

A tripartite rheostat controls self-regulated host plant resistance to insects. [Abstract]

2023 Jun;618(7966):799-807. PMID: 37316670
Nature

A male germ-cell-specific ribosome controls male fertility. [Abstract]

2022 Dec;612(7941):725-731. PMID: 36517592
Cell

Efficient amyloid-β degradation in Alzheimer's disease using SPYTACs. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 2;189(7):1923-1941.e26. PMID: 41785850
Cell

SLC7A11 is an unconventional H+ transporter in lysosomes. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 26;188(13):3441-3458.e25. PMID: 40280132
Nat Biotechnol

A rapid imaging-based screen for induced-proximity degraders identifies a potent degrader of oncoprotein SKP2. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 10. PMID: 40931108
Nat Biotechnol

Ras-mutant cancers are sensitive to small molecule inhibition of V-type ATPases in mice. [Abstract]

2022 Dec;40(12):1834-1844. PMID: 35879364
Circulation

Inactivation of Malic Enzyme 1 in Endothelial Cells Alleviates Pulmonary Hypertension. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 23;149(17):1354-1371. PMID: 38314588
Nat Nanotechnol

Targeted protein degradation via cellular trafficking of nanoparticles. [Abstract]

2025 Feb;20(2):296-302. PMID: 39468359
Mol Cancer

CircABCA1 promotes ccRCC by reprogramming cholesterol metabolism and facilitating M2 macrophage polarization through IGF2BP3-mediated stabilization of SCARB1 mRNA. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 19;24(1):199. PMID: 40684174
Mol Cancer

Deubiquitination of CDC6 by OTUD6A promotes tumour progression and chemoresistance. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 29;23(1):86. PMID: 38685067

Chloroquine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Mol Cancer. 2024 Apr 29;23(1):86. [Abstract]

293 cells transfected with the indicated vectors were treated with chloroquine (20 μM) or DMSO for 6 h. Cell lysates were prepared, and the CDC6 protein level was measured by Western blotting.
Mol Cancer

Small Molecule KRAS Agonist for Mutant KRAS Cancer Therapy. [Abstract]

2019 Apr 10;18(1):85. PMID: 30971271
Cell Metab

Lipid-induced granules in hepatocytes alleviate liver fibrosis. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 9:S1550-4131(25)00546-7. PMID: 41519131
Adv Mater

Highly Specific Cytokine Receptor-Targeting Chimeras for Targeted Membrane Protein Degradation and Sensitization of Osimertinib in EGFR-Mutated Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. [Abstract]

2025 May 22:e2504050. PMID: 40401615
Nat Biomed Eng

A deep learning and large language hybrid workflow for omics interpretation. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 8. PMID: 41507521
Cell Res

Mannose antagonizes GSDME-mediated pyroptosis through AMPK activated by metabolite GlcNAc-6P. [Abstract]

2023 Dec;33(12):904-922. PMID: 37460805

Chloroquine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Res. 2023 Dec;33(12):904-922. [Abstract]

A375 cells were pretreated with CQ (30μM) or MG132 (100 nM) for 2 hours, and then treated with CCCP/FeSO4 plus mannose for 24 hours. Tubulin was used to determine the amount of loading proteins.
Cancer Commun (Lond)

Cytoplasmic YAP1-mediated ESCRT-III assembly promotes autophagic cell death and is ubiquitinated by NEDD4L in breast cancer. [Abstract]

2023 May;43(5):582-612. PMID: 37005481

Chloroquine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cancer Commun (Lond). 2023 May;43(5):582-612. [Abstract]

WB analysis of LC3 and p62 expression in MCF7 and SKBR3 cells after YAP1 transient overexpression for 48 h with or without EBSS (6 h) starvation or CQ (Chloroquine) (20 µmol/L, 6 h) treatment.
Drug Resist Updat

RCN2 facilitates esophageal squamous cellular carcinoma metastasis and cisplatin resistance through UBR5-mediated PPP2CA ubiquitination and degradation. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 4:85:101339. PMID: 41411970
Drug Resist Updat

DTX2 attenuates Lenvatinib-induced ferroptosis by suppressing docosahexaenoic acid biosynthesis through HSD17B4-dependent peroxisomal β-oxidation in hepatocellular carcinoma. [Abstract]

2025 Jul:81:101224. PMID: 40058099
Bioact Mater

Curcumenol triggered ferroptosis in lung cancer cells via lncRNA H19/miR-19b-3p/FTH1 axis. [Abstract]

2021 Nov 19;13:23-36. PMID: 35224289
Cell Mol Immunol

GPNMB disrupts SNARE complex assembly to maintain bacterial proliferation within macrophages. [Abstract]

2025 May;22(5):512-526. PMID: 40038549
Cell Mol Immunol

Cell-associated galectin 9 interacts with cytotoxic T cells confers resistance to tumor killing in nasopharyngeal carcinoma through autophagy activation. [Abstract]

2025 Mar;22(3):260-281. PMID: 39910335
Nat Cell Biol

TOLLIP targets GSDME-NT-carrying endocytic vesicles for autophagy to regulate pyroptosis and chemotherapy efficacy. [Abstract]

2026 Apr;28(4):812-827. PMID: 41803502
Nat Cell Biol

PRMT5-mediated arginine methylation stabilizes GPX4 to suppress ferroptosis in cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Apr;27(4):641-653. PMID: 40033101
Nat Cell Biol

Full-length GSDME mediates pyroptosis independent from cleavage. [Abstract]

2024 Sep;26(9):1545-1557. PMID: 38997456
Adv Funct Mater

2020, 2004940.
Cancer Res

KRAS Signaling Inhibition Induces a Targetable Metabolic Dependency on Lipophagy-Dependent Fatty Acid Oxidation in Pancreatic Cancer. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 29:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-24-1984. PMID: 42054558
Cancer Res

CLK2 Regulates the KEAP1/NRF2 and p53 Pathways to Suppress Ferroptosis in Colorectal Cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 29. PMID: 40882016
Circ Res

Heme Oxygenase-1 in Macrophages Drives Septic Cardiac Dysfunction via Suppressing Lysosomal Degradation of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase. [Abstract]

2018 May 25;122(11):1532-1544. PMID: 29669713
ACS Nano

Mechanism of S-Palmitoylation in Polystyrene Nanoplastics-Induced Macrophage Cuproptosis Contributing to Emphysema through Alveolar Epithelial Cell Pyroptosis. [Abstract]

2025 May 20;19(19):18708-18728. PMID: 40335889
ACS Nano

Long Noncoding RNA NR_030777 Alleviates Cobalt Nanoparticles-Induced Neurodegenerative Damage by Promoting Autophagosome-Lysosome Fusion. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 10;18(36):24872-24897. PMID: 39197041

Chloroquine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: ACS Nano. 2024 Sep 10;18(36):24872-24897. [Abstract]

Chloroquine (50 nM, 24 h), as an autophagy inhibitor, blocks autophagosomal-lysosomal fusion in HT22 cells, leading to impaired autophagic flux.
ACS Nano

Polystyrene Nanoplastics Activate Autophagy and Suppress Trophoblast Cell Migration/Invasion and Migrasome Formation to Induce Miscarriage. [Abstract]

2024 Jan 30;18(4):3733-3751. PMID: 38252510

Chloroquine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: ACS Nano. 2024 Jan 30;18(4):3733-3751. [Abstract]

The protein levels of SOX2 in 100 μg/mL of PS-NP-exposed Swan 71 cells treated with CHX (10 μg/mL; 4 h) and MG132 (10 μM; 6 h) or chloroquine (CQ) (15 μM; 6 h).
ACS Nano

Long Noncoding RNA URB1-Antisense RNA 1 (AS1) Suppresses Sorafenib-Induced Ferroptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Driving Ferritin Phase Separation. [Abstract]

2023 Nov 28;17(22):22240-22258. PMID: 37966480

Chloroquine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: ACS Nano. 2023 Nov 28;17(22):22240-22258. [Abstract]

Sorafenib-sensitive HepG2 cells, with or without URB1-AS1 overexpression, were treated with the lysosomal inhibitor chloroquine or vehicle for 24 h. Ferritin H levels were analyzed by Western blot.
Nat Commun

CD38 degrades MAVS through mitophagy to inhibit type I interferon secretion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and impairs CD8+T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 9;17(1):2544. PMID: 41663422
Nat Commun

Diet-induced RKIP downregulation disrupts PC/PE-ER homeostasis to drive MASLD. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 12;16(1):11092. PMID: 41387436
Nat Commun

DISC1 Protects Against Zika Virus Infection and Long-Term Neurological Damage Through AMPK-mTOR-Mediated Autophagy. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 7;16(1):9841. PMID: 41203603
Nat Commun

DSS1 inhibits autophagy to activate epithelial-mesenchymal transition in a pro-metastatic niche of renal cell carcinoma. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 23;16(1):6769. PMID: 40695833
Nat Commun

Cleavage of CAD by caspase-3 determines the cancer cell fate during chemotherapy. [Abstract]

2025 May 30;16(1):5006. PMID: 40442064
Nat Commun

Effective extracellular payload release and immunomodulatory interactions govern the therapeutic effect of trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd). [Abstract]

2025 Apr 2;16(1):3167. PMID: 40175391
Nat Commun

The hybrid lipoplex induces cytoskeletal rearrangement via autophagy/RhoA signaling pathway for enhanced anticancer gene therapy. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 2;16(1):339. PMID: 39747218
Nat Commun

AMFR-mediated Flavivirus NS2A ubiquitination subverts ER-phagy to augment viral pathogenicity. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 6;15(1):9578. PMID: 39505910
Nat Commun

Cholesterol-rich lysosomes induced by respiratory syncytial virus promote viral replication by blocking autophagy flux. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 26;15(1):6311. PMID: 39060258
Nat Commun

FGFR inhibition blocks NF-ĸB-dependent glucose metabolism and confers metabolic vulnerabilities in cholangiocarcinoma. [Abstract]

2024 May 7;15(1):3805. PMID: 38714664
Nat Commun

High-content screening identifies a small molecule that restores AP-4-dependent protein trafficking in neuronal models of AP-4-associated hereditary spastic paraplegia. [Abstract]

2024 Jan 17;15(1):584. PMID: 38233389
Nat Commun

Endothelial Sp1/Sp3 are essential to the effect of captopril on blood pressure in male mice. [Abstract]

2023 Sep 21;14(1):5891. PMID: 37735515
Nat Commun

Tumor-intrinsic YTHDF1 drives immune evasion and resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors via promoting MHC-I degradation. [Abstract]

2023 Jan 17;14(1):265. PMID: 36650153
Nat Commun

Usp7 regulates Hippo pathway through deubiquitinating the transcriptional coactivator Yorkie. [Abstract]

2019 Jan 24;10(1):411. PMID: 30679505
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Fluorinated Ribonucleocarbohydrate Nanoparticles Allow Ultraefficient mRNA Delivery and Protein Expression in Tumor-Associated Myeloid Cells. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 26. PMID: 40135499
Cell Death Differ

GIPC1 governed ferroptosis by regulating DECR1-modulating lipid homeostasis during dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). [Abstract]

2026 Mar 5. PMID: 41787053
Cell Death Differ

DR5/WDR12 balances p65 stability promoting sunitinib resistance in renal cell carcinoma. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 23. PMID: 41872532
Cell Death Differ

GLUL mediates FOXO3 O-GlcNAcylation to regulate the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and senile osteoporosis. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 11. PMID: 40646162
Cell Death Differ

FTDC1/2, oocyte-specific cofactors of DNMT1 required for epigenetic regulation and embryonic development. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 28. PMID: 40295817
Cell Death Differ

DUBA sustains the stability of NOD2 and RIPK2 to enhance innate immune responses. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 16. PMID: 40240520
Cell Death Differ

Glycogen stores mediated by the p53-GYS1 feedback circuit engenders platinum resistance in ovarian clear cell carcinoma. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 11. PMID: 40210982
Cell Death Differ

Redox regulation of TRIM28 facilitates neuronal ferroptosis by promoting SUMOylation and inhibiting OPTN-selective autophagic degradation of ACSL4. [Abstract]

2025 Jun;32(6):1041-1057. PMID: 39875520
Cell Death Differ

USP25 directly interacts with and deubiquitinates PPARα to increase PPARα stability in hepatocytes and attenuate high-fat diet-induced MASLD in mice. [Abstract]

2025 Jun;32(6):1112-1127. PMID: 39827322
Cell Death Differ

Cullin 4B-RING E3 ligase negatively regulates the immunosuppressive capacity of mesenchymal stem cells by suppressing iNOS. [Abstract]

2025 Jan;32(1):149-161. PMID: 39138375
Cell Death Differ

USP24-i-101 targeting of USP24 activates autophagy to inhibit drug resistance acquired during cancer therapy. [Abstract]

2024 May;31(5):574-591. PMID: 38491202
Cell Death Differ

Activating STING/TBK1 suppresses tumor growth via degrading HPV16/18 E7 oncoproteins in cervical cancer. [Abstract]

2024 Jan;31(1):78-89. PMID: 38007552
Cell Death Differ

NKAP acts with HDAC3 to prevent R-loop associated genome instability. [Abstract]

2023 Jul;30(7):1811-1828. PMID: 37322264
Cell Death Differ

KCTD13-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of GluN1 regulates excitatory synaptic transmission and seizure susceptibility. [Abstract]

2023 Jul;30(7):1726-1741. PMID: 37142655
Cell Death Differ

FAAH served a key membrane-anchoring and stabilizing role for NLRP3 protein independently of the endocannabinoid system. [Abstract]

2023 Jan;30(1):168-183. PMID: 36104448
Cell Death Differ

CEND1 deficiency induces mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. [Abstract]

2022 Dec;29(12):2417-2428. PMID: 35732922
Bone Res

Chaperone-mediated autophagy directs a dual mechanism to balance premature senescence and senolysis to prevent intervertebral disc degeneration. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 12;13(1):62. PMID: 40506462
Acta Pharm Sin B

2025 Nov 13.
Acta Pharm Sin B

Sorafenib promotes the E3 ubiquitin ligase FBXW7 to increase tau degradation and ameliorate tauopathies. [Abstract]

2025 Nov;15(11):5817-5831. PMID: 41311387
Acta Pharm Sin B

USP25 ameliorates vascular remodeling by deubiquitinating FOXO3 and promoting autophagic degradation of FOXO3. [Abstract]

2025 Mar;15(3):1643-1658. PMID: 40370563
Acta Pharm Sin B

Demethylzeylasteral induces PD-L1 ubiquitin-proteasome degradation and promotes antitumor immunity via targeting USP22. [Abstract]

2024 Oct;14(10):4312-4328. PMID: 39525573
Acta Pharm Sin B

Engineering cannabidiol synergistic carbon monoxide nanocomplexes to enhance cancer therapy via excessive autophagy. [Abstract]

2023 Nov;13(11):4591-4606. PMID: 37969731
Acta Pharm Sin B

Anthelmintics nitazoxanide protects against experimental hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis in hamsters and mice. [Abstract]

2022 Mar;12(3):1322-1338. PMID: 35530137
Acta Pharm Sin B

Histone deacetylase inhibitors inhibit cervical cancer growth through Parkin acetylation-mediated mitophagy. [Abstract]

2022 Feb;12(2):838-852. PMID: 35256949
Acta Pharm Sin B

Inhibiting autophagy enhances sulforaphane-induced apoptosis via targeting NRF2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. [Abstract]

2021 May;11(5):1246-1260. PMID: 34094831
J Extracell Vesicles

Oxidative stress induces extracellular vesicle release by upregulation of HEXB to facilitate tumour growth in experimental hepatocellular carcinoma. [Abstract]

2024 Jul;13(7):e12468. PMID: 38944674

Chloroquine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Extracell Vesicles. 2024 Jul;13(7):e12468. [Abstract]

Western blotting showing the protein degradation of HEXB by using Chloroquine (CQ) (10 μM, 24 h).
J Extracell Vesicles

Stromal cell-derived small extracellular vesicles enhance radioresistance of prostate cancer cells via interleukin-8-induced autophagy. [Abstract]

2023 Jul;12(7):e12342. PMID: 37387557

Chloroquine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Extracell Vesicles. 2023 Jul;12(7):e12342. [Abstract]

The sEV cocultured 22Rv1 cells were pretreated with 1μM CQ and followed by IR treatment. The cell survival rate was determined using colony survival assay (n = 3).

Chloroquine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Extracell Vesicles. 2023 Jul;12(7):e12342. [Abstract]

After pretreating cells with 10μM CQ, the levels of phospho‐AMPKα and autophagic markers in the cells were quantified by immunoblotting using the specific antibodies. β‐actin serves as a loading control.
Autophagy

Organelle contact reorganization drives calcium-dependent autophagy under proteostatic stress. [Abstract]

2026 Jun 6:1-20. PMID: 42152515
Autophagy

Regorafenib enhances anti-PDCD1/PD-1 therapeutic efficacy in colorectal cancer by promoting SQSTM1/p62-mediated CD274/PD-L1 degradation. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 17:1-18. PMID: 41655134
Autophagy

Metabolites released from apoptotic cells in central nervous system orchestrates the pathological process of Alzheimer disease through improving autophagy. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 19:1-16. PMID: 41518198
Autophagy

ATG9A-PLA2G6 axis reprograms phospholipid metabolism to drive metabolic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 26:1-18. PMID: 41358570
Autophagy

CCPG1-mediated reticulophagy promotes tumorigenesis and cisplatin resistance in bladder cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 26:1-17. PMID: 41361995
Autophagy

Autophagy regulates the maternal-to-zygotic transition through MAP1LC3B-mediated maternal mRNA decay. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 23:1-13. PMID: 41231099
Autophagy

Activation of chaperone-mediated autophagy suppresses glioblastoma by promoting wild-type IDH1/isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 degradation. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 30:1-21. PMID: 41231102
Autophagy

Deacetylation of ATG16L1 is required for LC3-associated lysosomal microautophagy. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 28:1-15. PMID: 40851277
Autophagy

Pseudorabies virus gM protein and herpesvirus homologs block selective autophagy to enhance viral replication. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 3:1-17. PMID: 40462306
Autophagy

Unveiling EXOC4/SEC8: a key player in enhancing antiviral immunity by inhibiting the FBXL19-STING1-SQSTM1 signaling axis. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 3:1-19. PMID: 40413753
Autophagy

SENP2-mediated deSUMOylation of NCOA4 protects against ferritinophagy-dependent ferroptosis in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. [Abstract]

2025 May 19:1-18. PMID: 40366738
Autophagy

RETREG1-mediated reticulophagy is activated by an ATF4-CEBPG/C/EBPγ heterodimer and confers protection against lipotoxicity. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 7:1-19. PMID: 40437698
Autophagy

Overlapping functions between Lamp2a and Lamp2b in cardiac autophagy. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 9:1-12. PMID: 40202173
Autophagy

H3K36me2 methyltransferase NSD2/WHSC1 promotes triple-negative breast cancer metastasis via activation of ULK1-dependent autophagy. [Abstract]

2025 Aug;21(8):1824-1842. PMID: 40097917
Autophagy

PTK6 drives HNRNPH1 phase separation to activate autophagy and suppress apoptosis in colorectal cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Aug;21(8):1680-1699. PMID: 40103198
Autophagy

Visualizing bulk autophagy in vivo by tagging endogenous LC3B. [Abstract]

2025 Jul;21(7):1591-1607. PMID: 39952286
Autophagy

Histone lactylation stimulated upregulation of PSMD14 alleviates neuron PANoptosis through deubiquitinating PKM2 to activate PINK1-mediated mitophagy after traumatic brain injury. [Abstract]

2025 Jul;21(7):1473-1491. PMID: 40000916
Autophagy

Chaperone-mediated autophagy degrades SERPINA1E342K/α1-antitrypsin Z variant and alleviates cell stress. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 20. PMID: 40114294
Autophagy

HMBOX1 reverses autophagy mediated 5-fluorouracil resistance through promoting HACE1-induced ubiquitination and degradation of ATG5 in colorectal cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 24:1-22. PMID: 40126194
Autophagy

Salmonella Typhimurium persistently infects host via its effector SseJ-induced PHB2-mediated mitophagy. [Abstract]

2025 Jun;21(6):1228-1244. PMID: 39902787
Autophagy

Upregulation of ISG15 induced by MAPT/tau accumulation represses autophagic flux by inhibiting HDAC6 activity: a vicious cycle in Alzheimer disease. [Abstract]

2025 Apr;21(4):807-826. PMID: 39635882
Autophagy

CKAP4 in hepatocellular carcinoma: competitive RETREG1/FAM134B binding, reticulophagy regulation, and cancer progression. [Abstract]

2025 Apr;21(4):840-859. PMID: 39689859
Autophagy

Atractylenolide I inhibits angiogenesis and reverses sunitinib resistance in clear cell renal cell carcinoma through ATP6V0D2-mediated autophagic degradation of EPAS1/HIF2α. [Abstract]

2025 Mar;21(3):619-638. PMID: 39477683
Autophagy

Copper aggravated synaptic damage after traumatic brain injury by downregulating BNIP3-mediated mitophagy. [Abstract]

2025 Mar;21(3):548-564. PMID: 39415457
Autophagy

TRIM21-mediated ubiquitination of SQSTM1/p62 abolishes its Ser403 phosphorylation and enhances palmitic acid cytotoxicity. [Abstract]

2025 Jan;21(1):178-190. PMID: 39172027
Autophagy

(-)-Epigallocatechin 3-gallate protects pancreatic β-cell against excessive autophagy-induced injury through promoting FTO degradation. [Abstract]

2024 Nov;20(11):2460-2477. PMID: 38910554
Autophagy

The mammalian actin elongation factor ENAH/MENA contributes to autophagosome formation via its actin regulatory function. [Abstract]

2024 Aug;20(8):1798-1814. PMID: 38705725
Autophagy

HSPA8 regulates anti-bacterial autophagy through liquid-liquid phase separation. [Abstract]

2023 Oct;19(10):2702-2718. PMID: 37312409
Autophagy

Sensitive imaging of Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) autophagy with an acidity-reporting ER-Tracker. [Abstract]

2023 Jul;19(7):2015-2025. PMID: 36625032
Autophagy

The COPS3-FOXO3 positive feedback loop regulates autophagy to promote cisplatin resistance in osteosarcoma. [Abstract]

2023 Jun;19(6):1693-1710. PMID: 36451342
Autophagy

SDC1-dependent TGM2 determines radiosensitivity in glioblastoma by coordinating EPG5-mediated fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. [Abstract]

2023 Mar;19(3):839-857. PMID: 35913916
Autophagy

TFEB- and TFE3-dependent autophagy activation supports cancer proliferation in the absence of centrosomes. [Abstract]

2022 Dec;18(12):2830-2850. PMID: 35316161
Autophagy

SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a induces RETREG1/FAM134B-dependent reticulophagy and triggers sequential ER stress and inflammatory responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection. [Abstract]

2022 Nov;18(11):2576-2592. PMID: 35239449
Autophagy

2AB protein of Senecavirus A antagonizes selective autophagy and type I interferon production by degrading LC3 and MARCHF8. [Abstract]

2022 Aug;18(8):1969-1981. PMID: 34964697
Autophagy

Autophagy inhibition mediated by MCOLN1/TRPML1 suppresses cancer metastasis via regulating a ROS-driven TP53/p53 pathway. [Abstract]

2022 Aug;18(8):1932-1954. PMID: 34878954
Autophagy

ALDOA maintains NLRP3 inflammasome activation by controlling AMPK activation. [Abstract]

2022 Jul;18(7):1673-1693. PMID: 34821530
Autophagy

MCOLN1/TRPML1 finely controls oncogenic autophagy in cancer by mediating zinc influx. [Abstract]

2021 Dec;17(12):4401-4422. PMID: 33890549
Autophagy

CGAS is a micronucleophagy receptor for the clearance of micronuclei. [Abstract]

2021 Dec;17(12):3976-3991. PMID: 33752561
Autophagy

Discovery of a potent SCAP degrader that ameliorates HFD-induced obesity, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance via an autophagy-independent lysosomal pathway. [Abstract]

2021 Jul;17(7):1592-1613. PMID: 32432943
Autophagy

Regorafenib induces lethal autophagy arrest by stabilizing PSAT1 in glioblastoma. [Abstract]

2020 Jan;16(1):106-122. PMID: 30909789
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Promoter Hypermethylation-Induced Silencing of FXYD1 Drives Breast Cancer Metastasis via DDX5-Mediated Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway Activation. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 4:e21921. PMID: 41782411
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Time-Controlled Refrigerated Stem Cell Therapy Mitigates Scleroderma Fibrosis via Modulation of Mitochondrial Autophagy and Gut Metabolism. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 31:e15505. PMID: 41915839
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Elevated TRIM25 Impairs Poly (ADP-ribose) Metabolism via PARG Degradation and Mediates Compression-Induced Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. [Abstract]

2026 May;13(25):e19248. PMID: 41700742
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Xanthatin Targets CISD1 to Drive Ferroptosis and Mitophagy as a Dual Anticancer Strategy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. [Abstract]

2026 Apr;13(21):e20051. PMID: 41646014
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Targeting the GPX4-FUNDC1 Interaction with Magnesium Lithospermate B Attenuates Sepsis-Associated Lung Injury. [Abstract]

2026 Apr;13(20):e16488. PMID: 41616122
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Artesunate Ameliorates APAP-induced Liver Injury by Promoting NEDD4L-Mediated Ubiquitination and Degradation of TXNIP. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 28:e21818. PMID: 41762705
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Coronavirus Nsp3 Hijacks CLTC to Modulate Autophagosome Nucleation for Promoting DMV Formation and Viral Replication. [Abstract]

2026 Apr;13(24):e21626. PMID: 41721606
Adv Sci (Weinh)

ERM Inhibition Confers Ferroptosis Resistance through ROS-Induced NRF2 Signaling. [Abstract]

2026 Mar;13(16):e13310. PMID: 41589654
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Microcystin-LR Triggers Renal Tubular Ferroptosis Through Epigenetic Repression of GPX4: Implications for Environmental Nephrotoxicity. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 30:e14349. PMID: 41319283
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Fe-S Protein FDX1 Triggers Tumor-Intrinsic Innate Immunity via Mitochondrial Nucleic Acids Release to Orchestrate Ferroptosis in CCRCC. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 7:e18323. PMID: 41199656
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Genetic and Functional Evidence Links Germline Biallelic Inactivating Variants in WWOX to Histological Mixed-Type Thyroid Cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 22:e07602. PMID: 41124647
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Punicalagin Enhances Autophagy Through Sirtuin 1/FoxO3a Axis to Inhibit Intracellular Mycobacterium Abscessus Infection. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 14:e11734. PMID: 41085014
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Preservation of ALYREF Phase Separation Mitigates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyocyte DNA Damage and Cardiotoxicity. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 3:e05270. PMID: 40899520
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Regulation of Neuroinflammation by Microglial DUBA-IRAK1-IKKβ Signaling Loop. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 4:e03972. PMID: 40755418
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Neoeriocitrin Targeting Beclin1 Deubiquitination and Autophagy in Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 19:e04378. PMID: 40831238
Adv Sci (Weinh)

API5 Phosphorylation Promotes Antiviral Immunity by Inhibiting Degradation of Cytosolic RNA Sensor RLRs. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 11:e05479. PMID: 40641422
Adv Sci (Weinh)

LncDARS-AS1 Regulates ATP1A1 Stability and Enhances Na+/K+ ATPase Activity to Promote Osteosarcoma Metastasis. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 15:e03486. PMID: 40665639
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Tryptophan Metabolite Indole-3-Aldehyde Induces AhR and c-MYC Degradation to Promote Tumor Immunogenicity. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 29:e09533. PMID: 40583248
Adv Sci (Weinh)

WTAP Mediated m6A Modification Stabilizes PDIA3P1 and Promotes Tumor Progression Driven by Histone Lactylation in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 5:e06529. PMID: 40470706
Adv Sci (Weinh)

EccDNA-Driven VPS41 Amplification Alleviates Genotoxic Stress via Lysosomal KAI1 Degradation. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 24:e2501934. PMID: 40271553
Adv Sci (Weinh)

MTFR2-Mediated Fission Drives Fatty Acid and Mitochondrial Co-Transfer from Hepatic Stellate Cells to Tumor Cells Fueling Oncogenesis. [Abstract]

2025 May 14:e2416419. PMID: 40365837
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Listerin Alleviates Alzheimer's Disease through IRE1-mediated Decay of TLR4 mRNA. [Abstract]

2025 May 31:e14956. PMID: 40448625
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Pyruvate Carboxylase in Macrophages Aggravates Atherosclerosis by Regulating Metabolism Reprogramming to Promote Inflammatory Responses Through the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]

2025 May 20:e17128. PMID: 40391718
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Metabolomic and Cellular Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Ototoxicity and Nephrotoxicity: Therapeutic Implications of Uric Acid Modulation. [Abstract]

2025 Apr;12(16):e2415041. PMID: 40041973
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Targeting TTK Inhibits Tumorigenesis of T-Cell Lymphoma Through Dephosphorylating p38α and Activating AMPK/mTOR Pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 21:e2413990. PMID: 39836493
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Addressing Clinical Limitations of Glutaminase Inhibitors: Novel Strategies for Osimertinib-Resistant Lung Cancer by Exploiting Glutamine Metabolic Dependency. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 16:e2411479. PMID: 39680480
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Itraconazole Reversing Acquired Resistance to Osimertinib in NSCLC by Inhibiting the SHH/DUSP13B/p-STAT3 Axis. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 25:e2409416. PMID: 39721017
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Lactylation Aggravates Mitochondrial Dysfunction by Disrupting PHB2 Mediated Mitophagy in Acute Kidney Injury. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 31:e2411943. PMID: 39737891
Adv Sci (Weinh)

TIA1-Mediated Stress Granules Promote the Neuroinflammation and Demyelination in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis through Upregulating IL-31RA Signaling. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 13:e2409086. PMID: 39804990
Adv Sci (Weinh)

HACD2 Promotes Pancreatic Cancer Progression by Enhancing PKM2 Dissociation From PRKN in a Dehydratase-Independent Manner. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 21:e2407942. PMID: 39836601
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Network Medicine-Based Strategy Identifies Maprotiline as a Repurposable Drug by Inhibiting PD-L1 Expression via Targeting SPOP in Cancer. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 5:e2410285. PMID: 39499771
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Berberine Derivative B68 Promotes Tumor Immune Clearance by Dual-Targeting BMI1 for Senescence Induction and CSN5 for PD-L1 Degradation. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 25:e2413122. PMID: 39721027
Adv Sci (Weinh)

TRIM56 Modulates YBX1 Degradation to Ameliorate ZBP1-Mediated Neuronal PANoptosis in Spinal Cord Injury. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 18:e2407132. PMID: 39291396
Adv Sci (Weinh)

PTBP3 Mediates IL-18 Exon Skipping to Promote Immune Escape in Gallbladder Cancer. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 8:e2406633. PMID: 39116343
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Inhibition of CARM1-Mediated Methylation of ACSL4 Promotes Ferroptosis in Colorectal Cancer. [Abstract]

2023 Dec;10(36):e2303484. PMID: 37946697
Adv Sci (Weinh)

SIRT5-Mediated Desuccinylation of RAB7A Protects Against Cadmium-Induced Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathology by Restoring Autophagic Flux. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 5:e2402030. PMID: 38837686
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Exploring the Link Between Autophagy-Lysosomal Dysfunction and Early Heterotopic Ossification in Tendons. [Abstract]

2024 May 13:e2400790. PMID: 38741381
Adv Sci (Weinh)

A Membrane-Targeting Aggregation-Induced Emission Probe for Monitoring Lipid Droplet Dynamics in Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Cardiomyocyte Ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2024 Jul;11(26):e2309907. PMID: 38696589
Adv Sci (Weinh)

SHMT2 Mediates Small-Molecule-Induced Alleviation of Alzheimer Pathology Via the 5'UTR-dependent ADAM10 Translation Initiation. [Abstract]

2024 Mar;11(11):e2305260. PMID: 38183387
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Transgelin Promotes Glioblastoma Stem Cell Hypoxic Responses and Maintenance Through p53 Acetylation. [Abstract]

2024 Feb;11(7):e2305620. PMID: 38087889
Adv Sci (Weinh)

HSPA8 Activates Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling to Facilitate BRAF V600E Colorectal Cancer Progression by CMA-Mediated CAV1 Degradation. [Abstract]

2024 Jan;11(3):e2306535. PMID: 37973552
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC3 Aggravates Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis by Targeting S-Palmitoylated IRHOM2. [Abstract]

2023 Oct;10(28):e2302130. PMID: 37544908
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Inhibition of CDK1 Overcomes Oxaliplatin Resistance by Regulating ACSL4-mediated Ferroptosis in Colorectal Cancer. [Abstract]

2023 Sep;10(25):e2301088. PMID: 37428466
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Tumor Cell "Slimming" Regulates Tumor Progression through PLCL1/UCP1-Mediated Lipid Browning. [Abstract]

2019 Mar 25;6(10):1801862. PMID: 31131187
J Clin Invest

An HHEX/IKKα positive feedback loop promotes intestinal inflammation. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 17:e192074. PMID: 41842946
J Clin Invest

Parkin ubiquitinates phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase to suppress serine synthesis and tumor progression. [Abstract]

2020 Jun 1;130(6):3253-3269. PMID: 32478681
Neuro Oncol

FAM129A promotes self-renewal and maintains invasive status via stabilizing the Notch intracellular domain in glioma stem cells. [Abstract]

2023 Oct 3;25(10):1788-1801. PMID: 37083136
Theranostics

Oxidative stress-mediated PANoptosis and ferroptosis: Exploration of multimodal cell death triggered by an AIE-active nano-photosensitizer via photodynamic therapy. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 9;15(14):6665-6685. PMID: 40585993
Theranostics

Lens autophagy protein ATG16L1: a potential target for cataract treatment. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 1;14(10):3984-3996. PMID: 38994020
Theranostics

Relieving lipid accumulation through UCP1 suppresses the progression of acute kidney injury by promoting the AMPK/ULK1/autophagy pathway. [Abstract]

2021 Mar 4;11(10):4637-4654. PMID: 33754018
Theranostics

ACSS3 represses prostate cancer progression through downregulating lipid droplet-associated protein PLIN3. [Abstract]

2021 Jan 1;11(2):841-860. PMID: 33391508
Theranostics

Autophagy-lysosome inhibitor chloroquine prevents CTLA-4 degradation of T cells and attenuates acute rejection in murine skin and heart transplantation. [Abstract]

2020 Jul 1;10(18):8051-8060. PMID: 32724457
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COVID19 Drug Repository: text-mining the literature in search of putative COVID19 therapeutics. [Abstract]

2021 Jan 8;49(D1):D1113-D1121. PMID: 33166390
Nucleic Acids Res

ZYH005, a novel DNA intercalator, overcomes all-trans retinoic acid resistance in acute promyelocytic leukemia. [Abstract]

2018 Apr 20;46(7):3284-3297. PMID: 29554366
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Ursolic acid reduces Aβ-driven aggression via Gab1-mediated autophagy and dorsal hippocampal circuit modulation in Alzheimer's disease. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 2:S2090-1232(25)01037-9. PMID: 41485573
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Epigenetically silenced KAT2B suppresses de novo lipogenesis through destroying HDAC5/LSD1 complex assembly in renal cell carcinoma. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 8:S2090-1232(25)00596-X. PMID: 40784518
J Adv Res

NCOA4-Mediated Ferritinophagy Induces Ferroptosis and Enriches Ferritin-Containing EVs via Ferritin Phase Separation to Promote Mechanical Ventilation-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 28:S2090-1232(25)00571-5. PMID: 40738474
J Adv Res

Ginseng-derived GABAFG ameliorates type 2 diabetes mellitus by modulating autophagy-lysosome pathway and gut microbiota. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 4:S2090-1232(25)00003-7. PMID: 39761869
J Adv Res

IFP35 aggravates Staphylococcus aureus infection by promoting Nrf2-regulated ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2024 Aug:62:143-154. PMID: 37777065
Biomaterials

Black phosphorus nanosheets activate tumor immunity of glioblastoma by modulating the expression of the immunosuppressive molecule PD-L1. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 27:317:123062. PMID: 39736218
Biomaterials

Engineered cell membrane vesicles loaded with lysosomophilic drug for acute myeloid leukemia therapy via organ-cell-organelle cascade-targeting. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 3:317:123091. PMID: 39778270
Exp Mol Med

Clusterin negatively modulates mechanical stress-mediated ligamentum flavum hypertrophy through TGF-β1 signaling. [Abstract]

2022 Sep;54(9):1549-1562. PMID: 36131026
J Exp Clin Cancer Res

Neddylation activated TRIM25 desensitizes triple-negative breast cancer to paclitaxel via TFEB-mediated autophagy. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 26;43(1):177. PMID: 38926803
J Exp Clin Cancer Res

Oridonin promotes endoplasmic reticulum stress via TP53-repressed TCF4 transactivation in colorectal cancer. [Abstract]

2023 Jun 19;42(1):150. PMID: 37337284
Protein Cell

NDFIP1 limits cellular TAZ accumulation via exosomal sorting to inhibit NSCLC proliferation. [Abstract]

2023 Mar 16;14(2):123-136. PMID: 36929005
J Exp Clin Cancer Res

Cholesterol sensor SCAP contributes to sorafenib resistance by regulating autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma. [Abstract]

2022 Mar 30;41(1):116. PMID: 35354475
J Exp Clin Cancer Res

Estrogen receptor β inhibits breast cancer cells migration and invasion through CLDN6-mediated autophagy. [Abstract]

2019 Aug 14;38(1):354. PMID: 31412908
J Nanobiotechnology

AE-MXene-modified titanium alloy promotes osseointegration by regulating the AMPK-MTOR-autophagy pathway in macrophage. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 3;24(1):130. PMID: 41634773
J Nanobiotechnology

Autophagy-amplifying nanoparticles evoke immunogenic cell death combined with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 for residual tumors immunotherapy after RFA. [Abstract]

2023 Oct 3;21(1):360. PMID: 37789342
J Nanobiotechnology

Isoginkgetin-loaded reactive oxygen species scavenging nanoparticles ameliorate intervertebral disc degeneration via enhancing autophagy in nucleus pulposus cells. [Abstract]

2023 Mar 21;21(1):99. PMID: 36941611
J Nanobiotechnology

Maternal exposure to CeO2NPs derails placental development through trophoblast dysfunction mediated by excessive autophagy activation. [Abstract]

2022 Mar 15;20(1):131. PMID: 35292031
Cell Discov

ASCT2 palmitoylation regulated by JNK1-ZDHHC14 axis orchestrates glutamine metabolism and NSCLC progression. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 24;12(1):13. PMID: 41730846
Carbohydr Polym

Decoding the pharmacokinetics of intravenous lentinan: A multiscale journey from the blood to hepatic Kupffer cells' lysosomes. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 15:374:124706. PMID: 41371850
Sci Adv

A noncanonical function of SKP1 regulates the switch between autophagy and unconventional secretion. [Abstract]

2023 Oct 13;9(41):eadh1134. PMID: 37831778
Carbohydr Polym

Metabolic degradation of polysaccharides from Lentinus edodes by Kupffer cells via the Dectin-1/Syk signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Oct 1:317:121108. PMID: 37364942
Int J Oral Sci

LncRNA EUDAL shapes tumor cell response to hypoxia-induced constitutive EGFR activation and promotes chemoresistance in oral cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 12;17(1):64. PMID: 40940319
Int J Oral Sci

Phenformin activates ER stress to promote autophagic cell death via NIBAN1 and DDIT4 in oral squamous cell carcinoma independent of AMPK. [Abstract]

2024 May 8;16(1):35. PMID: 38719825
Small

A Ferrocene-Functionalized Covalent Organic Framework for Enhancing Chemodynamic Therapy via Redox Dyshomeostasis. [Abstract]

2021 Aug;17(32):e2101368. PMID: 34216420
Mol Ther

Apoptotic vesicles activate autophagy in recipient cells to induce angiogenesis and dental pulp regeneration. [Abstract]

2022 Oct 5;30(10):3193-3208. PMID: 35538661
Redox Biol

USP20 governs tyrosine kinase inhibitors resistance through ferroptosis evasion by targeting GPX4 in cancers. [Abstract]

2026 May:92:104086. PMID: 41844497
Redox Biol

p53 and fatty acids collaborate to trigger ferroptosis via the FBXO2-FABP5 axis in colorectal cancer. [Abstract]

2026 Mar:90:104043. PMID: 41604941
Redox Biol

Cathepsin S regulates ferroptosis sensitivity in hepatocellular carcinoma through the KEAP1-NRF2 signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 6:86:103815. PMID: 40784043
Redox Biol

Discovery of a novel chalcone-derived covalent Keap1 binder for mitigating cisplatin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and nephrotoxicity. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 21:85:103737. PMID: 40592144
Redox Biol

Targeting p62 by sulforaphane promotes autolysosomal degradation of SLC7A11, inducing ferroptosis for osteosarcoma treatment. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 5:79:103460. PMID: 39657365
Metabolism

NPRC promotes hepatic steatosis via USP30-mediated deubiquitination of C/EBPβ. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 19:156050. PMID: 39433172
Redox Biol

TrxR1 is involved in the activation of Caspase-11 by regulating the oxidative-reductive status of Trx-1. [Abstract]

2024 Sep:75:103277. PMID: 39059206
Redox Biol

Heterogeneous ferroptosis susceptibility of macrophages caused by focal iron overload exacerbates rheumatoid arthritis. [Abstract]

2024 Feb:69:103008. PMID: 38142586
Redox Biol

A catalase inhibitor: Targeting the NADPH-binding site for castration-resistant prostate cancer therapy. [Abstract]

2023 Jul:63:102751. PMID: 37216701
Redox Biol

Liver kinase B1 inhibits smooth muscle calcification via high mobility group box 1. [Abstract]

2021 Jan;38:101828. PMID: 33338919
J Infection

Ibrutinib suppresses intracellular mycobacterium tuberculosis growth by inducing macrophage autophagy. [Abstract]

2020 Jun;80(6):e19-e26. PMID: 32171871
Biomark Res

A novel indirubin- 3-monoxime derivative I3MV- 8b exhibits remarkable cytotoxicity against multiple myeloma by targeting TRIM28. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 7;13(1):57. PMID: 40197552
J Hazard Mater

Silicon carbide nanoparticles induce pulmonary fibrosis by promoting macrophage apoptosis through parkin-mediated mitophagy disruption and the intervention effect of emodin. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 1:507:141765. PMID: 41864028
J Hazard Mater

A new mechanism for ubiquitination in polystyrene nanoplastic-induced spatial cognitive dysfunction through microglial activation-induced apoptosis of neurons. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 1:505:141552. PMID: 41734560
Environ Sci Technol

Data-Driven Discovery of Unknown Precursors of N-Nitrosodimethylamine in Nontargeted Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Analysis. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 3;60(8):6558-6568. PMID: 41714108
Environ Sci Technol

6:2 Chlorinated Polyfluoroalkyl Ether Sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFAES), a PFOS Alternative, Impairs Testosterone Synthesis in Leydig Cells by Targeting Lipophagy via the SIRT1-FOXO1-RAB7 Axis: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 10;60(5):3821-3836. PMID: 41604684
J Hazard Mater

The involvement of SigmaR1K142 degradation mediated by ERAD in neural senescence linked with CdCl2 exposure. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 5:472:134466. PMID: 38718507
J Hazard Mater

Cobalt induces neurodegeneration through FTO-triggered autophagy impairment by targeting TSC1 in an m6A-YTHDF2-dependent manner. [Abstract]

2023 Jul 5:453:131354. PMID: 37054644
J Hazard Mater

Tributyltin chloride (TBTCL) induces cell injury via dysregulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in Leydig cells. [Abstract]

2023 Apr 15:448:130785. PMID: 36860030
J Hazard Mater

Atmospheric PM2.5 induce autophagy and autophagic flux blockage in HUVEC cells via ROS/TXNIP signaling: Important role of metal components. [Abstract]

2023 Mar 5:445:130623. PMID: 37056006
J Hazard Mater

Size-dependent effects of polystyrene nanoplastics on autophagy response in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. [Abstract]

2022 Jan 5:421:126770. PMID: 34358975
Gut Microbes

Engineered probiotic-derived indole-3-propionic acid inhibits ubiquitination via AHR signaling to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis. [Abstract]

2026 Dec 31;18(1):2612620. PMID: 41508814
Gut Microbes

Fusobacterium nucleatum induces chemoresistance in colorectal cancer by inhibiting pyroptosis via the Hippo pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Jan-Dec;16(1):2333790. PMID: 38533566
Nano Today

2025 Apr.
Nano Today

2024 Feb, 54, 102090.
Nano Today

October 2022, 101600.
EBioMedicine

Fluvastatin Prevents Lung Adenocarcinoma Bone Metastasis by Triggering Autophagy. [Abstract]

2017 May:19:49-59. PMID: 28454732

Chloroquine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: EBioMedicine. 2017 May:19:49-59. [Abstract]

mCherry-GFPLC3 puncta analysis in SPC-A-1 cells. Cells are transfected with mCherry-GFP-LC3 plasmid and incubated for 6 h. Next, cells are pretreated with or without Chloroquine (50 μM) for 1 h followed by stimulation of 5 μM Flu for 24 h or 36 h. Scale bar, 10 μm and 2 μm (magnified graph). The lysosomal inhibitor Chloroquine (CQ) raises the lysosomal pH and increases the autophagic flux.
Research (Wash D C)

Lactate-Induced Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake 3 Aggravates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Promoting Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation. [Abstract]

2025 May 30:8:0705. PMID: 40452820
MedComm (2020)

5,7,4'-Trimethoxyflavone triggers cancer cell PD-L1 ubiquitin-proteasome degradation and facilitates antitumor immunity by targeting HRD1. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 27;5(7):e611. PMID: 38938284
MedComm

Antiferroptosis therapy alleviated the development of atherosclerosis. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 4;5(4):e520. PMID: 38576455
Cell Rep Med

Vesicle-mediated mitochondrial clearance presents an actionable metabolic vulnerability in triple-negative breast cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 16;6(12):102478. PMID: 41406946
J Immunother Cancer

HSP47 inhibition-induced CD155 expression through TRAF2 deubiquitination promotes tumor immune evasion. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 28;13(11):e011976. PMID: 41314980
J Immunother Cancer

Autophagy inhibition improves the efficacy of anlotinib and PD-1 inhibitors in the treatment of NSCLC. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 21;13(9):e010812. PMID: 40983344
Cell Rep Med

Vorapaxar enhanced mitochondria-associated ferroptosis primes cancer immunotherapy via targeting FOXO1/HMOX1 axis. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 25:102371. PMID: 41005298
Cell Rep Med

CLDN4 palmitoylation promotes hepatic-to-biliary lineage transition and lenvatinib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 15;6(7):102208. PMID: 40592346
Cell Rep Med

Targeting pancreatic cancer glutamine dependency confers vulnerability to GPX4-dependent ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 27:101928. PMID: 39879992
J Immunother Cancer

Propafenone facilitates mitochondrial-associated ferroptosis and synergizes with immunotherapy in melanoma. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 24;12(11):e009805. PMID: 39581704
Cell Rep Med

Benzosceptrin C induces lysosomal degradation of PD-L1 and promotes antitumor immunity by targeting DHHC3. [Abstract]

2024 Feb 20;5(2):101357. PMID: 38237597
J Immunother Cancer

Tumor CEMIP drives immune evasion of colorectal cancer via MHC-I internalization and degradation. [Abstract]

2023 Jan;11(1):e005592. PMID: 36596591
J Immunother Cancer

Modification of PLAC8 by UFM1 affects tumorous proliferation and immune response by impacting PD-L1 levels in triple-negative breast cancer. [Abstract]

2022 Dec;10(12):e005668. PMID: 36543379
Pharmacol Res

CDC7 stabilized by KRAS signaling reactivation impairs chemosensitivity in KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Dec:222:108027. PMID: 41207349
Pharmacol Res

Sirtuin3 attenuates pressure overload-induced pathological myocardial remodeling by inhibiting cardiomyocyte cuproptosis. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 16:107739. PMID: 40250507
Biosens Bioelectron

Cathepsin B dependent activatable trigger fluorophore (CAT-Fluor) for in situ functional imaging of antibody-drug conjugates. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 25:274:117184. PMID: 39879789
Pharmacol Res

CDK12 inhibition upregulates ATG7 triggering autophagy via AKT/FOXO3 pathway and enhances anti-PD-1 efficacy in colorectal cancer. [Abstract]

2024 Mar:201:107097. PMID: 38354870
Pharmacol Res

3'-epi-12β-hydroxyfroside-mediated autophagy degradation of RIPK1/RIPK3 necrosomes leads to anergy of immunogenic cell death in triple-negative breast cancer cells. [Abstract]

2023 Jan:187:106613. PMID: 36535569
Mater Today Bio

Injectable magnetic hydrogel induces multi-programmed cell death and deep tumor regression in magnetic hyperthermia therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 25:35:102341. PMID: 41089724
Cancer Lett

DysUFMylation reprograms immunosuppressive neutrophils to potentiate anti-PD-1 therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. [Abstract]

2026 May 1:645:218395. PMID: 41780840
Cancer Lett

Nutrient deprivation promotes bladder cancer metastasis through Beclin-1 deacetylation-mediated autophagy activation. [Abstract]

2026 May 1:645:218337. PMID: 41707981
Cancer Lett

Succinate dehydrogenase B palmitoylation promotes T cell exhaustion through the H3K27ac-PD1 axis in pancreatic cancer. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 1:642:218277. PMID: 41577075
Int J Surg

Apoptotic extracellular vesicles from peripancreatic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate severe acute pancreatitis through the transcription factor EB-mediated autophagy-lysosomal pathway: an experimental study. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 17. PMID: 41403290
J Neuroinflammation

Microglial NLRC5 drives lysosomal dysfunction to disrupt autophagic flux and promote post-stroke neuroinflammation. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 31;22(1):253. PMID: 41174779
Mol Biomed

PARP inhibitor BMN673 triggers PARylation-mediated ATF4-GDF15 pathway to drive autophagy and ferroptosis in ataxia telangiectasia mutated gene-deficient colorectal cancer cells. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 21;6(1):113. PMID: 41266732
Cancer Lett

SIK1 promotes ferroptosis resistance in pancreatic cancer via HDAC5-STAT6-SLC7A11 axis. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 16:217726. PMID: 40250791
J Neuroinflammation

Accumulated BCAAs and BCKAs contribute to the HFD-induced deterioration of Alzheimer's disease via a dysfunctional TREM2-related reduction in microglial β-amyloid clearance. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 23;21(1):327. PMID: 39716292
Cancer Lett

A novel protein encoded by circFOXP1 enhances ferroptosis and inhibits tumor recurrence in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 28:217092. PMID: 38945202
Cancer Lett

Acetylation-dependent deubiquitinase USP26 stabilizes BAG3 to promote breast cancer progression. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 14:597:217005. PMID: 38880224
Nat Struct Mol Biol

RNAi screens identify HES4 as a regulator of redox balance supporting pyrimidine synthesis and tumor growth. [Abstract]

2024 May 20. PMID: 38769389
Mol Biomed

Aloperine targets lysosomes to inhibit late autophagy and induces cell death through apoptosis and paraptosis in glioblastoma. [Abstract]

2023 Nov 17;4(1):42. PMID: 37975957
Cancer Lett

UM-6 induces autophagy and apoptosis via the Hippo-YAP signaling pathway in cervical cancer. [Abstract]

2021 Oct 28;519:2-19. PMID: 34161791
Cancer Lett

The GPER1/SPOP axis mediates ubiquitination-dependent degradation of ERα to inhibit the growth of breast cancer induced by oestrogen. [Abstract]

2021 Feb 1;498:54-69. PMID: 33069770
J Neuroinflammation

P2X7R-mediated autophagic impairment contributes to central sensitization in a chronic migraine model with recurrent nitroglycerin stimulation in mice. [Abstract]

2021 Jan 5;18(1):5. PMID: 33402188
Cancer Lett

Prodigiosin impairs autophagosome-lysosome fusion that sensitizes colorectal cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil-induced cell death. [Abstract]

2020 Jul 1;481:15-23. PMID: 32184145
Int J Biol Sci

METTL16 suppressed the proliferation and cisplatin-chemoresistance of bladder cancer by degrading PMEPA1 mRNA in a m6A manner through autophagy pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Feb 4;20(4):1471-1491. PMID: 38385084
Int J Biol Sci

microRNA-130b-3p Attenuates Septic Cardiomyopathy by Regulating the AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathways and Directly Targeting ACSL4 against Ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2023 Aug 15;19(13):4223-4241. PMID: 37705752
Int J Biol Sci

Timosaponin AIII promotes non-small-cell lung cancer ferroptosis through targeting and facilitating HSP90 mediated GPX4 ubiquitination and degradation. [Abstract]

2023 Feb 27;19(5):1471-1489. PMID: 37056925
Int J Biol Sci

FTO-mediated autophagy promotes progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma via regulating SIK2 mRNA stability. [Abstract]

2022 Oct 3;18(15):5943-5962. PMID: 36263177
Int J Biol Sci

PHGDH Inhibits Ferroptosis and Promotes Malignant Progression by Upregulating SLC7A11 in Bladder Cancer. [Abstract]

2022 Aug 29;18(14):5459-5474. PMID: 36147463
Int J Biol Sci

USP1 inhibition suppresses the progression of osteosarcoma via destabilizing TAZ. [Abstract]

2022 May 1;18(8):3122-3136. PMID: 35637948
Int J Biol Sci

Repurposing Oxiconazole against Colorectal Cancer via PRDX2-mediated Autophagy Arrest. [Abstract]

2022 May 21;18(9):3747-3761. PMID: 35813474
Int J Biol Sci

CSN6 Promotes the Migration and Invasion of Cervical Cancer Cells by Inhibiting Autophagic Degradation of Cathepsin L. [Abstract]

2019 May 12;15(6):1310-1324. PMID: 31223289
Int J Biol Sci

Estrogen Receptor Beta (ERβ) Mediated-CyclinD1 Degradation via Autophagy Plays an Anti-Proliferation Role in Colon Cells. [Abstract]

2019 Mar 10;15(5):942-952 PMID: 31182915
Int J Biol Sci

Farrerol Ameliorates APAP-induced Hepatotoxicity via Activation of Nrf2 and Autophagy. [Abstract]

2019 Jan 29;15(4):788-799. PMID: 30906210
J Colloid Interface Sci

A locally-adapted nanoreactor for autophagy inhibition-enhanced cascade starvation-chemodynamic therapy. [Abstract]

2025 May 6:695:137820. PMID: 40354733
Environ Int

ALKBH5-mediated N6-methyladenosine modification of HO-1 mRNA regulates ferroptosis in cobalt-induced neurodegenerative damage. [Abstract]

2024 Aug:190:108897. PMID: 39047545
Environ Int

1,2-Dichloroethane induces testicular pyroptosis by activating piR-mmu-1019957/IRF7 pathway and the protective effects of melatonin. [Abstract]

2024 Feb:184:108480. PMID: 38341879
Cell Death Dis

PRDM1 restricts bladder cancer progression and enhances chemosensitivity by suppressing OTUD6A-mediated deubiquitination of CDC6. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 23;17(1):247. PMID: 41724787
Cell Death Dis

Sec8: a novel positive regulator of RIG-I in anti-RNA viral defense. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 24;17(1):165. PMID: 41580425
Adv Healthc Mater

Clinical-Inspired Design of Self-Assembled Albumin-CeO2 Nanozymes for Oxygen-Self-Sufficient and Targeted Sonodynamic-Chemotherapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 26:e04479. PMID: 41454512
Cell Death Dis

E3 Ubiquitin ligases Cbl-b and c-Cbl maintain the homeostasis of macrophages by regulating the M-CSF/M-CSFR signaling axis. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 7;16(1):716. PMID: 41057360
Cell Death Dis

Deacetylation of TALDO1 by HDAC6 promotes glycolysis and nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression through a moonlighting function. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 21;16(1):743. PMID: 41120289
Cell Death Dis

Degradation of IRF6 by TRIM59 in tumor cells triggers PGM1-mediated glycolysis to regulate cell proliferation in neuroblastoma. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 12;16(1):613. PMID: 40796729
Cell Death Dis

Activation of AKT via a dual mechanism enhances the susceptibility of melanoma cells to glucose deprivation. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 7;16(1):595. PMID: 40774947
Cell Death Dis

Targeting the SYVN1-EGFR axis: a breakthrough strategy for TKI-resistant NSCLC. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 28;16(1):655. PMID: 40877231
Cell Death Dis

DCAF7 recruits USP2 to facilitate hepatocellular carcinoma progression by suppressing clockophagy-induced ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 28;16(1):654. PMID: 40877242
Cell Death Dis

FGFR inhibitors promote the autophagic degradation of IFN-γ-induced PD-L1 and alleviate the PD-L1-mediated transcriptional suppression of FGFR3-TACC3 in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 2;16(1):485. PMID: 40603902
Cell Death Dis

Exploiting mitochondrial dysfunction to overcome BRAF inhibitor resistance in advanced melanoma: the role of disulfiram as a copper ionophore. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 1;16(1):482. PMID: 40592836
Cell Death Dis

ILF3 promotes colorectal cancer cell resistance to ferroptosis by enhancing cysteine uptake and GSH synthesis via stabilizing SLC3A2 mRNA. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 23;16(1):549. PMID: 40695795
Cell Death Dis

Asb10 accelerates pathological cardiac remodeling by stabilizing HSP70. [Abstract]

2025 May 22;16(1):409. PMID: 40399264
Cell Death Dis

TMEM160 inhibits KEAP1 to suppress ferroptosis and induce chemoresistance in gastric cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 13;16(1):287. PMID: 40223081
Cell Death Dis

ELANE enhances KEAP1 protein stability and reduces NRF2-mediated ferroptosis inhibition in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 9;16(1):266. PMID: 40204709
Cell Death Dis

Pharmacological targeting of the mitochondrial phosphatase PTPMT1 sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma to ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 6;16(1):257. PMID: 40189563
Cell Death Dis

Both direct and indirect suppression of MCL1 synergizes with BCLXL inhibition in preclinical models of gastric cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 12;16(1):170. PMID: 40075071
Cell Death Dis

Inhibition of mitochondrial OMA1 ameliorates osteosarcoma tumorigenesis. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 1;15(11):786. PMID: 39487118
Cell Death Dis

PRMT1-mediated methylation of ME2 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma growth by inhibiting ubiquitination. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 11;15(11):814. PMID: 39528487
Cell Death Dis

Dronedarone hydrochloride (DH) induces pancreatic cancer cell death by triggering mtDNA-mediated pyroptosis. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 2;15(10):725. PMID: 39358349
Cell Death Dis

RAB17 promotes endometrial cancer progression by inhibiting TFRC-dependent ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 6;15(9):655. PMID: 39242574
Cell Death Dis

The E3 ligase TRIM26 suppresses ferroptosis through catalyzing K63-linked ubiquitination of GPX4 in glioma. [Abstract]

2023 Oct 23;14(10):695. PMID: 37872147
Cell Death Dis

JMJD5 inhibits lung cancer progression by facilitating EGFR proteasomal degradation. [Abstract]

2023 Oct 9;14(10):657. PMID: 37813845
Cell Death Dis

Knockdown of ANXA10 induces ferroptosis by inhibiting autophagy-mediated TFRC degradation in colorectal cancer. [Abstract]

2023 Sep 4;14(9):588. PMID: 37666806
Acta Biomater

Reversing Immune Evasion using a DNA Nano-orchestrator for Pancreatic Cancer Immunotherapy. [Abstract]

2023 Aug:166:512-523. PMID: 37150276
Cell Death Dis

Fatostatin induces ferroptosis through inhibition of the AKT/mTORC1/GPX4 signaling pathway in glioblastoma. [Abstract]

2023 Mar 25;14(3):211. PMID: 36966152
Cell Death Dis

PDIA4 confers resistance to ferroptosis via induction of ATF4/SLC7A11 in renal cell carcinoma. [Abstract]

2023 Mar 11;14(3):193. PMID: 36906674
Cell Death Dis

Idarubicin combats abiraterone and enzalutamide resistance in prostate cells via targeting XPA protein. [Abstract]

2022 Dec 12;13(12):1034. PMID: 36509750
Cell Death Dis

Ciclopirox drives growth arrest and autophagic cell death through STAT3 in gastric cancer cells. [Abstract]

2022 Nov 28;13(11):1007. PMID: 36443287
Cell Death Dis

A dual Keap1 and p47phox inhibitor Ginsenoside Rb1 ameliorates high glucose/ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell injury and atherosclerosis. [Abstract]

2022 Sep 26;13(9):824. PMID: 36163178
Cell Death Dis

Histocompatibility Minor 13 (HM13), targeted by miR-760, exerts oncogenic role in breast cancer by suppressing autophagy and activating PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. [Abstract]

2022 Sep 25;13(8):728. PMID: 36153332
Cell Death Dis

FOXA1 prevents nutrients deprivation induced autophagic cell death through inducing loss of imprinting of IGF2 in lung adenocarcinoma. [Abstract]

2022 Aug 16;13(8):711. PMID: 35974000
Cell Death Dis

Whole transcriptome and proteome analyses identify potential targets and mechanisms underlying tumor treating fields against glioblastoma. [Abstract]

2022 Aug 18;13(8):721. PMID: 35982032
Cell Death Dis

The interaction between STING and NCOA4 exacerbates lethal sepsis by orchestrating ferroptosis and inflammatory responses in macrophages. [Abstract]

2022 Jul 28;13(7):653. PMID: 35902564
Cell Death Dis

Autophagic sequestration of SQSTM1 disrupts the aggresome formation of ubiquitinated proteins during proteasome inhibition. [Abstract]

2022 Jul 15;13(7):615. PMID: 35840557
Cell Death Dis

HJURP regulates cell proliferation and chemo-resistance via YAP1/NDRG1 transcriptional axis in triple-negative breast cancer. [Abstract]

2022 Apr 22;13(4):396. PMID: 35459269
Cell Death Dis

Irisin protects against vascular calcification by activating autophagy and inhibiting NLRP3-mediated vascular smooth muscle cell pyroptosis in chronic kidney disease. [Abstract]

2022 Mar 30;13(3):283. PMID: 35354793
Cell Death Dis

Oncogenic circTICRR suppresses autophagy via binding to HuR protein and stabilizing GLUD1 mRNA in cervical cancer. [Abstract]

2022 May 20;13(5):479. PMID: 35595754
Cell Death Dis

Mitochondrial quality control protects photoreceptors against oxidative stress in the H2O2-induced models of retinal degeneration diseases. [Abstract]

2021 Apr 20;12(5):413. PMID: 33879768
Cell Death Dis

The mechanism of m6A methyltransferase METTL3-mediated autophagy in reversing gefitinib resistance in NSCLC cells by β-elemene. [Abstract]

2020 Nov 11;11(11):969. PMID: 33177491
Cell Death Dis

ω-6 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid) activate both autophagy and antioxidation in a synergistic feedback loop via TOR-dependent and TOR-independent signaling pathways. [Abstract]

2020 Jul 30;11(7):607. PMID: 32732901
Cell Death Dis

"Iron free" zinc oxide nanoparticles with ion-leaking properties disrupt intracellular ROS and iron homeostasis to induce ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2020 Mar 13;11(3):183. PMID: 32170066
Cell Death Dis

ERβ promotes Aβ degradation via the modulation of autophagy. [Abstract]

2019 Jul 22;10(8):565. PMID: 31332160
Cell Death Dis

Autophagic flux disruption contributes to Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide-induced apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells via MAPK/ERK activation. [Abstract]

2019 Jun 11;10(6):456. PMID: 31186406
Cell Death Dis

Targeting KPNB1 overcomes TRAIL resistance by regulating DR5, Mcl-1 and FLIP in glioblastoma cells. [Abstract]

2019 Feb 11;10(2):118. PMID: 30742128
Genes Dis

UBR5 regulates the progression of colorectal cancer cells through Snail-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. [Abstract]

2025 May 13;13(2):101679. PMID: 41492476
Genes Dis

Sulfuretin exerts diversified functions in the processing of amyloid precursor protein. [Abstract]

2020 Nov 21;8(6):867-881. PMID: 34522714
Genes Dis

Beclin-1/LC3-II dependent macroautophagy was uninfluenced in ischemia-challenged vascular endothelial cells. [Abstract]

2021 Mar 1;9(2):549-561. PMID: 35224166
Gene Dis

Ubiquitination status does not affect Vps34 degradation. [Abstract]

2019 May 25;7(3):401-407. PMID: 32884994
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Genome-wide CRISPR screens in spheroid culture reveal that the tumor suppressor LKB1 inhibits growth via the PIKFYVE lipid kinase. [Abstract]

2024 May 21;121(21):e2403685121. PMID: 38743625
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

A small molecule protects mitochondrial integrity by inhibiting mTOR activity. [Abstract]

2019 Nov 12;116(46):23332-23338. PMID: 31653761
Osteoarthritis Cartilage

DDIT3 aggravates TMJOA cartilage degradation via Nrf2/HO-1/NLRP3-mediated autophagy. [Abstract]

2024 May 6:S1063-4584(24)01175-0. PMID: 38719085
Cell Commun Signal

Decursin induces FLT3-ITD acute myeloid leukemia cell apoptosis by increasing the expression of the ubiquitin-conjugase UBE2L6. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 2;23(1):162. PMID: 40176110
J Pharm Anal

α-hederin decreases the glycolysis level in intestinal epithelial cells via SNX10-mediated DEPDC5 degradation. [Abstract]

2025 Dec;15(12):101301. PMID: 41487148
J Pharm Anal

1,8-Cineole ameliorates vascular endothelial senescence in diabetes mellitus by directly targeting and deubiquitinating PPAR-γ in vivo and in vitro. [Abstract]

2025 Dec;15(12):101307. PMID: 41492461
J Pharm Anal

Caffeic acid alleviates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by directly targeting Keap1N532/M550 and promoting its degradation. [Abstract]

2025 Nov;15(11):101219. PMID: 41333838
Cell Commun Signal

Nesfatin-1 enhances vascular smooth muscle calcification through facilitating BMP-2 osteogenic signaling. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 11;22(1):488. PMID: 39394127
Cell Commun Signal

E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF128 negatively regulates the IL-3/STAT5 signaling pathway by facilitating K27-linked polyubiquitination of IL-3Rα. [Abstract]

2024 May 3;22(1):254. PMID: 38702781
Cell Commun Signal

BMAL1/p53 mediating bronchial epithelial cell autophagy contributes to PM2.5-aggravated asthma. [Abstract]

2023 Feb 20;21(1):39. PMID: 36803515
Int J Biol Macromol

Lentinan inhibits breast cancer cell growth through the dual downregulation of tumor-promoting effectors CD133 and SCGB2A2. [Abstract]

2026 Apr:354:151391. PMID: 41819333
Int J Biol Macromol

PSAT1 knockdown mediated VDAC1 oligomerization promotes ferroptosis and suppresses cell proliferation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 7;330(Pt 4):148112. PMID: 41061782
Int J Biol Macromol

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus Nsp2 induces incomplete autophagy to facilitate viral replication via disrupting SNARE complex assembly. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 13;331(Pt 2):148288. PMID: 41093191
Int J Biol Macromol

SPINT2 inhibits NEDD4L-mediated ACSL4 ubiquitination to promote ferroptosis and suppress gallbladder cancer progression. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 9;330(Pt 3):148141. PMID: 41067336
Int J Biol Macromol

vtRNA1-1 drives regorafenib resistance by sustaining cancer stemness via impaired autophagy and altered svRNA biogenesis. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 7;328(Pt 1):147514. PMID: 40925433
Int J Biol Macromol

Repurposing pharmaceuticals for Alzheimer's treatment via adjusting the lactoferrin interacting proteins. [Abstract]

2025 May 14:144230. PMID: 40379164
Int J Biol Macromol

Hyaluronic acid-modified PtPdCo-CQ nanocatalyst with triple enzyme-like activities regulates macrophage polarization and autophagy levels for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 13;309(Pt 4):143143. PMID: 40233904
Int J Biol Macromol

Molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-Colon Cancer effects of Caulerpa lentillifera polysaccharides (CLP). [Abstract]

2025 Mar 27:142594. PMID: 40157667
Int J Biol Macromol

Single-organelle visualization tracking natural glycosaminoglycans within mitochondria-lysosome crosstalk for inflammatory homeostasis. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 27:140362. PMID: 39880268
Int J Biol Macromol

Polysaccharides from Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl. improve reserpine-induced depression-like behavior by inhibiting HTR2A/HTR2C mediated AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin/CBP/BDNF signalling. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 28:301:140445. PMID: 39884598
Int J Biol Macromol

FGF1 alleviates polystyrene nanoplastics-induced neuroinflammation through the suppression of lipophagy. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 30:302:140531. PMID: 39892539
Int J Biol Macromol

Manganese inhibits HBV transcription and promotes HBsAg degradation at non-toxic levels. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 17:135764. PMID: 39299429
Int J Biol Macromol

Inhibition of SIRT1 relieves hepatocarcinogenesis via alleviating autophagy and inflammation. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 27:134120. PMID: 39074701
Int J Biol Macromol

Selective inhibition of c-Met signaling pathways with a bispecific DNA nanoconnector for the targeted therapy of cancer. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 13;273(Pt 2):133134. PMID: 38876234
Int J Biol Macromol

O-GlcNAcylation regulates long-chain fatty acid metabolism by inhibiting ACOX1 ubiquitination-dependent degradation. [Abstract]

2024 May;266(Pt 2):131151. PMID: 38547945
Int J Biol Macromol

Molecular mechanisms of macrophage immunomodulation mediated by Areca inflorescence polysaccharides based on RNA-seq analysis. [Abstract]

2024 Apr;263(Pt 1):130076. PMID: 38354932
Int J Biol Macromol

Zebrafish spop promotes ubiquitination and degradation of mavs to suppress antiviral response via the lysosomal pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Jan;256(Pt 2):128451. PMID: 38029910
Int J Biol Macromol

Bionic lipoprotein loaded with chloroquine-mediated blocking immune escape improves antitumor immunotherapy. [Abstract]

2023 Jun 15:240:124342. PMID: 37030459
Int J Biol Macromol

Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of an arabinogalactan from Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton tea processing waste. [Abstract]

2023 Apr 30:235:123816. PMID: 36841385
Int J Biol Macromol

Investigation of the internalization and transport mechanism of Codonopsis Radix polysaccharide both in mice and Caco-2 cells. [Abstract]

2022 Aug 31:215:23-35. PMID: 35718143
Int J Biol Macromol

Chondroitin sulfate from sturgeon bone protects rat chondrocytes from hydrogen peroxide-induced damage by maintaining cellular homeostasis through enhanced autophagy. [Abstract]

2020 Dec 1;164:2761-2768. PMID: 32763392
Acta Pharmacol Sin

LAMTOR5 promotes hepatoma growth in mice by disrupting LC3-p62-mediated autophagy and preventing p62 proteasome degradation. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 1. PMID: 41478881
Acta Pharmacol Sin

Inhibition of CDC27 O-GlcNAcylation coordinates the antitumor efficacy in multiple myeloma through the autophagy-lysosome pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Jul;46(7):2041-2055. PMID: 39984622
Acta Pharmacol Sin

Differential regulation of pruritic sensation and emotion by cannabinoid type 1 receptors on mPFC glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. [Abstract]

2025 Apr;46(4):904-921. PMID: 39663420
Acta Pharmacol Sin

CDDO-Im ameliorates osteoarthritis and inhibits chondrocyte apoptosis in mice via enhancing Nrf2-dependent autophagy. [Abstract]

2022 Jul;43(7):1793-1802. PMID: 34754093
Acta Pharmacol Sin

Autophagy inhibitors increase the susceptibility of KRAS-mutant human colorectal cancer cells to a combined treatment of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and lovastatin. [Abstract]

2021 Nov;42(11):1875-1887. PMID: 33608672
Acta Pharmacol Sin

Carnosine suppresses human glioma cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions partly via inhibiting glutamine metabolism. [Abstract]

2021 May;42(5):767-779. PMID: 32782394
Phytomedicine

2026 Mar 3.
Phytomedicine

Usenamine a potentiates anti-CRC activity of sorafenib by inducing autophagy and inhibiting YAP pathway through targeting SOD2. [Abstract]

2026 Jun:155:158086. PMID: 41861687
Phytomedicine

Ethyl ferulate suppresses choroidal neovascularization by accelerating Keap1 degradation through the inhibition of PSMD14-mediated deubiquitination. [Abstract]

2026 Apr:153:157913. PMID: 41650523
Phytomedicine

Neveskin from Ferula samarcandica exerts anti-gastric cancer effects via the Hippo-YAP signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2026 Apr:153:157949. PMID: 41775213
Phytomedicine

The herbal compound miltirone from Salvia miltiorrhiza targets DJ-1 to induce mitophagic dysfunction and ROS-dependent hippo activation in gastric cancer. [Abstract]

2026 Mar:152:157821. PMID: 41564521
Phytomedicine

Andrographolide induces ferroptosis in colorectal cancer via P53-mediated downregulation of the SLC7A11/GPX4 signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 25:148:157470. PMID: 41187650
Phytomedicine

Naringenin alleviates endotoxin-induced acute kidney injury in chicken by inhibiting pyroptosis through PINK1-dependent mitophagy. [Abstract]

2025 Dec:149:157429. PMID: 41297318
EMBO Mol Med

Dual targeting of CDK6 and LSD1 is synergistic and overcomes differentiation blockade in AML. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 29. PMID: 40883610
Phytomedicine

Luteolin Induces GPX4-dependent Ferroptosis and Enhances Immune Activation in Colon Cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Oct:146:157117. PMID: 40812220
Phytomedicine

Dendrobine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by modulating FAM134B-mediated endoplasmic reticulum autophagy and mitochondrial function. [Abstract]

2025 Aug:144:156952. PMID: 40532488
Phytomedicine

Dihydrotanshinone I targets the spike N-terminal domain to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 entry and spike-induced inflammation. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 17:145:156989. PMID: 40570554
Phytomedicine

Valproic acid promotes transcriptional activation of Drd2 by mediating histone acetylation to inhibit the mTOR-Pttg1 signaling axis and exerts anti-PitNETs activity. [Abstract]

2025 Jun:141:156707. PMID: 40220407
EMBO J

S-palmitoylation modulates ATG2-dependent non-vesicular lipid transport during starvation-induced autophagy. [Abstract]

2025 May;44(9):2596-2619. PMID: 40128367
Phytomedicine

Baicalein inhibits hepatitis B virus through the coiled coil domain containing protein 88A (CCDC88A)-dependent autophagy pathway. [Abstract]

2025 May:140:156577. PMID: 40023973
EMBO Mol Med

Deubiquitination of RIPK3 by OTUB2 potentiates neuronal necroptosis after ischemic stroke. [Abstract]

2025 Apr;17(4):679-695. PMID: 40021931
Phytomedicine

Proteomic screening identifies brusatol targets TGFβRII to suppresses non-small cell lung cancer metastasis. [Abstract]

2025 Apr:139:156468. PMID: 39978271
Phytomedicine

Oxymatrine alleviates ALD-induced cardiac hypertrophy by regulating autophagy via activation Nrf2/SIRT3 signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 13:138:156389. PMID: 39827815
Phytomedicine

Formosanin C induces autophagy-mediated cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma through activating DUSP1/AMPK/ULK1/Beclin1 signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 22:138:156404. PMID: 39862789
Phytomedicine

Osmundacetone ameliorates Alzheimer's-like pathologies by inhibiting β-amyloid fibrillation, oxidative damage and neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. [Abstract]

2024 Dec:135:156091. PMID: 39332101
Phytomedicine

Ganoderic acid D attenuates gemcitabine resistance of triple-negative breast cancer cells by inhibiting glycolysis via HIF-1α destabilization. [Abstract]

2024 Jul:129:155675. PMID: 38678954
Phytomedicine

Ethanol extract of Eclipta prostrata induces multiple myeloma ferroptosis via Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 axis. [Abstract]

2024 Jun:128:155401. PMID: 38507850
Phytomedicine

Xie-Bai-San increases NSCLC cells sensitivity to gefitinib by inhibiting Beclin-1 mediated autophagosome formation. [Abstract]

2024 Mar:125:155351. PMID: 38232540
EMBO Mol Med

Thioparib inhibits homologous recombination repair, activates the type I IFN response, and overcomes olaparib resistance. [Abstract]

2023 Mar 8;15(3):e16235. PMID: 36652375
Phytomedicine

Paeonol ameliorates endometrial hyperplasia in mice via inhibiting PI3K/AKT pathway-related ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2023 Jan:109:154593. PMID: 36610113
Phytomedicine

Danshen injection induces autophagy in podocytes to alleviate nephrotic syndrome via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. [Abstract]

2022 Dec:107:154477. PMID: 36215790
Phytomedicine

Celastrol upregulated ATG7 triggers autophagy via targeting Nur77 in colorectal cancer. [Abstract]

2022 Sep:104:154280. PMID: 35752079
Free Radic Biol Med

GPX3 activates autophagy to protect cochlear spiral ganglion neurons from injury in age-related hearing loss. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 16:250:16-29. PMID: 41850409
Free Radic Biol Med

The autophagy receptor NDP52 recruits the E3 ligase ASB2 to mediate NOX4 degradation, suppressing cardiomyocyte ferroptosis and ameliorating heart failure. [Abstract]

2026 Apr:247:378-392. PMID: 41662915
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces

Co-disruption of GPX4 and DHODH Ferroptosis Defense Systems via Excipient-Free Self-Assembled Nanoassemblies for Enhanced Ferroptosis Therapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 18;18(6):9471-9482. PMID: 41645812
Free Radic Biol Med

HIF-1α translation mediated by PKCδ facilitates RSV-induced production of innate inflammatory cytokines in vitro and in vivo. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 16:246:614-626. PMID: 41611036
Free Radic Biol Med

P2Y6 receptor blockade promotes depression-like symptoms through oxidative stress and impaired autophagy. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 17:242:203-219. PMID: 41110517
Free Radic Biol Med

Reticulon 3 deficiency induces ferroptosis via chaperone-mediated autophagy in ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 10:242:9-20. PMID: 41077100
Free Radic Biol Med

Cadmium induces ferroptosis in B cells via ATP6V0A1-upregulated lysosomal ferritinophagy: insights from murine transcriptomics and human cellular models. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 27:S0891-5849(25)01318-8. PMID: 41161393
Free Radic Biol Med

ENO1 blockade augment ferroptosis susceptibility in TKIs-resistant CML through GPX4 autophagic degradation. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 19:S0891-5849(25)00942-6. PMID: 40976411
Free Radic Biol Med

Sestrin2 improves intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury through the TFEB-mediated autophagy/lysosomal pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 24:238:344-359. PMID: 40570983
Free Radic Biol Med

PPARγ mediated lysosomal membrane permeabilization and lipophagy blockage were involved in microplastics and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate co-exposure induced immature testis injury. [Abstract]

2025 Sep:237:615-630. PMID: 40532836
Free Radic Biol Med

Alexidine dihydrochloride enhances the sensitivity of human hepatocellular carcinoma to disulfidptosis via ATF4-DDIT3 activation. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 14:237:585-599. PMID: 40518125
Free Radic Biol Med

Endoplasmic reticulum stress-autophagy axis is involved in copper-induced ovarian ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 5:S0891-5849(25)00215-1. PMID: 40194638
Free Radic Biol Med

Astragalin actives autophagy and inhibits apoptosis of astrocytes in AD mice via down-regulating Fas/Fasl-VDAC1 pathway. [Abstract]

2025 May:232:72-85. PMID: 40032030
Free Radic Biol Med

Nrf2 ameliorates defective autophagic processes and thereby inhibits ferroptosis in acute pancreatitis by suppressing Beclin1-Slc7a11 complex formation. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 16:230:294-308. PMID: 39947493
Free Radic Biol Med

The new pattern for dual NOTCH pathway involving nuclear transcription and mitochondrial regulation supports therapeutic mechanism of 4-butyl benzophenone derivatives against SIRS. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 10:S0891-5849(24)00582-3. PMID: 39134162
Free Radic Biol Med

5-FU promotes HBV replication through oxidative stress-induced autophagy dysfunction. [Abstract]

2024 Mar:213:233-247. PMID: 38215891
Free Radic Biol Med

Bisphenol A induces placental ferroptosis and fetal growth restriction via the YAP/TAZ-ferritinophagy axis. [Abstract]

2023 Dec 14:211:127-144. PMID: 38103660
Free Radic Biol Med

CAB39 promotes cisplatin resistance in bladder cancer via the LKB1-AMPK-LC3 pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Nov 1:208:587-601. PMID: 37726090
Free Radic Biol Med

STING promotes ferroptosis through NCOA4-dependent ferritinophagy in acute kidney injury. [Abstract]

2023 Nov 1:208:348-360. PMID: 37634745
Free Radic Biol Med

Targeting ABCB6 with nitidine chloride inhibits PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to promote ferroptosis in multiple myeloma. [Abstract]

2023 Jul:203:86-101. PMID: 37044150
Free Radic Biol Med

IRF1/ZNF350/GPX4-mediated ferroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells promote chronic renal allograft interstitial fibrosis. [Abstract]

2022 Nov 20;193(Pt 2):579-594. PMID: 36356714
Free Radic Biol Med

Sequestered SQSTM1/p62 crosstalk with Keap1/NRF2 axis in hPDLCs promotes oxidative stress injury induced by periodontitis. [Abstract]

2022 Sep:190:62-74. PMID: 35940517
Cancer Immunol Res

High Mobility Group Protein B1 Decreases Surface Localization of PD-1 to Augment T-cell Activation. [Abstract]

2022 Jul 1;10(7):844-855. PMID: 35580259
Free Radic Biol Med

Deacetylation of ZKSCAN3 by SIRT1 induces autophagy and protects SN4741 cells against MPP+-induced oxidative stress. [Abstract]

2022 Mar;181:82-97. PMID: 35124181
Free Radic Biol Med

Hypoxia inhibits RANKL-induced ferritinophagy and protects osteoclasts from ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2021 Jun:169:271-282. PMID: 33895289
Part Fibre Toxicol

Zinc oxide nanoparticles effectively regulate autophagic cell death by activating autophagosome formation and interfering with their maturation. [Abstract]

2020 Sep 18;17(1):46. PMID: 32948194
Apoptosis

EVA1A reverses lenvatinib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma through regulating PI3K/AKT/p53 signaling axis. [Abstract]

2024 May 14. PMID: 38743191
Chemosphere

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers quinone-induced intracellular protein oxidative damage triggers ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosomal system activation in LO2 cells. [Abstract]

2021 Jul:275:130034. PMID: 33652285
NPJ Precis Oncol

Prkci acts a pro-proliferation factor in colorectal cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 4;9(1):338. PMID: 41188443
NPJ Precis Oncol

GLMP promotes EGFR-TKI resistance by activating autophagy and RhoA pathway in non-small cell lung cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 26;9(1):391. PMID: 41298761
NPJ Precis Oncol

Hepatocellular carcinoma cells downregulate PGAM2 via SIRT2-mediated deacetylation modification to enhance aerobic glycolysis. [Abstract]

2025 May 16;9(1):143. PMID: 40379975
Sci Total Environ

Chronic arsenic exposure induces ferroptosis via enhancing ferritinophagy in chicken livers. [Abstract]

2023 Sep 10:890:164172. PMID: 37201840
Sci Total Environ

Exposure to benzo(a)pyrene suppresses mitophagy via ANT1-PINK1-Parkin pathway in ovarian corpus luteum during early pregnancy. [Abstract]

2022 Jan 2;814:152759. PMID: 34986425
Sci Total Environ

Cellular internalization and release of polystyrene microplastics and nanoplastics. [Abstract]

2021 Jul 20:779:146523. PMID: 34030247
Br J Pharmacol

Fenofibrate potentiates the therapeutic efficacy of EZH2 inhibitors on melanoma via TRIM21- and OTUD4-mediated EZH2 ubiquitination. [Abstract]

2026 Jun;183(11):2675-2694. PMID: 41652905
Br J Pharmacol

SGK3 promotes estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer proliferation by activating STAT3/ZMIZ2 pathway to stabilise β-catenin. [Abstract]

2025 Apr;182(8):1856-1875. PMID: 39876548
Neoplasia

ONC206 targeting ClpP induces mitochondrial dysfunction and protective autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 29:55:101015. PMID: 38944913
Br J Pharmacol

HSP90β shapes the fate of Th17 cells with the help of glycolysis-controlled methylation modification. [Abstract]

2024 Oct;181(20):3886-3907. PMID: 38881036
Br J Pharmacol

Naringenin relieves paclitaxel-induced pain by suppressing calcitonin gene-related peptide signalling and enhances the anti-tumour action of paclitaxel. [Abstract]

2024 May 7. PMID: 38715438
Neoplasia

ABCC5 facilitates the acquired resistance of sorafenib through the inhibition of SLC7A11-induced ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. [Abstract]

2021 Dec;23(12):1227-1239. PMID: 34768109
Br J Pharmacol

An orally available hypoglycaemic peptide taken up by caveolae transcytosis displays improved hypoglycaemic effects and body weight control in db/db mice. [Abstract]

2020 Aug;177(15):3473-3488. PMID: 32293707
Arch Pharm Res

Homoharringtonine inhibits growth and migration in non-small cell lung cancer via PDIA4-mediated modulation of autophagy and EMT. [Abstract]

2026 Mar;49(3):357-374. PMID: 41826608
Emerg Microbes Infect

Streptococcus suis Stk1 sensitizes epithelial cells to ferroptosis and exacerbates disruption of the respiratory epithelial barrier. [Abstract]

2026 Dec;15(1):2627066. PMID: 41630441
J Transl Med

CX26 promotes pancreatic cancer progression by competitively inhibiting interaction of c-Myc with PSMD2 and enhancing c-Myc stability. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 19;23(1):939. PMID: 40830962
J Transl Med

Polystyrene nanoplastics trigger pyroptosis in dopaminergic neurons through TSC2/TFEB-mediated disruption of autophagosome-lysosome fusion in Parkinson's disease. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 5;23(1):631. PMID: 40474178
J Transl Med

Endogenous protein S100A14 stabilizes glutaminase to render hepatocellular carcinoma resistant to sorafenib. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 11;23(1):435. PMID: 40217256
J Transl Med

PRMT6 promotes colorectal cancer progress via activating MYC signaling. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 16;23(1):74. PMID: 39819457
J Transl Med

TEFM facilitates uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma progression by activating ROS-NFκB pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 27;22(1):1151. PMID: 39731053
J Transl Med

Doxorubicin synergizes bortezomib-induced multiple myeloma cell death by inhibiting aggresome formation and augmenting endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi stress and apoptosis. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 3;22(1):1095. PMID: 39623468
Biomed Pharmacother

Erastin promotes random-pattern skin flaps survival by inducing mTORC1-TFEB mediated autophagy. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 14:177:116918. PMID: 38878639
J Transl Med

Resveratrol attenuates inflammation and fibrosis in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease via the AKT/TMEM175 pathway. [Abstract]

2024 May 14;22(1):457. PMID: 38745204
Biomed Pharmacother

Pseudolaric acid B suppresses NSCLC progression through the ROS/AMPK/mTOR/autophagy signalling pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Jun:175:116614. PMID: 38670047
J Transl Med

Erbin accelerates TFEB-mediated lysosome biogenesis and autophagy and alleviates sepsis-induced inflammatory responses and organ injuries. [Abstract]

2023 Dec 17;21(1):916. PMID: 38105228
Biomed Pharmacother

Dual targeting agent Thiotert inhibits the progression of glioblastoma by inducing ER stress-dependent autophagy. [Abstract]

2024 Jan:170:115867. PMID: 38101281
Emerg Microbes Infect

Vital role of Autophagy flux inhibition of placental trophoblast cells in pregnancy disorders induced by HEV infection. [Abstract]

2023 Dec;12(2):2276336. PMID: 37882369
J Transl Med

Improving the cytotoxicity of immunotoxins by reducing the affinity of the antibody in acidic pH. [Abstract]

2023 Aug 25;21(1):572. PMID: 37626430
Biomed Pharmacother

Cinchonine exerts anti-tumor and immunotherapy sensitizing effects in lung cancer by impairing autophagic-lysosomal degradation. [Abstract]

2023 Aug:164:114980. PMID: 37301135
Biomed Pharmacother

Inhibition of autophagy in macrophage promotes IL-1β-mediated hepatocellular carcinoma progression via inflammasome accumulation and self-recruitment. [Abstract]

2023 May:161:114560. PMID: 36940618
Biomed Pharmacother

Sitagliptin inhibits the survival, stemness and autophagy of glioma cells, and enhances temozolomide cytotoxicity. [Abstract]

2023 Jun:162:114555. PMID: 36966667
Biomed Pharmacother

Jiedu Tongluo Baoshen formula enhances renal tubular epithelial cell autophagy to prevent renal fibrosis by activating SIRT1/LKB1/AMPK pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Apr:160:114340. PMID: 36738503
Biomed Pharmacother

Regulatory mechanism of α-hederin upon cisplatin sensibility in NSCLC at safe dose by destroying GSS/GSH/GPX2 axis-mediated glutathione oxidation-reduction system. [Abstract]

2022 Jun;150:112927. PMID: 35398749
Diabetes

Hepatic P38 Activation Modulates Systemic Metabolism Through Fgf21-Mediated Interorgan Communication. [Abstract]

2021 Oct 21:db210240. PMID: 34675006
Biomed Pharmacother

Development of an autophagy-related signature in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. [Abstract]

2020 Jun;126:110080. PMID: 32203889
Biomed Pharmacother

Outer membrane protein a in Acinetobacter baumannii induces autophagy through mTOR signalling pathways in the lung of SD rats. [Abstract]

2021 Mar:135:111034. PMID: 33388597
Biomed Pharmacother

LncRNA NBR2 inhibits tumorigenesis by regulating autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma. [Abstract]

2021 Jan;133:111023. PMID: 33378941
Biomed Pharmacother

Jervine exhibits anticancer effects on nasopharyngeal carcinoma through promoting autophagic apoptosis via the blockage of Hedgehog signaling. [Abstract]

2020 Dec;132:110898. PMID: 33113432
Biomed Pharmacother

Melatonin triggers autophagic cell death by regulating RORC in Hodgkin lymphoma. [Abstract]

2020 Mar;123:109811. PMID: 31924597
Biomed Pharmacother

Chicoric acid (CA) induces autophagy in gastric cancer through promoting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress regulated by AMPK. [Abstract]

2019 Oct;118:109144. PMID: 31545234
Biomed Pharmacother

Carvedilol attenuates liver fibrosis by suppressing autophagy and promoting apoptosis in hepatic stellate cells. [Abstract]

2018 Dec:108:1617-1627. PMID: 30372864

Chloroquine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biomed Pharmacother. 2018 Dec:108:1617-1627. [Abstract]

GFP-LC3B-expressing LX-2 cells are treated with DMSO, 3-MA (10 mM), or Chloroquine (30 μM) alone or in the presence of Carvedilol (CVD, 10 μM) for 24 h. The conversion of LC3B-I to LC3B-II is evaluated using immunoblotting.
Redox Rep

The novel thioredoxin reductase inhibitor butaselen suppresses lung cancer by inducing oxidative stress. [Abstract]

2025 Dec;30(1):2588086. PMID: 41292488
Food Sci Hum Wellness

2025.
Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol

HDLBP promotes hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation and sorafenib resistance by suppressing Trim71-dependent RAF1 degradation. [Abstract]

2023;15(2):307-325. PMID: 36244648
Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol

Vitamin D receptor activation targets ROS-mediated crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis in hepatocytes in cholestasis mice. [Abstract]

2023;15(4):887-901. PMID: 36280140
Chin Med J (Engl)

Erianin induces GSDMD-dependent pyroptosis and synergistically enhances doxorubicin efficacy via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 20. PMID: 40830921
Oncogene

HDAC1/2-mediated deacetylation of KLF9 promotes the malignant progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma via CDH17. [Abstract]

2025 Sep;44(35):3183-3198. PMID: 40615689
Stem Cell Res Ther

Targeting prominin-2/BACH1/GLS pathway to inhibit oxidative stress-induced ferroptosis of bone mesenchymal stem cells. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 29;16(1):213. PMID: 40301995
Environ Pollut

TDCPP and TiO2 NPs aggregates synergistically induce SH-SY5Y cell neurotoxicity by excessive mitochondrial fission and mitophagy inhibition. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 15:347:123740. PMID: 38462198
Environ Pollut

Recognition and movement of polystyrene nanoplastics in fish cells. [Abstract]

2023 Jan 1;316(Pt 2):120627. PMID: 36370978
Oncogene

AKR1C3 regulated by NRF2/MAFG complex promotes proliferation via stabilizing PARP1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. [Abstract]

2022 Jul;41(31):3846-3858. PMID: 35773412
Environ Pollut

Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission contributes to mitophagy in paraquat-induced neuronal cell damage. [Abstract]

2021 Mar 1:272:116413. PMID: 33422762
Oncogene

KPNB1 inhibition disrupts proteostasis and triggers unfolded protein response-mediated apoptosis in glioblastoma cells. [Abstract]

2018 May;37(22):2936-2952. PMID: 29520102

Chloroquine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oncogene. 2018 May;37(22):2936-2952. [Abstract]

IPZ-treated U87 and U251 cells are treated with or without Baf-A1 (5 nM), CQ (40 μM), or MG132 (1 μM) for 48 h, followed by western blots.
Cell Chem Biol

Lactylation of mTOR enhances autophagy in skeletal muscle during exercise. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 20;32(11):1367-1380.e5. PMID: 41223856
Cell Chem Biol

STT3A is essential for Wnt signaling and represents a target for cancers driven by RNF43 deficiency. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 22:S2451-9456(25)00306-X. PMID: 41130209
Int Endod J

Novel Midkine-Derived Peptide Promotes Reparative Dentine Formation via DDIT4/mTOR Pathway-Mediated Activation of Autophagy. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 25. PMID: 41877659
J Genet Genomics

USP21 deubiquitinates DPYSL2 and enhances its centrosomal abundance to promote cilium formation. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 5:S1673-8527(25)00193-6. PMID: 40619097
Aging Cell

Autophagy regulates the localization and degradation of p16INK4a. [Abstract]

2020 Jul;19(7):e13171. PMID: 32662244
Cell Death Discov

CRISPR-Cas9 screening reveals G2E3 as a novel ubiquitin-linked factor controlling autophagosome-lysosome fusion and cancer cell progression. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 9;11(1):455. PMID: 41068090
Cell Death Discov

Maternal linoleic acid-rich diet ameliorates bilirubin neurotoxicity in offspring mice. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 19;10(1):329. PMID: 39030174
Cell Death Discov

Iron derived from NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy causes cellular senescence via the cGAS-STING pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Nov 18;9(1):419. PMID: 37980349
Cell Death Discov

Cezanne promoted autophagy through PIK3C3 stabilization and PIK3C2A transcription in lung adenocarcinoma. [Abstract]

2023 Aug 18;9(1):302. PMID: 37596251
Cell Death Discov

Neuroprotective effect of astragalin via activating PI3K/Akt-mTOR-mediated autophagy on APP/PS1 mice. [Abstract]

2023 Jan 21;9(1):15. PMID: 36681681
Cell Death Discov

YAP ISGylation increases its stability and promotes its positive regulation on PPP by stimulating 6PGL transcription. [Abstract]

2022 Feb 11;8(1):59. PMID: 35149670
Cell Death Discov

TRAP1 inhibits MIC60 ubiquitination to mitigate the injury of cardiomyocytes and protect mitochondria in extracellular acidosis. [Abstract]

2021 Dec 14;7(1):389. PMID: 34907169
Cell Death Discov

CRISPR/Cas9 genome-wide screening identifies LUC7L2 that promotes radioresistance via autophagy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. [Abstract]

2021 Dec 14;7(1):392. PMID: 34907164
Cell Death Discov

7,8-dihydroxyflavone ameliorates motor deficits via regulating autophagy in MPTP-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease. [Abstract]

2021 Sep 20;7(1):254. PMID: 34545064
Cell Rep

Scap stabilizes PKM2 to promote glycolysis and enhance anti-fungal immunity in macrophages. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 13;45(3):117106. PMID: 41831231
Cell Rep

Small-molecule enhancement of METTL3 S-palmitoylation as a therapeutic strategy for osteoarthritis. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 18;45(3):116993. PMID: 41719123
Cell Rep

circATF6 triggers calcium overload to synergize with EGFR-TKI in non-small cell lung cancer via modulation of proteostasis. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 5;44(12):116659. PMID: 41351835
Microbiol Res

Dynamic regulation of K33- and K48-linked ubiquitination of Tip60 by TRIM37 orchestrates host DNA damage response during Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and recovery. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 5:305:128414. PMID: 41442852
Cell Rep

IGF2BP2 stabilized by USP7 promotes cancer-associated fibroblast activation and attenuates gemcitabine sensitivity in PDAC. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 25;44(11):116476. PMID: 41201091
Cell Rep

Targeting the UFL1-PARP1 axis amplifies anti-tumor immunity. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 15;44(10):116433. PMID: 41105513
Cell Rep

VCPIP1 potentiates innate immune responses by non-catalytically reducing the ubiquitination of IRAK1/2. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 27;44(7):115931. PMID: 40581931
Cell Rep

Inhibiting UPF1 methylation enhances tumor immunotherapy sensitivity by reducing nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 25;44(7):115919. PMID: 40570371
Cell Rep

Cardiolipin oxidized by ROS from complex II acts as a target of gasdermin D to drive mitochondrial pore and heart dysfunction in endotoxemia. [Abstract]

2024 May 15;43(5):114237. PMID: 38753484
Cell Rep

The degradation of TGR5 mediated by Smurf1 contributes to diabetic nephropathy. [Abstract]

2023 Aug 29;42(8):112851. PMID: 37481723
Cell Rep

Inhibiting G6PD by quercetin promotes degradation of EGFR T790M mutation. [Abstract]

2023 Nov 10;42(11):113417. PMID: 37950872
Cell Rep

Coronavirus subverts ER-phagy by hijacking FAM134B and ATL3 into p62 condensates to facilitate viral replication. [Abstract]

2023 Apr 25;42(4):112286. PMID: 36952345
Cell Rep

Type I interferon/STAT1 signaling regulates UBE2M-mediated antiviral innate immunity in a negative feedback manner. [Abstract]

2023 Jan 31;42(1):112002. PMID: 36662617
Cell Rep

Destabilization of TP53 by USP10 is essential for neonatal autophagy and survival. [Abstract]

2022 Oct 4;41(1):111435. PMID: 36198274
Cell Rep

KS10076, a chelator for redox-active metal ions, induces ROS-mediated STAT3 degradation in autophagic cell death and eliminates ALDH1+ stem cells. [Abstract]

2022 Jul 19;40(3):111077. PMID: 35858554
Cell Rep

An oxygen-adaptive interaction between SNHG12 and occludin maintains blood-brain barrier integrity. [Abstract]

2022 Apr 12;39(2):110656. PMID: 35417709
Neurotherapeutics

FTH1 Inhibits Ferroptosis Through Ferritinophagy in the 6-OHDA Model of Parkinson's Disease. [Abstract]

2020 Oct;17(4):1796-1812. PMID: 32959272
J Med Chem

Chemical Space Navigation of Nitidine Leads to the Discovery of a Novel PD-L1 Degradation Agent by Targeting CSN5 for Enhanced Antitumor Immunity. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 9;69(7):8237-8254. PMID: 41824767
Br J Cancer

LMP2A regulates S901 phosphorylation of EphA2 to maintain EBV latent infection in gastric cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 9. PMID: 40783630
J Med Chem

Dual-Targeting TrxR-EGFR Alkynyl-Au(I) Gefitinib Complex Induces Ferroptosis in Gefitinib-Resistant Lung Cancer via Degradation of GPX4. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 13;68(5):5275-5291. PMID: 39968846
Clin Transl Med

Deubiquitination of RIPK2 by OTUB2 augments NOD2 signalling and protective effects in intestinal inflammation. [Abstract]

2024 Oct;14(10):e70038. PMID: 39358938
J Med Chem

Synthesis and Bioevaluation of 3-(Arylmethylene)indole Derivatives: Discovery of a Novel ALK Modulator with Antiglioblastoma Activities. [Abstract]

2023 Nov 9;66(21):14609-14622. PMID: 37861443
Clin Transl Med

Targeting lysosomal HSP70 induces acid sphingomyelinase-mediated disturbance of lipid metabolism and leads to cell death in T cell malignancies. [Abstract]

2023 Mar;13(3):e1229. PMID: 36959764
Clin Transl Med

ANXA6 suppresses the tumorigenesis of cervical cancer through autophagy induction. [Abstract]

2020 Oct;10(6):e208. PMID: 33135350
Neural Regen Res

Exogenous platelet-derived growth factor improves neurovascular unit recovery after spinal cord injury. [Abstract]

2021 Apr;16(4):765-771. PMID: 33063740
Sci Signal

USP5 deubiquitylates and stabilizes FcεRIγ to enhance IgE-induced mast cell activation and allergic inflammation. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 29;18(897):eadr3411. PMID: 40729432
Sci Signal

The kinase PLK1 promotes Hedgehog signaling-dependent resistance to the antiandrogen enzalutamide in metastatic prostate cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 18;18(878):eadi5174. PMID: 40100956
Antioxidants (Basel)

Ginsenoside Rg1 Alleviates Blood-Milk Barrier Disruption in Subclinical Bovine Mastitis by Regulating Oxidative Stress-Induced Excessive Autophagy. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 24;13(12):1446. PMID: 39765775
Antioxidants (Basel)

Tetramethylpyrazine Analogue T-006 Protects Neuronal and Endothelial Cells Against Oxidative Stress via PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Nrf2 Signaling. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 21;13(10):1272. PMID: 39456524
Antioxidants (Basel)

Differential Effects of Three Medium-Chain Fatty Acids on Mitochondrial Quality Control and Skeletal Muscle Maturation. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 9;13(7):821. PMID: 39061890
Antioxidants (Basel)

Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Ameliorate Aging-Induced BTB Impairment in Porcine Testes by Activating Autophagy and Inhibiting ROS/NLRP3 Inflammasomes via the AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Jan 31;13(2):183. PMID: 38397781
Sci Signal

Degradation of HDAC10 by autophagy promotes IRF3-mediated antiviral innate immune responses. [Abstract]

2022 Dec 20;15(765):eabo4356. PMID: 36538592
J Anim Sci Biotechnol

Quercetin ameliorates oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of granulosa cells in dairy cow follicular cysts by activating autophagy via the SIRT1/ROS/AMPK signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 5;15(1):119. PMID: 39232832
J Anim Sci Biotechnol

Sulforaphane prevents LPS-induced inflammation by regulating the Nrf2-mediated autophagy pathway in goat mammary epithelial cells and a mouse model of mastitis. [Abstract]

2023 May 3;14(1):61. PMID: 37131202
J Anim Sci Biotechnol

Pterostilbene attenuates intrauterine growth retardation-induced colon inflammation in piglets by modulating endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy. [Abstract]

2022 Nov 4;13(1):125. PMID: 36329539
J Cell Biol

FUT8-mediated core fucosylation stabilizes TMEM67 to promote ciliogenesis. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 6;224(10):e202412224. PMID: 40728580
Mol Med

Overexpression of c-Myc triggers p62 aggregation-mediated mitochondrial mitophagy in cabozantinib resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma. [Abstract]

2025 May 27;31(1):209. PMID: 40426058
Mol Med

AdipoR1 enhances the radiation resistance via ESR1/CCNB1IP1/cyclin B1 pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 23;31(1):21. PMID: 39849382
Mol Med

CKS2 induces autophagy-mediated glutathione metabolic reprogramming to facilitate ferroptosis resistance in colon cancer. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 15;30(1):219. PMID: 39548421
Mol Med

New perspectives on YTHDF2 O-GlcNAc modification in the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 18;30(1):180. PMID: 39425013
Mol Med

SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of FOXO3 enhances mitophagy and drives hormone resistance in endometrial cancer. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 12;30(1):147. PMID: 39266959
Mol Med

ECHDC2 inhibits the proliferation of gastric cancer cells by binding with NEDD4 to degrade MCCC2 and reduce aerobic glycolysis. [Abstract]

2024 May 23;30(1):69. PMID: 38783226
Mol Med

Knockdown of DEC2 expression inhibits the proliferation of mesangial cells through suppressed glycolysis and p38 MAPK/Erk pathway in lupus nephritis. [Abstract]

2023 Jul 24;29(1):99. PMID: 37488524
Mol Med

Improvement of ACK1-targeted therapy efficacy in lung adenocarcinoma using chloroquine or bafilomycin A1. [Abstract]

2023 Jan 16;29(1):6. PMID: 36647009
Elife

Genetically incorporated crosslinkers reveal NleE attenuates host autophagy dependent on PSMD10. [Abstract]

2021 Jul 13;10:e69047. PMID: 34254583
Phytother Res

Daphnetin Alleviates Liver Fibrosis by Inducing Ferritinophagy-Mediated Ferroptosis in Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 5. PMID: 41351245
Phytother Res

Formosanin C Induces ROS/p38-Mediated Cell Death While Also Promoting Protective Autophagy in Pancreatic Cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 6. PMID: 41054182
Phytother Res

4'-Hydroxychalcone Induces Ferroptosis in Glioblastoma Through the xCT/GSH/GPX4 Axis Under the Regulation of the AKT/mTORC1/4EBP1 Pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 25. PMID: 40855403
Phytother Res

Isoalantolactone exerts anti-melanoma effects via inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR and STAT3 signaling in cell and mouse models. [Abstract]

2024 Jun;38(6):2800-2817. PMID: 38526171
Fundam Res

Tailoring combinational therapy with Monte Carlo method-based regression modeling. [Abstract]

2023 Apr 7;5(6):2975-2982. PMID: 41467005
Phytother Res

Homoplantaginin attenuates high glucose-induced vascular endothelial cell apoptosis through promoting autophagy via the AMPK/TFEB pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Jul;37(7):3025-3041. PMID: 36879478
Phytother Res

Ginkgo biloba extract protects against diabetic cardiomyopathy by restoring autophagy via adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of the rapamycin pathway modulation. [Abstract]

2023 Apr;37(4):1377-1390. PMID: 36751963
Phytother Res

Chinese dragon's blood ethyl acetate extract suppresses gastric cancer progression through induction of apoptosis and autophagy mediated by activation of MAPK and downregulation of the mTOR-Beclin1 signalling cascade. [Abstract]

2023 Feb;37(2):689-701. PMID: 36245270
Phytother Res

Gambogenic acid induces apoptosis and autophagy through ROS-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress via JNK pathway in prostate cancer cells. [Abstract]

2023 Jan;37(1):310-328. PMID: 36086867
J Pineal Res

Melatonin ameliorates cognitive deficits through improving mitophagy in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. [Abstract]

2021 Dec;71(4):e12774. PMID: 34617321
J Agric Food Chem

Citrulline Modulates Milk Fat Metabolism via the RTN3-FABP5 Axis in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 8;74(13):11079-11091. PMID: 41889269
Cell Mol Life Sci

The contrasting effects of two antimalarial drugs on insulin secretion. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 25;82(1):419. PMID: 41288707
Cell Mol Life Sci

Prolyl endopeptidase is a multifunctional host factor required for FMDV infection. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 19;82(1):408. PMID: 41258568
J Agric Food Chem

Green Tea Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Ameliorates Lipid Accumulation and Obesity-Associated Metabolic Syndrome via Regulating Autophagy and Lipolysis in Preadipocytes and Adipose Tissue. [Abstract]

2025 May 21;73(20):12272-12291. PMID: 40347183
Cell Biosci

Epsin3 promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression via modulating EGFR stability. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 5;15(1):14. PMID: 39910656
EMBO Rep

HIV-1 Vpu induces neurotoxicity by promoting Caspase 3-dependent cleavage of TDP-43. [Abstract]

2024 Oct;25(10):4337-4357. PMID: 39242776
EMBO Rep

RNF144B negatively regulates antiviral immunity by targeting MDA5 for autophagic degradation. [Abstract]

2024 Oct;25(10):4594-4624. PMID: 39285245
J Agric Food Chem

Nanoplastic-Induced Liver Damage Was Alleviated by Maltol via Enhancing Autophagic Flow: An In Vivo and In Vitro Study. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 24;72(29):16250-16262. PMID: 38915203
Cell Mol Life Sci

Silencing circSERPINE2 restrains mesenchymal stem cell senescence via the YBX3/PCNA/p21 axis. [Abstract]

2023 Oct 13;80(11):325. PMID: 37831180
J Agric Food Chem

Quercetin Alleviates Acrylamide-Induced Liver Injury by Inhibiting Autophagy-Dependent Ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2023 May 17;71(19):7427-7439. PMID: 37134181
J Agric Food Chem

Gut-Derived Metabolites from Dietary Tryptophan Supplementation Quench Intestinal Inflammation through the AMPK-SIRT1-Autophagy Pathway. [Abstract]

2022 Dec 28;70(51):16080-16095. PMID: 36521060
Cell Biosci

Anti-tumor effects of dual PI3K-HDAC inhibitor CUDC-907 on activation of ROS-IRE1α-JNK-mediated cytotoxic autophagy in esophageal cancer. [Abstract]

2022 Aug 21;12(1):135. PMID: 35989326
EMBO Rep

CDK inhibitor Palbociclib targets STING to alleviate autoinflammation. [Abstract]

2022 Jun 7;23(6):e53932. PMID: 35403787
J Agric Food Chem

Cinnamtannin D1 Protects Pancreatic β-Cells from Glucolipotoxicity-Induced Apoptosis by Enhancement of Autophagy In Vitro and In Vivo. [Abstract]

2020 Nov 11;68(45):12617-12630. PMID: 33125846
JCI Insight

USP16 drives psoriasis progression by deubiquitinating and stabilizing NLRP3 in keratinocytes. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 27;11(5):e193017. PMID: 41591834
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf

PFOA exposure promotes prostate cancer progression by enhancing autophagy through m6A modification of MAPK15 mRNA. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 9:303:118839. PMID: 40784096
JCI Insight

Deletion of SH2D5 alleviates epileptic seizures and NMDAR expression via autophagic degradation of STAT1. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 22;10(16):e191347. PMID: 40857409
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf

Soybean isoflavones protect dopaminergic neurons from atrazine damage by inhibiting VPS13A to increase autophagy. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 19:286:117225. PMID: 39427538
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf

Hesperetin alleviates aflatoxin B1 induced liver toxicity in mice: Modulating lipid peroxidation and ferritin autophagy. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 13:284:116854. PMID: 39142113
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf

CDK5-USP30 signaling pathway regulates MAVS-mediated inflammation via suppressing mitophagy in MPTP/MPP+ PD model. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 1:279:116446. PMID: 38772138
Antioxid Redox Signal

Adenosine A2A receptor antagonist SCH58261 improves the cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease model mice through activation of Nrf2 via an autophagy-dependent pathway. [Abstract]

2024 May 8. PMID: 38717958
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf

Cadmium induces apoptosis of mouse spermatocytes through JNK activation and disruption of autophagic flux. [Abstract]

2023 Oct 15:265:115505. PMID: 37742578
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf

Biochemical mechanisms of tributyltin chloride-induced cell toxicity in Sertoli cells. [Abstract]

2023 Apr 15:255:114725. PMID: 36924558
Antioxid Redox Signal

Connexin32 promotes the activation of Foxo3a to ameliorate diabetic nephropathy via inhibiting the polyubiquitination and degradation of Sirt1. [Abstract]

2023 Aug;39(4-6):241-261. PMID: 36601735
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf

25 December 2021, 113028.
Cancer Cell Int

Identifying disulfidptosis subtypes in hepatocellular carcinoma through machine learning and preliminary exploration of its connection with immunotherapy. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 3;24(1):194. PMID: 38831301
Cancer Cell Int

Platycodin D2 enhances P21/CyclinA2-mediated senescence of HCC cells by regulating NIX-induced mitophagy. [Abstract]

2024 Feb 19;24(1):79. PMID: 38374035
Environ Health

2025 Nov 4，XXXX(XXX).
Cell Biol Toxicol

m6A-mediated silencing of RNF41 by METTL3/YTHDC1 disrupts autophagy to drive intervertebral disc degeneration. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 3;41(1):147. PMID: 41177830
Eur J Med Chem

Novel β-carboline derivatives show promise as dual-target inhibitors of DNA and TOP2A for the treatment of triple negative breast cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 15:298:118041. PMID: 40779814
Food Biosci

2025 Mar.
Food Biosci

2025 Mar.
Food Biosci

2024 Oct.
Front Immunol

African swine fever virus MGF505-6R attenuates type I interferon production by targeting STING for degradation. [Abstract]

2024 May 10:15:1380220. PMID: 38799458
Front Immunol

The effect and underlying mechanism of yeast β-glucan on antiviral resistance of zebrafish against spring viremia of carp virus infection. [Abstract]

2022 Nov 3:13:1031962. PMID: 36405758
Front Immunol

Activation of Autophagy Relieves Linoleic Acid-Induced Inflammation in Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea). [Abstract]

2021 Jun 30:12:649385. PMID: 34276647
Front Immunol

SARS-CoV-2 Membrane Protein Inhibits Type I Interferon Production Through Ubiquitin-Mediated Degradation of TBK1. [Abstract]

2021 May 18:12:662989. PMID: 34084167
Int J Mol Med

Neferine promotes the apoptosis of HNSCC through the accumulation of p62/SQSTM1 caused by autophagic flux inhibition. [Abstract]

2021 Jul;48(1):124. PMID: 33982791
Int J Mol Med

RCE‑4, a potential anti‑cervical cancer drug isolated from Reineckia carnea, induces autophagy via the dual blockade of PI3K and ERK pathways in cervical cancer CaSki cells. [Abstract]

2020 Jan;45(1):245-254. PMID: 31746346
Int J Mol Med

AMP-activated protein kinase stimulates osteoblast differentiation and mineralization through autophagy induction. [Abstract]

2018 May;41(5):2535-2544. PMID: 29484369

Chloroquine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Int J Mol Med. 2018 May;41(5):2535-2544. [Abstract]

MC3T3-E1 cells are treated with AICAR (10 μM) in the presence or absence of 3-MA (5 mM) or CQ (10 μM) for 24 h, after which western blot analysis is conducted.
Chin Med

Quercetagetin alleviates liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by promoting ferroptosis of hepatic stellate cells through GPX4 ubiquitination. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 16;20(1):89. PMID: 40524220
Chin Med

Oleuropein alleviates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by suppressing oxidative stress and excessive autophagy via TLR4/MAPK signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 8;19(1):59. PMID: 38589925
Chin Med

Aloin induced apoptosis by enhancing autophagic flux through the PI3K/AKT axis in osteosarcoma. [Abstract]

2021 Nov 24;16(1):123. PMID: 34819120
Atherosclerosis

Nicotine-mediated autophagy of vascular smooth muscle cell accelerates atherosclerosis via nAChRs/ROS/NF-κB signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2019 May:284:1-10. PMID: 30856513
Biochem Pharmacol

Oroxylin A attenuates sepsis-associated coagulopathy by targeting the ALOX12-lipid peroxidation. [Abstract]

2026 Jun:248:117862. PMID: 41794265
Biochem Pharmacol

Targeted degradation of CD24 by a transferrin receptor-engaging bispecific degrader enhances antitumor immunity. [Abstract]

2026 Apr:246:117721. PMID: 41558617
Biochem Pharmacol

Almonertinib inhibits liver cancer progression by triggering autophagy-dependent ferroptosis through inhibition of the PI3K/Akt1/mTOR pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 9:245:117628. PMID: 41380804
Biochem Pharmacol

Deubiquitinase USP5 promotes acute myeloid leukemia through C2CD5 stabilization and PI3K/AKT/mTOR/HIF-1α-driven glycolysis. [Abstract]

2026 Feb:244:117591. PMID: 41344512
Biochem Pharmacol

Targeting the DYNLL2-PAK1 axis inhibits caspase-11-dependent pyroptosis to alleviate sepsis. [Abstract]

2026 Feb:244:117614. PMID: 41360226
Biochem Pharmacol

Lasiokaurin suppresses breast cancer growth by blocking autophagic flux and regulating cellular energy homeostasis. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 7;242(Pt 3):117212. PMID: 40782951
Breast Cancer Res

Erdafitinib inhibits the tumorigenicity of MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cells by inducing TRIM25/ubiquitin-dependent degradation of FGFR4. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 9;27(1):128. PMID: 40635078
Biochem Pharmacol

Dexmedetomidine alleviates renal ischemia reperfusion injury via suppressing SLC2A1-mediated glycolysis. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 12:241:117166. PMID: 40659130
Biochem Pharmacol

PKCζ regulates autophagy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma via BAG3: a novel therapeutic vulnerability. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 16:241:117176. PMID: 40675228
Biochem Pharmacol

P62 acts as an intermediator in cadmium-induced osteocyte apoptosis and osteoporosis in mice. [Abstract]

2025 Oct:240:117104. PMID: 40619031
Biochem Pharmacol

ALKBH5 reverses romidepsin-mediated anti-multiple myeloma activity via regulation of m6A modification of FOXM1. [Abstract]

2025 May 24:239:116998. PMID: 40419197
Biochem Pharmacol

Discovery of a novel BCL-2 inhibitor GW806742X for the treatment of TNBC. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 6:116925. PMID: 40199403
Biochem Pharmacol

Transglutaminase 2 promotes breast cancer cell autophagy by targeting p53/ mTOR axis. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 9:116926. PMID: 40216264
Biochem Pharmacol

Discovery of Bi-magnolignan as a novel BRD4 inhibitor inducing apoptosis and DNA damage for cancer therapy. [Abstract]

2025 May:235:116843. PMID: 40024351
Biochem Pharmacol

Inhibition of ferroptosis protects intrahepatic bile duct cells against ischemia-reperfusion and bile salt toxicity. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 29:116788. PMID: 39890033
Biochem Pharmacol

Polydatin attenuates diabetic renal inflammatory fibrosis via the inhibition of STING pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 15:116373. PMID: 38885772
Immun Ageing

Circular RNA ZBTB46 depletion alleviates the progression of Atherosclerosis by regulating the ubiquitination and degradation of hnRNPA2B1 via the AKT/mTOR pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Nov 21;20(1):66. PMID: 37990246
Biochem Pharmacol

Loperamide induces protective autophagy and apoptosis through the ROS/JNK signaling pathway in bladder cancer. [Abstract]

2023 Dec:218:115870. PMID: 37863323
Biochem Pharmacol

3-Hydroxybutyrate ameliorates sepsis-associated acute lung injury by promoting autophagy through the activation of GPR109α in macrophages. [Abstract]

2023 Jul:213:115632. PMID: 37263300
Biochem Pharmacol

ALOX5 Promotes Autophagy-dependent Ferroptosis by Activating the AMPK/mTOR Pathway in Melanoma. [Abstract]

2023 Jun:212:115554. PMID: 37080437
Breast Cancer Res

Triptonide effectively inhibits triple-negative breast cancer metastasis through concurrent degradation of Twist1 and Notch1 oncoproteins. [Abstract]

2021 Dec 18;23(1):116. PMID: 34922602
Cell Prolif

Loss of SMARCB1 promotes autophagy and facilitates tumour progression in chordoma by transcriptionally activating ATG5. [Abstract]

2021 Oct 20;e13136. PMID: 34668612
Biochem Pharmacol

Nitazoxanide impairs mitophagy flux through ROS-mediated mitophagy initiation and lysosomal dysfunction in bladder cancer. [Abstract]

2021 Aug:190:114588. PMID: 33957094
Acta Physiol (Oxf)

Renal denervation attenuates pressure overload-induced cardiac remodelling in rats with biphasic regulation of autophagy. [Abstract]

2019 Aug;226(4):e13272. PMID: 30830723
Cell Prolif

Inhibition of PI3K/mTOR increased the sensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells to cisplatin via interference with mitochondrial-lysosomal crosstalk. [Abstract]

2019 May;52(3):e12609. PMID: 31033054
Cell Prolif

Reduced USP33 expression in gastric cancer decreases inhibitory effects of Slit2-Robo1 signalling on cell migration and EMT. [Abstract]

2019 May;52(3):e12606. PMID: 30896071
Pharmaceutics

CC-90009, a Cereblon E3 Ligase Modulator, Exhibits Antiviral Efficacy Against JEV In Vitro and In Vivo via Targeted Degradation of GSPT1 and Viral NS5 Protein. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 27;17(12):1524. PMID: 41471039
Mol Cancer Ther

SDP-LIV1, a Novel and Optimized LIV-1 Antibody-drug Conjugate Demonstrating Superior Anti-Tumor Efficacy and Favorable Safety Profile for Treatment of Solid Tumors. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 30. PMID: 41030069
Pharmaceutics

C118P Suppresses Gastric Cancer Growth via Promoting Autophagy-Lysosomal Degradation of RAB1A. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 21;16(12):1620. PMID: 39771598
J Gastroenterol

Patient-derived organoids of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma for subtype determination and clinical outcome prediction. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 29. PMID: 38684511
Mol Cell Proteomics

The Hyperproliferation Mechanism of Cholesteatoma Based on Proteomics: SNCA Promotes Autophagy-Mediated Cell Proliferation through the PI3K/AKT/CyclinD1 Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Sep;22(9):100628. PMID: 37532176
Am J Chin Med

Baicalein Induces Autophagy and Apoptosis through AMPK Pathway in Human Glioma Cells. [Abstract]

2019;47(6):1405-1418. PMID: 31488033
World J Gastroenterol

2026 Mar 28;32(12).
Virulence

PLIN3-triggered lipophagic flux releases FFAs to facilitate CSFV propagation. [Abstract]

2026 Dec;17(1):2629674. PMID: 41656915
World J Gastroenterol

Wogonin derivative V8 enhances bortezomib efficacy in gastric carcinoma by disrupting lysosome-mediated drug resistance. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 28;32(8):113299. PMID: 41809875
J Ethnopharmacol

Research on the mechanism of Carthamus tinctorius L. against skin fibrosis in systemic sclerosis based on serum pharmacochemistry, network pharmacology, and experimental validation. [Abstract]

2026 May 10:362:121289. PMID: 41643876
J Ethnopharmacol

Huaiqihuang granule attenuate renal injury in IgA vasculitis nephritis by activating AMPK/mTOR-mediated autophagy. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 6:360:121151. PMID: 41490554
Chem Biol Interact

Thalidezine triggers Cathepsin B-mediated cell death in T-cell lymphoma by disrupting lysosomal function. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 25:427:111932. PMID: 41570971
Chem Biol Interact

Oridonin exposure induces testicular impairment through regulating ferroptosis via HIF-1α/HO-1 activation and STUB1-driven GPX4 ubiquitination-dependent degradation. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 5:423:111838. PMID: 41265811
Virulence

LncRNA-CFTBS enhances Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival in macrophages by modulating ferroptosis through the miR-515-5p/miR-519e-5p/SAT1 axis. [Abstract]

2025 Dec;16(1):2545563. PMID: 41075263
J Ethnopharmacol

Chinese herbal prescription JZ-1 enhances host resistance to herpes simplex virus type 2 through regulating the MRN-ATM-CHK2 DNA damage response. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 23:356:120777. PMID: 41135621
Chem Biol Interact

Erianin reverses 5-FU resistance by targeting CALM1/CAMKK2 and activating autophagy in colorectal cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 19:111750. PMID: 40976489
Chem Biol Interact

Cigarette smoke-induced glycerophospholipid DLPC promotes macrophage ferroptosis through the USP7/GPX4 regulatory axis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 22:420:111697. PMID: 40769290
Pak Vet J

2025
J Ethnopharmacol

Vicenin-2 in Suhuang antitussive capsule attenuates mitophagy-dependent ferroptosis via LRP1 for treating post-infectious cough. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 25:119880. PMID: 40288661
J Ethnopharmacol

Astragali radix - Curcumae rhizoma herb pair suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma through EGFR/AKT/mTOR pathway and induces lipid peroxidation-related ferroptosis via HIF-1α/HO-1/GPX4 axis. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 30:119912. PMID: 40316156
World J Gastroenterol

Inhibition of metabotropic glutamate receptor-5 alleviates hepatic steatosis by enhancing autophagy via activation of the AMPK signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 21;31(7):98852. PMID: 39991675
J Ethnopharmacol

Yunnan baiyao exerts anti-glioma activity by inducing autophagy-dependent necroptosis. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 3:118658. PMID: 39103023
Mar Drugs

Cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol Induces Multiple Cell Death in A549 Cells via ER Stress and Autophagy Activation. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 13;22(4):174. PMID: 38667791
Chem Biol Interact

Bruceantinol works as a CDK2/4/6 inhibitor to inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells. [Abstract]

2024 May 25:395:110999. PMID: 38608999
Chem Biol Interact

α-Hederin induces human colorectal cancer cells apoptosis through disturbing protein homeostasis. [Abstract]

2023 Oct 28:110785. PMID: 39492501
Chem Biol Interact

Targeting PKD2 aggravates ferritinophagy-mediated ferroptosis via promoting autophagosome-lysosome fusion and enhances efficacy of carboplatin in lung adenocarcinoma. [Abstract]

2024 Jan 5:387:110794. PMID: 37951334
Food Funct

Hesperetin attenuates sepsis-induced intestinal barrier injury by regulating neutrophil extracellular trap formation via the ROS/autophagy signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2023 May 11;14(9):4213-4227. PMID: 37067254
J Ethnopharmacol

Hyperoside prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity by increasing white fat browning and lipophagy via CDK6-TFEB pathway. [Abstract]

2023 May 10:307:116259. PMID: 36781055
Mar Drugs

RIP1 Mediates Manzamine-A-Induced Secretory Autophagy in Breast Cancer. [Abstract]

2023 Feb 25;21(3):151. PMID: 36976201
Chem Biol Interact

Berberine promotes IGF2BP3 ubiquitination by TRIM21 to induce G1/S phase arrest in colorectal cancer cells. [Abstract]

2023 Apr 1:374:110408. PMID: 36822301
Food Funct

Apigenin alleviated PA-induced pyroptosis by activating autophagy in hepatocytes. [Abstract]

2022 May 23;13(10):5559-5570. PMID: 35481558
Food Funct

Juglone, a novel activator of ferroptosis, induces cell death in endometrial carcinoma Ishikawa cells. [Abstract]

2021 Jun 8;12(11):4947-4959. PMID: 34100505
Food Funct

Chemical characterization of the main bioactive polyphenols from the roots of Morus australis (mulberry). [Abstract]

2019 Oct 16;10(10):6915-6926. PMID: 31588440
Chem Biol Interact

Morusin induces paraptosis-like cell death through mitochondrial calcium overload and dysfunction in epithelial ovarian cancer. [Abstract]

2018 Mar 1:283:59-74. PMID: 29421517
Inflammopharmacology

Metformin alleviates presbycusis by activating the SIRT1/PINK1/GPX4 pathway in vitro and in vivo. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 21. PMID: 41269477
Cells

The Degradation of TMEM166 by Autophagy Promotes AMPK Activation to Protect SH-SY5Y Cells Exposed to MPP. [Abstract]

2022 Aug 30;11(17):2706. PMID: 36078115
Cells

2-Deoxy-D-glucose Alleviates Cancer Cachexia-Induced Muscle Wasting by Enhancing Ketone Metabolism and Inhibiting the Cori Cycle. [Abstract]

2022 Sep 25;11(19):2987. PMID: 36230949
Cells

Prostaglandin 2α Promotes Autophagy and Mitochondrial Energy Production in Fish Hepatocytes. [Abstract]

2022 Jun 9;11(12):1870. PMID: 35740999
Commun Biol

Abnormal iron homeostasis mediates cochlear hair cell impairment and hearing loss in Gprasp2-deficient mice. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 13;9(1):425. PMID: 41688572
Drug Des Devel Ther

2026 Jan 20;20:1-22.
Commun Biol

Inhibition of STING-mediated antiviral innate immunity activation by CD97 via modulation of ER-phagy. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 18. PMID: 41413198
Commun Biol

Dcaf15-mediated EphA2 degradation triggers disruption of the blood-brain barrier during Streptococcus suis meningitis. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 23. PMID: 41276610
Life Sci

TIGAR deficiency exacerbated preeclampsia by impairing autophagy and accelerating trophoblasts apoptosis upon excessive oxidative stress via the NRF2-ARE pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 15:383:124062. PMID: 41192687
Commun Biol

TRIM2 inhibits apoptosis by ubiquitinating BNIP3 to protect the intestine against ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 29;8(1):1308. PMID: 40883557
Commun Biol

Endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria coupling prompts ZBP1-mediated RPE cell PANoptosis in age-related macular degeneration. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 29;8(1):1118. PMID: 40731132
Commun Biol

OXCT1 promotes triple negative breast cancer immune escape via modulating succinylation modification of PGK1. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 9;8(1):1033. PMID: 40634657
Life Sci

SNX17 knockdown improves post-ischemic angiogenesis via blocking lysosomal dependent VEGFR degradation. [Abstract]

2025 May 22:123739. PMID: 40412610
Commun Biol

The gut microbiota metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide promotes cardiac hypertrophy by activating the autophagic degradation of SERCA2a. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 10;8(1):596. PMID: 40210720
Life Sci

N6-methyladenosine-modified circQKI inhibits prostate cancer docetaxel-sensitivity via miR-188-3p/Beclin-1 pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 17:372:123646. PMID: 40250752
Commun Biol

Retinol binding protein 4 restricts PCV2 replication via selective autophagy degradation of viral ORF1 protein. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 5;7(1):1438. PMID: 39500783
Commun Biol

Selenoprotein W modulates tau homeostasis in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 17;7(1):872. PMID: 39020075
Commun Biol

Four-octyl itaconate improves osteoarthritis by enhancing autophagy in chondrocytes via PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway inhibition. [Abstract]

2022 Jun 29;5(1):641. PMID: 35768581
Drug Des Devel Ther

Doxazosin Attenuates Liver Fibrosis by Inhibiting Autophagy in Hepatic Stellate Cells via Activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]

2021 Aug 21;15:3643-3659. PMID: 34456560
Bioresour Bioprocess

Chitopentaose inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma by inducing mitochondrial mediated apoptosis and suppressing protective autophagy. [Abstract]

2021 Jan 5;8(1):4. PMID: 38650195
Drug Des Devel Ther

Leflunomide Inhibits Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis via Suppressing Autophagy and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway in Human Bladder Cancer Cells. [Abstract]

2020 May 18;14:1897-1908. PMID: 32546957
CNS Neurosci Ther

Rapamycin Reduces Amyloid-β Plaques and Improves Behavioral Performance in a Sex-Dependent Manner in Mouse Models of Amyloidosis. [Abstract]

2026 Mar;32(3):e70807. PMID: 41749460
Cancer Gene Ther

Oleuropein regulates ubiquitination-mediated Mcl-1 turnover and exhibits antitumor activity. [Abstract]

2025 Jul;32(7):793-805. PMID: 40506561
Inflammation

LARS1 Promotes Tubular Epithelial Cells Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Chronic Kidney Disease by Inhibiting Lipophagy. [Abstract]

2025 May 21. PMID: 40397353
Respir Res

High matrix stiffness promotes senescence of type II alveolar epithelial cells by lysosomal degradation of lamin A/C in pulmonary fibrosis. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 9;26(1):128. PMID: 40205454
Inflammation

Pharmacological Inhibition of Phosphoglycerate Kinase 1 Reduces OxiDative Stress and Restores Impaired Autophagy in Experimental Acute Pancreatitis. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 29. PMID: 39470963
Respir Res

Human adenovirus type 7 (HAdV-7) infection induces pulmonary vascular endothelial injury through the activation of endothelial autophagy. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 4;25(1):425. PMID: 39633448
Nutrients

Resveratrol and Its Derivatives Diminish Lipid Accumulation in Adipocytes In Vitro-Mechanism of Action and Structure-Activity Relationship. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 13;16(22):3869. PMID: 39599655
Respir Res

Combination of betulinic acid and EGFR-TKIs exerts synergistic anti-tumor effects against wild-type EGFR NSCLC by inducing autophagy-related cell death via EGFR signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2024 May 20;25(1):215. PMID: 38764025
CNS Neurosci Ther

Activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 ameliorates tau accumulation-induced synaptic damage and cognitive dysfunction via autophagy enhancement. [Abstract]

2024 Mar;30(3):e14432. PMID: 37641913
Cancer Gene Ther

Cytoplasmic localization of IRF5 induces Wnt5a/E-cadherin degradation and promotes gastric cancer cells metastasis. [Abstract]

2023 Jun;30(6):866-877. PMID: 36782048
Inflammation

Rapamycin Alleviates Hypertriglyceridemia-Related Acute Pancreatitis via Restoring Autophagy Flux and Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. [Abstract]

2020 Aug;43(4):1510-1523. PMID: 32642911
Respir Res

Lipoxin A4 receptor agonist BML-111 induces autophagy in alveolar macrophages and protects from acute lung injury by activating MAPK signaling. [Abstract]

2018 Dec 5;19(1):243. PMID: 30518355
PLoS Pathog

A novel SO2 probe inhibits lysophagy induced by Senecavirus A infection by promoting LAMP1 Cys375 sulfenylation. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 5;22(2):e1013932. PMID: 41642933
Int J Mol Sci

UBE4B Mediates Mitophagy via NIPSNAP1 Ubiquitination and NDP52 Recruitment. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 22;27(2):1119. PMID: 41596759
PLoS Pathog

ARCN1 suppresses innate immune responses against respiratory syncytial virus by promoting STUB1-mediated IKKε degradation. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 4;21(12):e1013751. PMID: 41343552
Int J Mol Sci

NEDD4L-Mediated Ubiquitination of GPX4 Exacerbates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 23;26(17):8201. PMID: 40943126
PLoS Pathog

Sec10 suppresses antiviral innate immune response by facilitating STUB1-mediated STAT1 degradation. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 8;21(9):e1013472. PMID: 40920886
Int J Mol Sci

Transcriptional Analysis of Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 Cells Infected with Daphnis nerii Cypovirus-23. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 2;26(15):7487. PMID: 40806613
Int J Mol Sci

Decursin Suppresses Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression via Orchestrated Cell Cycle Deceleration, Apoptotic Activation, and Oncoprotein Degradation. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 4;26(11):5391. PMID: 40508204
Int J Mol Sci

Fisetin Attenuates Zinc Overload-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice via Autophagy-Dependent Nrf2 Activation. [Abstract]

2025 May 22;26(11):4978. PMID: 40507790
PLoS Pathog

Manganese is a potent inducer of lysosomal activity that inhibits de novo HBV infection. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 2;21(1):e1012800. PMID: 39746094
Int J Mol Sci

Pterostilbene Induces Pyroptosis in Breast Cancer Cells through Pyruvate Kinase 2/Caspase-8/Gasdermin C Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 29;25(19):10509. PMID: 39408842
PLoS Pathog

Methylation of KSHV vCyclin by PRMT5 contributes to cell cycle progression and cell proliferation. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 10;20(9):e1012535. PMID: 39255317
PLoS Pathog

A small protein encoded by PCBP1-AS1 is identified as a key regulator of influenza virus replication via enhancing autophagy. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 13;20(8):e1012461. PMID: 39137200
Int J Mol Sci

Mitophagy Regulates the Circadian Rhythms by Degrading NR1D1 in Simulated Microgravity and Isolation Environments. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 29;25(9):4853. PMID: 38732079
PLoS Pathog

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 hijacks CMA-mediated lipolysis through upregulation of small GTPase RAB18. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 12;20(4):e1012123. PMID: 38607975
PLoS Pathog

BAG6 inhibits influenza A virus replication by inducing viral polymerase subunit PB2 degradation and perturbing RdRp complex assembly. [Abstract]

2024 Mar 18;20(3):e1012110. PMID: 38498560
Int J Mol Sci

Hypothermic Oxygenated Machine Perfusion Promotes Mitophagy Flux against Hypoxia-Ischemic Injury in Rat DCD Liver. [Abstract]

2023 Mar 11;24(6):5403. PMID: 36982476
Int J Mol Sci

Tetrandrine Inhibits Skeletal Muscle Differentiation by Blocking Autophagic Flux. [Abstract]

2022 Jul 24;23(15):8148. PMID: 35897724
PLoS Pathog

NDRG1 facilitates lytic replication of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus by maintaining the stability of the KSHV helicase. [Abstract]

2021 Jun 2;17(6):e1009645. PMID: 34077484
J Zhejiang Univ Sci B

Porcine circovirus 3 capsid protein induces autophagy in HEK293T cells by inhibiting phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin. [Abstract]

2020 Jul;21(7):560-570. PMID: 32633110
J Nutr Biochem

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D attenuates diabetic cardiac autophagy and damage by vitamin D receptor-mediated suppression of FoxO1 translocation. [Abstract]

2020 Jun;80:108380. PMID: 32299030
Int J Mol Sci

A Novel Specific Anti-CD73 Antibody Inhibits Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Motility by Regulating Autophagy. [Abstract]

2019 Feb 28;20(5):1057. PMID: 30823477
Int J Mol Sci

Ginsenoside Rb2 Alleviates Hepatic Lipid Accumulation by Restoring Autophagy via Induction of Sirt1 and Activation of AMPK. [Abstract]

2017 May 19;18(5). pii: E1063. PMID: 28534819
Biomolecules

RSL3 Promotes STAT3 Ubiquitination to Induce Autophagy and Apoptosis in PARPi-Resistant Breast Cancer Cells. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 18;15(12):1749. PMID: 41463402
Front Pharmacol

Pomolic acid induces ferroptosis-mediated cell death in non-small cell lung cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 4:16:1567942. PMID: 40535769
Front Pharmacol

αAsarone alleviates neuronal injury by facilitating autophagy via miR-499-5p/PDCD4/ATG5 signaling pathway in ischemia stroke. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 23:16:1504683. PMID: 39950112
Biomolecules

Hypoxia Regulates the Proliferation and Apoptosis of Coronary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells Through HIF-1α Mediated Autophagy in Yak. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 10;15(2):256. PMID: 40001559
Cell Oncol (Dordr)

GALNT6 drives lenvatinib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma through autophagy and cancer-associated fibroblast activation. [Abstract]

2024 Dec;47(6):2439-2460. PMID: 39718738
Biomolecules

CircInpp5b Ameliorates Renal Interstitial Fibrosis by Promoting the Lysosomal Degradation of DDX1. [Abstract]

2024 May 23;14(6):613. PMID: 38927017
Pharm Biol

Homogeneous Polyporus polysaccharide exerts anti-bladder cancer effects via autophagy induction. [Abstract]

2024 Dec;62(1):214-221. PMID: 38353262
Pharmaceuticals (Basel)

Ciclopirox Olamine Induces Proliferation Inhibition and Protective Autophagy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. [Abstract]

2023 Jan 12;16(1):113. PMID: 36678610
Pharmaceuticals (Basel)

Toosendanin Induces Hepatocyte Damage by Inhibiting Autophagic Flux via TFEB-Mediated Lysosomal Dysfunction. [Abstract]

2022 Dec 3;15(12):1509. PMID: 36558960
Front Pharmacol

Suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent autophagy enhances cynaropicrin-induced apoptosis via attenuation of the P62/Keap1/Nrf2 pathways in neuroblastoma. [Abstract]

2022 Sep 16;13:977622. PMID: 36188599
Front Pharmacol

Nodosin Exerts an Anti-Colorectal Cancer Effect by Inhibiting Proliferation and Triggering Complex Cell Death in Vitro and in Vivo. [Abstract]

2022 Jul 22:13:943272. PMID: 35935881
Front Pharmacol

Deletion of Smooth Muscle Lethal Giant Larvae 1 Promotes Neointimal Hyperplasia in Mice. [Abstract]

2022 Jan 24;13:834296. PMID: 35140622
Front Pharmacol

Sinensetin Reduces Osteoarthritis Pathology in the Tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide-Treated Chondrocytes and the Destabilization of the Medial Meniscus Model Mice via the AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]

2021 Jul 16:12:713491. PMID: 34335275
Front Pharmacol

Icariin Ameliorates Diabetic Renal Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis by Restoring Autophagy via Regulation of the miR-192-5p/GLP-1R Pathway. [Abstract]

2021 Jul 19:12:720387. PMID: 34349660
Front Pharmacol

PPM-18, an Analog of Vitamin K, Induces Autophagy and Apoptosis in Bladder Cancer Cells Through ROS and AMPK Signaling Pathways. [Abstract]

2021 Jul 9:12:684915. PMID: 34305598
Front Cell Infect Microbiol

Autophagy Is a Potential Therapeutic Target Against Duck Tembusu Virus Infection in vivo. [Abstract]

2020 Apr 15;10:155. PMID: 32351903
Int Immunopharmacol

Oridonin downregulates PD-L1 expression and promotes anti-tumor immunity via inhibiting NLRP3 and STAT3. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 15:175:116423. PMID: 41740339
Int Immunopharmacol

Astragalin alleviates neuroinflammation in LPS-injured HT22 cells and CFA mice by regulating neuronal excitability and autophagy via CXCR4-Beclin1/VPS34 axis. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 1:172:116227. PMID: 41548438
Bioorg Chem

Lometrexol targets MRPL2 to suppress NSCLC via dual regulation of mitochondrial ribosomal activity and nuclear PDCD11/ Ca2+ signaling. [Abstract]

2026 Mar:170:109509. PMID: 41558196
Int Immunopharmacol

Trimethyltin chloride (TMT) - induced vascular injury through ubiquitination proteasome pathway - regulated GPX4 degradation. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 15:173:116250. PMID: 41605050
J Mol Cell Cardiol

ZIP14 upregulation leads to ferroptosis and lysosomal dysfunction through intracellular iron overload and induces myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in mouse hearts. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 27:211:78-91. PMID: 41317841
Eur J Pharmacol

Doxorubicin-mediated retardation of aggresome formation enhances Carfilzomib-induced cell death synergistically by augmenting ER stress and proapoptotic signaling. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 5:1008:178303. PMID: 41183585
Bioorg Chem

Galactomannan tetrasaccharide targets mannose receptor to suppress hepatocellular carcinoma growth through ROS/JNK signaling-induced apoptosis and ROS-mediated autophagy-dependent cell death. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 19:165:109012. PMID: 40992041
Bioorg Chem

Usenamine A, an RGS2 inhibitor, exerts anti-NSCLC activity and enhances cytotoxicity of gemcitabine by inducing ER stress and Notch1-mediated autophagy. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 17:165:109010. PMID: 40974657
Int Immunopharmacol

ABCA4 regulates mitophagy in lung adenocarcinoma progression via AMPK pathway by modulating TMSB4X. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 2:163:115305. PMID: 40753852
Int Immunopharmacol

Sidt2 ameliorates TNF-α-induced apoptosis and inflammation by promoting autophagic flux via p65 signaling. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 29:165:115451. PMID: 40885088
Int Immunopharmacol

VCPIP1 ameliorates sepsis-associated encephalopathy by promoting microglia autophagy via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 26:164:115417. PMID: 40865405
Eur J Pharmacol

VOPP1, a determinant of the sensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer cells to NAE inhibitors. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 15:1003:177942. PMID: 40651787
Eur J Pharmacol

ROS confer resistance to 3TC in p53 mutant colorectal cancer by promoting autophagy and ER stress. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 13:177837. PMID: 40517882
Int Immunopharmacol

Dracorhodin perochlorate sensitizes colorectal cancer to ferroptosis by activating HMOX1 and inhibiting the SLC7A11/GPX4 axis. [Abstract]

2025 May 12:158:114827. PMID: 40359890
Int Immunopharmacol

Tanshinone IIA alleviates myocarditis in Trex1-D18N lupus-like mice by inhibiting the interaction between STING and SEC24C. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 18:156:114659. PMID: 40252465
Int Immunopharmacol

OTULIN orchestrates NCOA4-FTH1 complex to alleviate APAP-induced hepatocyte Ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 29:154:114490. PMID: 40158433
Int Immunopharmacol

Maackiain induces apoptosis and autophagy via ROS-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress in endometrial cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 4:147:113935. PMID: 39756166
Spine J

Beyond a ferroptosis inducer: erastin can suppress nutrient deprivation induced cell death in the intervertebral disc. [Abstract]

2025 Mar;25(3):597-608. PMID: 39522771
Int Immunopharmacol

Palmatine attenuates MYH9 mediated nuclear localization of AURKA to induce G2/M phase arrest in colorectal cancer cells. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 12;143(Pt 3):113615. PMID: 39536490
mBio

SIRT7 remodels the cytoskeleton via RAC1 to enhance host resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 16;15(10):e0075624. PMID: 39287444
Int Immunopharmacol

Metronomic capecitabine with rapamycin exerts an immunosuppressive effect by inducing ferroptosis of CD4+ T cells after liver transplantation in rat. [Abstract]

2023 Aug 23;124(Pt A):110810. PMID: 37625370
Bioorg Chem

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of carbonyl-hydrazine-1-carboxamide derivatives as anti-hepatic fibrosis agents targeting Nur77. [Abstract]

2023 Nov:140:106795. PMID: 37657195
Eur J Pharmacol

URB597 exerts neuroprotective effects against transient brain ischemia injury in mice by regulating autophagic flux and necroptosis. [Abstract]

2023 Oct 15:957:175982. PMID: 37572942
Eur J Pharmacol

1,8-Cineole ameliorates endothelial injury and hypertension induced by L-NAME through regulation of autophagy via PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Sep 5:954:175863. PMID: 37380045
mBio

Heat Shock Protein 60 Is Involved in Viral Replication Complex Formation and Facilitates Foot and Mouth Virus Replication by Stabilizing Viral Nonstructural Proteins 3A and 2C. [Abstract]

2022 Oct 26;13(5):e0143422. PMID: 36106732
mBio

MGF360-9L Is a Major Virulence Factor Associated with the African Swine Fever Virus by Antagonizing the JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]

2022 Feb 22;13(1):e0233021. PMID: 35076286
Eur J Pharmacol

ATRA promotes PD-L1 expression to control gastric cancer immune surveillance. [Abstract]

2022 Apr 5:920:174822. PMID: 35151642
Int Immunopharmacol

Down-regulation of TRPM2 attenuates hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury through activation of autophagy and inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. [Abstract]

2022 Mar:104:108443. PMID: 35021129
Eur J Pharmacol

Confirming whether novel rhein derivative 4a induces paraptosis-like cell death by endoplasmic reticulum stress in ovarian cancer cells. [Abstract]

2020 Nov 5;886:173526. PMID: 32890460
Int Immunopharmacol

MicroRNA-16 directly binds to DEC2 and inactivates the TLR4 signaling pathway to inhibit lupus nephritis-induced kidney tissue hyperplasia and mesangial cell proliferation. [Abstract]

2020 Nov;88:106859. PMID: 32795896
Toxicology

Polystyrene nanoplastics disrupt iron homeostasis by promoting FPN1 ubiquitination in GC-2spd(ts) cells. [Abstract]

2026 Jun:523:154429. PMID: 41722726
J Med Virol

Pexophagy Triggered by Enterovirus 71 Modulates the Production of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Through Cholesterol Accumulation in Lysosomes. [Abstract]

2025 Sep;97(9):e70578. PMID: 40856297
Neuropharmacology

TIM3 attenuates morphine antinociceptive tolerance and microglial neuroinflammation by suppressing the TRAF6/NF-κB pathway in male mice. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 15:279:110638. PMID: 40840715
BMC Chem

Development and experimental validation of a machine learning model for the prediction of new antimalarials. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 30;19(1):28. PMID: 39885590
J Med Virol

Borna disease virus 1 induces ferroptosis, contributing to lethal encephalitis. [Abstract]

2024 Oct;96(10):e29945. PMID: 39370874
Molecules

Phomopsterone B Alleviates Liver Fibrosis through mTOR-Mediated Autophagy and Apoptosis Pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Jan 15;29(2):417. PMID: 38257331
Hepatol Commun

The S100 calcium-binding protein A6 plays a crucial role in hepatic steatosis by mediating lipophagy. [Abstract]

2023 Aug 31;7(9):e0232. PMID: 37655980
Cancer Biol Ther

VAMP8 suppresses the metastasis via DDX5/β-catenin signal pathway in osteosarcoma. [Abstract]

2023 Dec 31;24(1):2230641. PMID: 37405957
Toxicology

Pretreatment of 3-MA prevents doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity through inhibition of autophagy initiation. [Abstract]

2023 May 15:490:153512. PMID: 37062353
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Resveratrol Ameliorates Fibrosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease via the Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway. [Abstract]

2022 Dec 2;27(23):8475. PMID: 36500562
J Med Virol

FBXO6 regulates the anti-viral immune-responses via mediating alveolar macrophages survival. [Abstract]

2023 Jan;95(1):e28203. PMID: 36217277
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Nigrosporins B, a Potential Anti-Cervical Cancer Agent, Induces Apoptosis and Protective Autophagy in Human Cervical Cancer Ca Ski Cells Mediated by PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]

2022 Apr 9;27(8):2431. PMID: 35458629
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Inhibitory effect on SARS-CoV-2 infection of neferine by blocking Ca2+ -dependent membrane fusion. [Abstract]

2021 Oct;93(10):5825-5832. PMID: 34061377
Molecules

CLE-10 from Carpesium abrotanoides L. Suppresses the Growth of Human Breast Cancer Cells (MDA-MB-231) In Vitro by Inducing Apoptosis and Pro-Death Autophagy Via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]

2019 Mar 20;24(6):1091. PMID: 30897708
Front Aging Neurosci

Parishin A ameliorates cognitive decline by promoting PS1 autophagy in Alzheimer's disease. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 20:17:1516190. PMID: 40182757
Cell Rep Methods

RECOVER identifies synergistic drug combinations in vitro through sequential model optimization. [Abstract]

2023 Oct 23;3(10):100599. PMID: 37797618
Mol Pharm

Saponin and Ribosome-Inactivating Protein Synergistically Trigger Lysosome-Dependent Apoptosis by Inhibiting Lysophagy: Potential to Become a New Antitumor Strategy. [Abstract]

2024 May 9. PMID: 38722865
Gene Ther

CCR1 enhances SUMOylation of DGCR8 by up-regulating ERK phosphorylation to promote spinal nerve ligation-induced neuropathic pain. [Abstract]

2022 Jun;29(6):379-389. PMID: 34413501
Mol Oncol

Repurposing antitussive benproperine phosphate against pancreatic cancer depends on autophagy arrest. [Abstract]

2020 Nov 23;15(2):725-738. PMID: 33226737
Front Microbiol

BICP0 Negatively Regulates TRAF6-Mediated NF-κB and Interferon Activation by Promoting K48-Linked Polyubiquitination of TRAF6. [Abstract]

2020 Jan 8;10:3040. PMID: 31969874
Cancers (Basel)

Triptolide Triggers Protective Autophagy via ROS Induction in NSCLC: Therapeutic Synergy with Autophagy Inhibition. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 11;18(6):902. PMID: 41899507
Rheumatology (Oxford)

Autophagy inhibitors block pathogenic NET release in immune-mediated inflammatory disease without impairing host defence. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 13:keaf437. PMID: 40802538
Cancers (Basel)

FBXO11 Mediates Ubiquitination of ZEB1 and Modulates Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Lung Cancer Cells. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 26;16(19):3269. PMID: 39409891
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AMPK-endoplasmic reticulum stress axis contributes to lipopolysaccharide-caused mitochondrial dysfunction by regulating mitochondria-associated membrane function in bovine hepatocytes. [Abstract]

2023 Jul;106(7):5146-5164. PMID: 37225589
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High-Dosage NMN Promotes Ferroptosis to Suppress Lung Adenocarcinoma Growth through the NAM-Mediated SIRT1-AMPK-ACC Pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Apr 23;15(9):2427. PMID: 37173894
Clin Epigenetics

Inactivation of ZSCAN18 by promoter hypermethylation drives the proliferation via attenuating TP53INP2-mediated autophagy in gastric cancer cells. [Abstract]

2023 Jan 17;15(1):10. PMID: 36650573
Cancers (Basel)

Oncopeptide MBOP Encoded by LINC01234 Promotes Colorectal Cancer through MAPK Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]

2022 May 9;14(9):2338. PMID: 35565466
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Deregulation of Exo70 Facilitates Innate and Acquired Cisplatin Resistance in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer by Promoting Cisplatin Efflux. [Abstract]

2021 Jul 11;13(14):3467. PMID: 34298686
Biomed J

Repurposing old drugs as antiviral agents for coronaviruses. [Abstract]

2020 Aug;43(4):368-374. PMID: 32563698
ACS Omega

Matrix Stiffness Modulates Fibroblast Paracrine Signaling to Enhance Autophagy in Keratinocytes: Implications for Wound Healing. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 12;11(11):17605-17616. PMID: 41908360
Mol Neurobiol

ARC-18 Alleviates Alzheimer-like Pathology and Cognitive Deficits via AdipoR1-Mediated Activation of Autophagy and Modulation of APP Processing. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 14;63(1):438. PMID: 41689616
Biol Proced Online

Establishment of a mouse lung cancer organoid model and its applications for therapeutic screening. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 16;27(1):21. PMID: 40524168
Mol Neurobiol

BI1 Activates Autophagy and Mediates TDP43 to Regulate ALS Pathogenesis. [Abstract]

2025 Jan;62(1):988-1030. PMID: 38954254
Front Cell Dev Biol

Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Augments Autophagy and Reduces Apoptosis in Damaged Liver to Improve Tissue Regeneration in Zebrafish. [Abstract]

2021 Oct 22;9:756743. PMID: 34746149
Front Cell Dev Biol

TEOA Promotes Autophagic Cell Death via ROS-Mediated Inhibition of mTOR/p70S6k Signaling Pathway in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. [Abstract]

2021 Oct 6;9:734818. PMID: 34692691
Front Cell Dev Biol

SYVN1-MTR4-MAT2A Signaling Axis Regulates Methionine Metabolism in Glioma Cells. [Abstract]

2021 Mar 30:9:633259. PMID: 33859984
J Physiol Biochem

Autophagy blockage promotes the pyroptosis of ox-LDL-treated macrophages by modulating the p62/Nrf2/ARE axis. [Abstract]

2021 Aug;77(3):419-429. PMID: 33886081
Front Cell Dev Biol

MICAL-L2 Is Essential for c-Myc Deubiquitination and Stability in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. [Abstract]

2021 Jan 14:8:575903. PMID: 33520979
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The sulfonamide anticancer agent indisulam enhances the chemosensitivity of gastric cancer cells by targeting FKBP8. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 20. PMID: 41860182
FASEB J

Penicillide Triggers Immunogenic Pyroptosis in Tumor Cells via Oxidative Stress/NF-κB/GSDMD Signaling Axis. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 31;40(6):e71636. PMID: 41842655
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Ginsenoside Rb3 Suppresses Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Replication by Inhibiting Autophagy to Potentiate Immune Responses. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 26;14(4):738. PMID: 42075134
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Placental Pathology and HTRA4-Mediated Autophagic Flux Disruption in Selective Fetal Growth Restriction Types I and III: A Morphological and Transcriptomic Study. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 31;40(2):e71471. PMID: 41553058
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Parthenolide Alleviates Peritoneal Fibrosis by Blocking Smad2/3 Phosphorylation via Smad Anchor for Receptor Activation. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 31;40(2):e71442. PMID: 41546557
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EM2, a Novel Elephantopus mollis H.B.K. Monomer, Enhances Radiosensitivity in Cervical Cancer Through Dual Inhibition of AKT and Autophagy. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 31;40(2):e71454. PMID: 41527777
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MIF Promotes Phenotypic Switching of VSMCs via AKT/mTOR-Mediated Autophagy Regulation in Aortic Dissection. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 15;39(19):e71079. PMID: 41001812
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MLN4924 inhibits macrophage foam cell formation by enhancing autophagy and regulating metabolic phenotype. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 2;24(1):307. PMID: 41039585
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ClC-3 inhibition induces autophagy to reverse cisplatin resistance in cervical cancer via the Akt/mTOR pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 2;1872(1):168030. PMID: 40907802
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MCOLN1-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Induces Autophagy to Facilitate Lung Cancer Growth, Migration, and Invasion. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 31;39(16):e70942. PMID: 40856996
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CD44 Deficiency Induces Combinatory NRF2 Inhibition and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Associated Dyserythropoiesis. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 15;39(11):e70695. PMID: 40488748
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Loss of FTH1 Induces Ferritinophagy-Mediated Ferroptosis in Anaemia of Myelodysplastic Syndromes. [Abstract]

2025 Jan;29(1):e70350. PMID: 39804099
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TFEB activator protects against ethanol toxicity-induced cardiac injury by restoring mitophagy and autophagic flux. [Abstract]

2025 Mar;1871(3):167668. PMID: 39805395
Poult Sci

Matrine relieved DHAV-1-induced hepatocyte excessive interferon and pyroptosis by activating mitophagy. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 27;104(1):104601. PMID: 39644722
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Autophagy Improves Inflammatory Response in Sepsis Accompanied by Changes in Gut Microbiota. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 18:2024:9550301. PMID: 39465181
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The deficiency of ALKBH5 contributes to hepatic lipid deposition by impairing VPS11-dependent autophagic flux. [Abstract]

2024 Dec;291(23):5256-5275. PMID: 39434426
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P75NTR regulates autophagy through the YAP-mTOR pathway to increase the proliferation of interfollicular epidermal cells and promote wound healing in diabetic mice. [Abstract]

2024 Mar;1870(3):167012. PMID: 38176461
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Upregulation of ATG9b by propranolol promotes autophagic cell death of hepatic stellate cells to improve liver fibrosis. [Abstract]

2024 Jan;28(2):e18047. PMID: 37970991
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Agaricus blazei Murrill Polysaccharide Attenuates Periodontitis via H2 S/NRF2 Axis-Boosted Appropriate Level of Autophagy in PDLCs. [Abstract]

2023 Nov;67(22):e2300112. PMID: 37775336
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Pathogenic mechanism of Eimeria tenella autophagy activation of chicken embryo cecal epithelial cells induced by Eimeria tenella. [Abstract]

2023 Apr;102(4):102535. PMID: 36805405
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Activation of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 protects against isoprenaline-induced cardiac hypertrophy by improving autophagy and mitochondrial dynamics. [Abstract]

2022 Dec;36(12):e22672. PMID: 36440960
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HDM induce airway epithelial cell ferroptosis and promote inflammation by activating ferritinophagy in asthma. [Abstract]

2022 Jun;36(6):e22359. PMID: 35621121
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MicroRNA-205-5p targets E2F1 to promote autophagy and inhibit pulmonary fibrosis in silicosis through impairing SKP2-mediated Beclin1 ubiquitination. [Abstract]

2021 Oct;25(19):9214-9227. PMID: 34428336
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The regulatory effect of acetylation of HMGN2 and H3K27 on pyocyanin-induced autophagy in macrophages by affecting Ulk1 transcription. [Abstract]

2021 Aug;25(15):7524-7537. PMID: 34278675
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HDAC6-mediated α-tubulin deacetylation suppresses autophagy and enhances motility of podocytes in diabetic nephropathy. [Abstract]

2020 Oct;24(19):11558-11572. PMID: 32885602
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An HMGA2-p62-ERα axis regulates uterine leiomyomas proliferation. [Abstract]

2020 Aug;34(8):10966-10983. PMID: 32592217
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Directed elimination of senescent cells attenuates development of osteoarthritis by inhibition of c-IAP and XIAP. [Abstract]

2019 Jun 26;1865(10):2618-2632. PMID: 31251987
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Heme oxygenase-1 induction mediates chemoresistance of breast cancer cells to pharmorubicin by promoting autophagy via PI3K/Akt pathway. [Abstract]

2018 Nov;22(11):5311-5321. PMID: 30216645
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Restoration of autophagy-lysosomal function via transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation ameliorates β-amyloid pathology and cognitive deficits in an Alzheimer's disease model. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 24:165:108075. PMID: 41886893
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2025 Nov 30.
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ATP6V0D2 drives triple-negative breast cancer progression and inhibits cisplatin sensitivity by promoting PHLPP2 lysosomal degradation. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 27;28(11):113853. PMID: 41312388
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CPNE5 overexpression inhibits cardiomyocytes apoptosis by promoting the degradation of FAS receptor. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 6;28(9):113302. PMID: 40894904
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SENP3 protects hepatocyte from pyroptosis during acute liver injury through deSUMOylation of HNRNPL. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 7;28(8):113067. PMID: 40792025
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Distinct pathways utilized by METTL3 to regulate antiviral innate immune response. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 30;27(11):111071. PMID: 39759074
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Targeting STK26 and ATG4B: miR-22-3p as a modulator of autophagy and tumor progression in HCC. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 27:51:102214. PMID: 39608212
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The role of NMDA receptors in fish stress response: Assessments based on physiology of the caudal neurosecretory system and defensive behavior. [Abstract]

2024 Dec;36(12):e13448. PMID: 39351903
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ZIKV induces P62-mediated autophagic degradation of TRAF6 through TRAF6-NS1 interaction. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 20;27(9):110757. PMID: 39280623
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Alphaherpesvirus manipulates retinoic acid metabolism for optimal replication. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 4;27(7):110144. PMID: 38989466
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A novel SLC3A2-targeting antibody-drug conjugate exerts potent antitumor efficacy in head and neck squamous cell cancer. [Abstract]

2024 Jul:45:101981. PMID: 38703658
Transl Oncol

Exploring the role of disulfidptosis-related signatures in immune microenvironment, prognosis and therapeutic strategies of cervical cancer. [Abstract]

2024 Jun:44:101938. PMID: 38492499
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DUB3 is a MAGEA3 deubiquitinase and a potential therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma. [Abstract]

2024 Feb 8;27(3):109181. PMID: 38414853
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Autophagy is involved in degradation of AQP1 in response to an acute decrement in tonicity. [Abstract]

2023 Nov 20;26(12):108485. PMID: 38094243
Comput Struct Biotechnol J

A DNA-based non-infectious replicon system to study SARS-CoV-2 RNA synthesis. [Abstract]

2022:20:5193-5202. PMID: 36059866
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Irradiation combined with PD-L1-/- and autophagy inhibition enhances the antitumor effect of lung cancer via cGAS-STING-mediated T cell activation. [Abstract]

2022 Jun 30;25(8):104690. PMID: 35847556
Nutr Metab

Dihydromyricetin attenuates palmitic acid-induced oxidative stress by promoting autophagy via SIRT3-ATG4B signaling in hepatocytes. [Abstract]

2021 Sep 9;18(1):83. PMID: 34503544
Nutr Metab

Lotus leaf extract inhibits ER- breast cancer cell migration and metastasis. [Abstract]

2021 Feb 18;18(1):20. PMID: 33602253
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Morin inhibits ubiquitination degradation of BCL-2 associated agonist of cell death and synergizes with BCL-2 inhibitor in gastric cancer cells. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 22:S2095-4964(25)00050-0. PMID: 40319008
J Funct Foods

2025 Apr.
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2024 Oct.
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SIRT2 regulates high mobility group protein B1 nucleoplasmic shuttle and degradation via deacetylation in microglia. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 11:e31364. PMID: 39129208
Virol Sin

AIMP2 restricts EV71 replication by recruiting SMURF2 to promote the degradation of 3D polymerase. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 28:S1995-820X(24)00108-1. PMID: 38945214
Virol Sin

PRRSV degrades MDA5 via dual autophagy receptors P62 and CCT2 to evade antiviral innate immunity. [Abstract]

2024 Apr;39(2):264-276. PMID: 38272236
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2023 Oct, 109, 105770.
Virol Sin

SARS-CoV-2 Nsp8 induces mitophagy by damaging mitochondria. [Abstract]

2023 Aug;38(4):520-530. PMID: 37156297
Antiviral Res

Anisomycin inhibits Coxsackievirus B replication by promoting the lysosomal degradation of eEF1A1. [Abstract]

2023 Jul:215:105621. PMID: 37156267
J Neurosci

Microglial Tmem59 Deficiency Impairs Phagocytosis of Synapse and Leads to Autism-Like Behaviors in Mice. [Abstract]

2022 Jun 22;42(25):4958-4979. PMID: 35606143
Front Mol Biosci

NPC1 Deficiency Contributes to Autophagy-Dependent Ferritinophagy in HEI-OC1 Auditory Cells. [Abstract]

2022 Jul 22:9:952608. PMID: 35936782
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Autophagic flux inhibition, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction in bile acids-induced impairment of human placental trophoblast. [Abstract]

2022 Jul;237(7):3080-3094. PMID: 35579960
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Exenatide improves random-pattern skin flap survival via TFE3 mediated autophagy augment. [Abstract]

2021 May;236(5):3641-3659. PMID: 33044023
Neurotoxicology

Geniposide ameliorates ferroptosis through the ROS/p38 MAPK/NCOA4/GPX4-mediated ferritinophagy in a co-culture system of HMC3 and SH-SY5Y cells. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 11:114:103426. PMID: 41825784
Sci Rep

Pomolic acid alleviates CCl4‑induced liver fibrosis in mice by suppressing β-arrestin 2-mediated pro-fibrotic macrophage polarization. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 31. PMID: 41917130
Sci Rep

Ginsenoside Rg5 inhibits colorectal cancer, at least partially by blocking the lysosomal degradation of colorectal cancer cells. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 4;16(1):7247. PMID: 41639226
Sci Rep

Inhibiting TRPV4 improves α-synuclein degradation through autophagy-lysosomal pathway in the MPP+-induced cell model of parkinson's disease. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 27;15(1):42443. PMID: 41309756
Oncol Rep

REV1‑targeting inhibitor JH‑RE‑06 induces ferroptosis via NCOA4‑mediated ferritinophagy in colorectal cancer cells. [Abstract]

2025 Dec;54(6):159. PMID: 40999956
J Biol Chem

SUMOylation targets O-GlcNAcase to chaperone-mediated autophagy. [Abstract]

2025 May 29:110314. PMID: 40449592
Sci Rep

CYB5A promotes osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells through autophagy mediated by the AKT/mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 17;15(1):13234. PMID: 40246926
Sci Rep

ARL8B regulates lysosomal function and predicts poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 10;15(1):12278. PMID: 40210693
Oncol Rep

Regulation of pancreatic cancer cells by suppressing KIN17 through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Feb;53(2):31. PMID: 39791213
Sci Rep

CISD3 is a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in pan-cancer. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 8;14(1):23494. PMID: 39379442
Sci Rep

Effects of the lncRNA NBR2 on the proliferation and autophagy of breast cancer cells under starvation conditions. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 30;14(1):22624. PMID: 39349960
Oncol Rep

Ursolic acid inhibits the proliferation of triple‑negative breast cancer stem‑like cells through NRF2‑mediated ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2024 Jul;52(1):94. PMID: 38847277
Sci Rep

COPII cage assembly factor Sec13 integrates information flow regulating endomembrane function in response to human variation. [Abstract]

2024 May 3;14(1):10160. PMID: 38698045
Sci Rep

The roles of autophagy, ferroptosis and pyroptosis in the anti-ovarian cancer mechanism of harmine and their crosstalk. [Abstract]

2024 Mar 18;14(1):6504. PMID: 38499622
Fish Shellfish Immunol

Vitamin D ameliorates Aeromonas hydrophila-induced iron-dependent oxidative damage of grass carp splenic macrophages by manipulating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Nov:142:109145. PMID: 37805110
Sci Rep

Autophagy dictates sensitivity to PRMT5 inhibitor in breast cancer. [Abstract]

2023 Jul 3;13(1):10752. PMID: 37400460
Fish Shellfish Immunol

Diflovidazin damages the hematopoietic stem cells to zebrafish embryos via the TLR4/ NF-κB/ p53 pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Apr:135:108672. PMID: 36893927
Biomedicines

PPARα Inhibits Astrocyte Inflammation Activation by Restoring Autophagic Flux after Transient Brain Ischemia. [Abstract]

2023 Mar 21;11(3):973. PMID: 36979952
Aging (Albany NY)

Gastrodin ameliorates learning and memory impairment in rats with vascular dementia by promoting autophagy flux via inhibition of the Ca2+/CaMKII signal pathway. [Abstract]

2021 Mar 10;13(7):9542-9565. PMID: 33714957
J Biol Chem

The adaptor protein GIPC1 stabilizes the scavenger receptor SR-B1 and increases its cholesterol uptake. [Abstract]

2021 Jan-Jun:296:100616. PMID: 33811857
Oncol Rep

MMP11 promotes the proliferation and progression of breast cancer through stabilizing Smad2 protein. [Abstract]

2021 Apr;45(4):16. PMID: 33649832
Sci Rep

Vitamin K2 promotes PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α-mediated glycolysis that leads to AMPK-dependent autophagic cell death in bladder cancer cells. [Abstract]

2020 May 7;10(1):7714. PMID: 32382009
Sci Rep

The evolution of zebrafish RAG2 protein is required for adapting to the elevated body temperature of the higher endothermic vertebrates. [Abstract]

2020 Mar 5;10(1):4126. PMID: 32139788
Aging (Albany NY)

LHX2 promotes malignancy and inhibits autophagy via mTOR in osteosarcoma and is negatively regulated by miR-129-5p. [Abstract]

2019 Nov 15; 11(21): 9794–9810. PMID: 31724536
Sci Rep

Celecoxib alleviates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by restoring autophagic flux. [Abstract]

2018 Mar 7;8(1):4108. PMID: 29515134

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L02 cells exposed to PA (200 μM) with different concentrations of Rapamycin (Rapa) or Chloroquine (CQ) for 24 h. Palmitate (PA) induced higher protein expression of LC3 II/I and p62 compared with control as indicated by western blot.
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ω-3 free fatty acids and all-trans retinoic acid synergistically induce growth inhibition of three subtypes of breast cancer cell lines. [Abstract]

2017 Jun 7;7(1):2929. PMID: 28592877

Chloroquine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Sci Rep. 2017 Jun 7;7(1):2929. [Abstract]

p53 and Cell apoptosis. MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells are treated with 80 μM ω-3 FFAs, 20 μM ATRA alone or in combination for 48 h. The expression of PARP and p53 protein. β-Actin is used as an internal control.
J Virol

PEX19 restricts porcine deltacoronavirus replication through farnesylation-dependent and -independent mechanisms. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 21;100(4):e0209725. PMID: 41874194
J Virol

Chicken infectious anemia virus exploits host CK2α as an essential factor for its replication via VP2 Ser182/Asp183-mediated interaction. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 21;100(4):e0173925. PMID: 41914604
J Virol

The ASFV CD2v protein inhibits apoptosis by inducing proteasomal degradation of BimEL via activation of the TPL2-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 24;100(3):e0195225. PMID: 41631827
J Virol

Small-molecule PS10 inhibits PRRSV replication by targeting HSP90 and multiple viral non-structural proteins. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 24;100(3):e0212125. PMID: 41705837
J Pharmacol Exp Ther

2025 Dec 24.
J Virol

MARCH2 inhibits avian leukosis virus replication by targeting gp85 for ubiquitination and degradation. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 23;99(12):e0161625. PMID: 41334913
Microbiol Spectr

COG6 is an essential host factor for influenza A virus infection. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 7;13(10):e0136225. PMID: 40910953
Food Sci Nutr

Proteostasis Disruption by Proteasome Inhibitor MG132 and Propolin G Induces ER Stress- and Autophagy-Mediated Apoptosis in Breast Cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 13;13(7):e70632. PMID: 40661805
J Virol

PEDV Nsp14 induces mitophagy-mediated degradation of MAVS to antagonize host innate immunity and facilitate viral proliferation. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 19;99(8):e0049825. PMID: 40631894
ACS Chem Biol

Targeted O-GlcNAcylation of CK2α Triggers Its Ubiquitin-Proteasome Degradation and Alters Downstream Phosphorylation. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 18;20(7):1646-1659. PMID: 40521680
J Virol

Palmitoylation enhances the stability of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spike protein by antagonizing its degradation via chaperone-mediated autophagy to facilitate viral proliferation. [Abstract]

2025 May 22:e0034725. PMID: 40401979
J Virol

Cullin 3-mediated ubiquitination restricts enterovirus D68 replication and is counteracted by viral protease 3C. [Abstract]

2025 May 21:e0035425. PMID: 40396757
J Virol

Restriction of influenza A virus replication by host DCAF7-CRL4B axis. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 27:e0013325. PMID: 40145735
J Virol

Heat shock protein A1 inhibits the replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus by degrading viral RNA polymerase 3D through chaperone-mediated autophagy. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 31:e0016825. PMID: 40162788
J Virol

Zika virus inhibits cell death by inhibiting the expression of NLRP3 and A20. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 18;99(3):e0198024. PMID: 39976465
J Virol

Pseudorabies virus infection triggers mitophagy to dampen the interferon response and promote viral replication. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 22;98(10):e0104824. PMID: 39212384
J Virol

SARS-CoV-2 and oncolytic EV-D68-encoded proteases differentially regulate pyroptosis. [Abstract]

2024 Feb 20;98(2):e0190923. PMID: 38289118
J Virol

The role of lysosomes as intermediates in betacoronavirus PHEV egress from nerve cells. [Abstract]

2023 Dec 21;97(12):e0133823. PMID: 38009916
J Periodontol

Temporal and spatial effects on C-reactive protein's regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase production in periodontal disease. [Abstract]

2024 Mar;95(3):268-280. PMID: 37515488
J Virol

Foot-and-mouth disease virus downregulates vacuolar protein sorting 28 to promote viral replication. [Abstract]

2023 Aug 31;97(8):e0018123. PMID: 37565750
J Virol

The SFTSV Nonstructural Proteins Induce Autophagy to Promote Viral Replication via Interaction with Vimentin. [Abstract]

2023 Apr 27;97(4):e0030223. PMID: 37039677
Microbiol Spectr

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus nsp5 Induces Incomplete Autophagy by Impairing the Interaction of STX17 and SNAP29. [Abstract]

2023 Feb 23;11(2):e0438622. PMID: 36815765
Clin Immunol

CD47-targeted immunotherapy unleashes antitumour immunity in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer. [Abstract]

2023 Feb:247:109238. PMID: 36690192
J Virol

African Swine Fever Virus pI215L Inhibits Type I Interferon Signaling by Targeting Interferon Regulatory Factor 9 for Autophagic Degradation. [Abstract]

2022 Sep 14;96(17):e0094422. PMID: 35972295
J Virol

Hsp70 Inhibits the Replication of Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4 by Suppressing Viral Hexon with the Assistance of DnaJC7. [Abstract]

2022 Aug 10;96(15):e0080722. PMID: 35852354
J Virol

ATF6-Mediated Unfolded Protein Response Facilitates Adeno-associated Virus 2 (AAV2) Transduction by Releasing the Suppression of the AAV Receptor on Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. [Abstract]

2022 Feb 9;96(3):e0110321. PMID: 34851146
J Virol

Porcine Deltacoronavirus Enters Porcine IPI-2I Intestinal Epithelial Cells via Macropinocytosis and Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis Dependent on pH and Dynamin. [Abstract]

2021 Nov 23;95(24):e0134521. PMID: 34586858
Neurochem Res

ACE2 Rescues Impaired Autophagic Flux Through the PI3K/AKT Pathway After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. [Abstract]

2022 Mar;47(3):601-612. PMID: 34708340
Chem Res Toxicol

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Quinone Induces NCOA4-Mediated Ferritinophagy through Selectively Autophagic Degradation of Ferritin. [Abstract]

2019 Dec 16;32(12):2509-2516. PMID: 31687807
Virol J

The effects of autophagy on the replication of Nelson Bay orthoreovirus. [Abstract]

2019 Jul 18;16(1):90. PMID: 31319897
J Pharmacol Exp Ther

Metabolic Mechanisms and a Rational Combinational Application of Carboxyamidotriazole in Fighting Pancreatic Cancer Progression after Chemotherapy. [Abstract]

2018 Oct;367(1):20-27. PMID: 30002095

Chloroquine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2018 Oct;367(1):20-27. [Abstract]

Protein expression of LC3B and p62 in Panc-1 cells treated with Carboxamidotriazole (CAI) and/or Chloroquine (CQ).
Cell Signal

circFAM53B-1 and circFAM53B-2 drive VSMC phenotypic modulation via ISG15-mediated suppression of SRF. [Abstract]

2026 Jul:143:112498. PMID: 41861925
Metabolites

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and Isoverbascoside Alleviate Oxidative Damage INS-1 and MIN6 β-Cells by Activating Autophagy and Inhibiting Apoptosis. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 6;16(1):48. PMID: 41590656
Cell Signal

Hsp70/CHIP E3 ligase complex triggers K149-linked ubiquitination and degradation of BEST1 mutants p.P233L and p.P346H, impairing chloride channel function and retinal integrity. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 26:139:112343. PMID: 41456629
Cell Signal

Targeting USP28 inhibits clear cell renal cell carcinoma growth. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 26:139:112344. PMID: 41456627
Cell Signal

Mechanical stretch accelerates endothelial cell injury by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated, autophagy-dependent ferroptosis in endothelial cells. [Abstract]

2026 Feb:138:112271. PMID: 41285224
Cell Signal

VMP1 enhances autophagy to mitigate cardiac fibroblast activation and reduce post-ischemia-reperfusion fibrosis. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 29:136:112105. PMID: 40886926
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res

GPX4 degradation contributes to heat stress-induced liver injury via chaperone-mediated autophagy. [Abstract]

2025 May 12;1872(6):119988. PMID: 40368268
Cell Signal

LAMP3 exacerbates autophagy-mediated neuronal damage through NF-kB in microglia. [Abstract]

2025 May:129:111658. PMID: 39954716
Mol Cell Biochem

STAT1 increases the sensitivity of lung adenocarcinoma to carbon ion irradiation via HO-1-mediated ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2025 Jul;480(7):4265-4281. PMID: 40087208
Cell Signal

Two novel SH3TC2 mutations predispose to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4C by mistargeting away from TFRC. [Abstract]

2025 Jun:130:111669. PMID: 39961410
Cell Signal

HDAC inhibitor enhances ferroptosis susceptibility of AML cells by stimulating iron metabolism. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 3:111583. PMID: 39756501
Mol Cell Biochem

Cytoglobin augments ferroptosis through autophagic degradation of ferritin in colorectal cancer cells. [Abstract]

2025 May;480(5):2881-2892. PMID: 39503803
Cell Signal

Inhibition of XIST restrains paclitaxel resistance in breast cancer cells by targeting hsa-let-7d-5p/ATG16L1 through regulation of autophagy. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 3:111534. PMID: 39638138
Cell Signal

PPM1G promotes autophagy and progression of pancreatic cancer via upregulating HMGB1. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 7:111342. PMID: 39121976
Mol Cell Biochem

A new gold(I) phosphine complex induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells by increasing reactive oxygen species. [Abstract]

2025 Apr;480(4):2265-2276. PMID: 38782835
Cell Signal

microRNA-125b-1-3p mediates autophagy via the RRAGD/mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway and mitigates atherosclerosis progression. [Abstract]

2024 Jun:118:111136. PMID: 38471617
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res

DDIT3/CHOP promotes LPS/ATP-induced pyroptosis in osteoblasts via mitophagy inhibition. [Abstract]

2024 Mar 22;1871(4):119712. PMID: 38521466
ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci

Cell Membrane-Anchored DNA Nanoinhibitor for Inhibition of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling Pathways via Steric Hindrance and Lysosome-Induced Protein Degradation. [Abstract]

2023 Dec 12;7(1):110-119. PMID: 38230289
Mol Cell Biochem

Inhibition of STIM1 alleviates high glucose-induced proliferation and fibrosis by inducing autophagy in mesangial cells. [Abstract]

2024 Sep;479(9):2365-2379. PMID: 37736800
ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci

Importance of N-Glycosylation for the Expression and Function of Human Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 2B1. [Abstract]

2023 Sep 1;6(10):1347-1356. PMID: 37854627
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res

Sirt3 activates autophagy to prevent DOX-induced senescence by inactivating PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in A549 cells. [Abstract]

2023 Feb;1870(2):119411. PMID: 36521686
Cell Signal

FOXO3a-dependent up-regulation of HSP90 alleviates cisplatin-induced apoptosis by activating FUNDC1-mediated mitophagy in hypoxic osteosarcoma cells. [Abstract]

2023 Jan:101:110500. PMID: 36270475
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res

DDIT3/CHOP promotes autophagy in chondrocytes via SIRT1-AKT pathway. [Abstract]

2021 Aug;1868(9):119074. PMID: 34087318
Mol Cell Biochem

OP16 induces deadly autophagy and apoptosis of cells by inhibiting Akt in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. [Abstract]

2020 Sep;472(1-2):219-230. PMID: 32671513
J Diabetes

Inhibition of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) attenuates podocyte apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by regulating autophagy flux. [Abstract]

2019 Oct;11(10):826-836. PMID: 30864227
Bone

Inhibiting autophagy further promotes Ginkgolide B's anti-osteoclastogenesis ability. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 29:192:117348. PMID: 39617111
Mol Cell Endocrinol

The glycolysis-related AMPK/ULK signaling pathway mediates the inhibitory effect of adiponectin in prostate cancer cells. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 8:112338. PMID: 39127402
Open Biol

Optogenetically engineered calcium oscillations promote autophagy-mediated cell death via AMPK activation. [Abstract]

2024 Apr;14(4):240001. PMID: 38653331
Heliyon

Inhibition of autophagosome-lysosome fusion contributes to TDCIPP-induced Aβ1-42 production in N2a-APPswe cells. [Abstract]

2024 Feb 21;10(8):e26832. PMID: 38628727
Heliyon

YAP promotes the healing of ischemic wounds by reducing ferroptosis in skin fibroblasts through inhibition of ferritinophagy. [Abstract]

2024 Jan 16;10(2):e24602. PMID: 38298641
J Nat Prod

Gamabufotalin Induces Apoptosis and Cytoprotective Autophagy through the mTOR Signaling Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. [Abstract]

2023 Apr 28;86(4):966-978. PMID: 37043698
J Nat Prod

Network Pharmacology Research and Dual-omic Analyses Reveal the Molecular Mechanism of Natural Product Nodosin Inhibiting Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer in Vitro and in Vivo. [Abstract]

2022 Aug 26;85(8):2006-2017. PMID: 35976233
Bone

Suppressing phosphoinositide-specific phospholipases Cγ1 promotes mineralization of osteoarthritic subchondral bone osteoblasts via increasing autophagy, thereby ameliorating articular cartilage degeneration. [Abstract]

2022 Jan:154:116262. PMID: 34813965
Microb Pathog

Effect of OmpA of Acinetobacter baumannii on apoptosis in pulmonary epithelial cells and its molecular mechanism. [Abstract]

2026 Jan:210:108193. PMID: 41260154
Exp Cell Res

SIRT1 rescues autophagic flux via PI3K/AKT/mTOR inactivation to suppress DOX-induced senescence in MCF-7 cells. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 15;452(1):114754. PMID: 40962168
J Sci Food Agric

Lipophagy modifies the catabolism of intracellular triglycerides by preferentially targeting small-sized lipid droplets in bovine mammary epithelial cells. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 13. PMID: 40944479
Mol Med Rep

ER‑α36 knockdown is associated with lysosomal dysfunction and proliferation inhibition in liver cancer cells. [Abstract]

2025 Oct;32(4):284. PMID: 40808340
Viruses

DNAJ Homolog Subfamily C Member 11 Stabilizes SARS-CoV-2 NSP3 to Promote Double-Membrane Vesicle Formation. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 22;17(8):1025. PMID: 40872740
Vet Res

African swine fever virus MGF505-4R facilitates cGAS degradation through TOLLIP-mediated selective autophagy and inhibits the formation of ISGF3 to evade innate immunity. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 5;56(1):137. PMID: 40618140
Vet Res

LGALS3BP/90K suppresses porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication by enhancing GP3 degradation and stimulating innate immunity. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 20;56(1):121. PMID: 40542445
Vet Res

Foot-and-mouth disease virus activates glycolysis and hijacks HK2 to inhibit innate immunity and promote viral replication. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 1;56(1):71. PMID: 40170113
Vet Res

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus degrades TANK-binding kinase 1 via chaperon-mediated autophagy to suppress type I interferon production and facilitate viral proliferation. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 14;55(1):151. PMID: 39543624
Exp Cell Res

Berberine increases the killing effect of pirarubicin on HCC cells by inhibiting ATG4B-autophagy pathway. [Abstract]

2024 May 13:114094. PMID: 38750718
Vet Res

Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus Nsp1 suppresses IFN-λ1 production by degrading IRF1 via ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 8;55(1):45. PMID: 38589958
Mol Med Rep

Norcantharidin inhibits the malignant progression of cervical cancer by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress. [Abstract]

2024 May;29(5):71. PMID: 38456480
Food Chem Toxicol

Excessive ER-phagy contributes to ochratoxin A-induced apoptosis. [Abstract]

2023 Jun:176:113793. PMID: 37080527
Vet Res

Nonstructural proteins 2B and 4A of Tembusu virus induce complete autophagy to promote viral multiplication in vitro. [Abstract]

2023 Mar 14;54(1):23. PMID: 36918952
Exp Cell Res

Exendin-4 alleviates myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury by enhancing autophagy through promoting nuclear translocation of TFEB. [Abstract]

2023 Feb 15;423(2):113469. PMID: 36627100
Viruses

Broad-Spectrum Host-Based Antivirals Targeting the Interferon and Lipogenesis Pathways as Potential Treatment Options for the Pandemic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). [Abstract]

2020 Jun 10;12(6):628. PMID: 32532085
Exp Cell Res

Diacylglycerol kinase γ predicts prognosis and functions as a tumor suppressor by negatively regulating glucose transporter 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. [Abstract]

2018 Dec 15;373(1-2):211-220. PMID: 30399372
Exp Cell Res

SUSD2 promotes cancer metastasis and confers cisplatin resistance in high grade serous ovarian cancer. [Abstract]

2018 Feb 15;363(2):160-170. PMID: 29305171
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol

Chrysin enhances sunitinib sensitivity in renal cell carcinoma by inducing ferroptosis via targeting PI3K/Akt/GPX4 pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 21:117531. PMID: 40848919
Eur J Med Res

NF-κB-mediated enhancement of H3K27me3 through EZH2: a mechanism to suppress pyocyanin-induced autophagy in macrophages. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 29;30(1):346. PMID: 40301947
Eur J Med Res

Shikonin induces the apoptosis and pyroptosis of EGFR-T790M-mutant drug-resistant non-small cell lung cancer cells via the degradation of cyclooxygenase-2. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 20;29(1):611. PMID: 39702296
Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai)

Ivermectin inhibits the growth of ESCC by activating the ATF4-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress-autophagy pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 22;57(6):995-1005. PMID: 39574166
ChemMedChem

Identification of Balanol as a potential inhibitor of PAK1 that induces apoptosis and cytoprotective autophagy in colorectal cancer cells. [Abstract]

2023 Sep 1;18(17):e202300114. PMID: 37323074
PLoS Negl Trop Dis

Sporothrix globosa melanin regulates autophagy via the TLR2 signaling pathway in THP-1 macrophages. [Abstract]

2023 May 4;17(5):e0011281. PMID: 37141335
J Immunol

Duck MARCH8 Negatively Regulates the RLR Signaling Pathway through K29-Linked Polyubiquitination of MAVS. [Abstract]

2023 Mar 15;210(6):786-794. PMID: 36715497
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol

Albendazole-induced autophagy blockade contributes to elevated apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma cells through AMPK/mTOR activation. [Abstract]

2022 Nov 1:454:116214. PMID: 36055539
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol

Mogrol suppresses lung cancer cell growth by activating AMPK-dependent autophagic death and inducing p53-dependent cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. [Abstract]

2022 Jun 1;444:116037. PMID: 35489526
BMC Complement Med Ther

Hinokiflavone induces apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and autophagy in chronic myeloid leukemia cells through MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2022 Apr 6;22(1):100. PMID: 35387632
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol

A novel halogenated adenosine analog 5'-BrDA displays potent toxicity against colon cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. [Abstract]

2022 Feb 1:436:115857. PMID: 34979143
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol

Targeting autophagy by natural product Ursolic acid for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. [Abstract]

2020 Dec 15;409:115271. PMID: 33065153
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol

Fostered Nrf2 expression antagonizes iron overload and glutathione depletion to promote resistance of neuron-like cells to ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2020 Nov 15;407:115241. PMID: 32937103
Cell Cycle

NaSH increases SIRT1 activity and autophagy flux through sulfhydration to protect SH-SY5Y cells induced by MPP~. [Abstract]

2020 Sep;19(17):2216-2225. PMID: 32787548
Vaccines

Autophagy Promotes Duck Tembusu Virus Replication by Suppressing p62/SQSTM1-Mediated Innate Immune Responses In Vitro. [Abstract]

2020 Jan 13;8(1):22. PMID: 31941042
PLoS Negl Trop Dis

Identification of anti-flaviviral drugs with mosquitocidal and anti-Zika virus activity in Aedes aegypti. [Abstract]

2019 Aug 20;13(8):e0007681. PMID: 31430351
Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai)

Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits apoptosis by increasing autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR signaling in serum deprivation macrophages. [Abstract]

2018 Feb 1;50(2):144-155. PMID: 29324976

Chloroquine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2018 Feb 1;50(2):144-155. [Abstract]

Raw264.7 macrophages treated without or with Rapamycin (1 μΜ) or Chloroquine (20 μΜ) for 48 h. Western blot shows the protein expression levels of Atg5, Beclin1, LC3, and p62/SQSMT1.
Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai)

WDR26 promotes mitophagy of cardiomyocytes induced by hypoxia through Parkin translocation. [Abstract]

2016 Dec;48(12):1075-1084. PMID: 27797717

Chloroquine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2016 Dec;48(12):1075-1084. [Abstract]

The change of LC3 is analyzed by western blotting after 6 h hypoxia in the presence or absence of Chloroquine of WDR26-overexpressing H9c2 cells.
Front Oncol

Hypoxia promotes pancreatic adenocarcinoma progression by stabilizing ID1 via TRIM21 suppression. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 21:15:1616968. PMID: 40919143
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids

Acteoside improves adipocyte browning by CDK6-mediated mTORC1-TFEB pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Sep;1868(9):159364. PMID: 37433343
Stem Cells Int

FAIM Enhances the Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation by Inhibiting JNK-Induced c-FLIP Ubiquitination and Degradation. [Abstract]

2022 Sep 30:2022:3705637. PMID: 36248256
Front Oncol

GEFT Inhibits Autophagy and Apoptosis in Rhabdomyosarcoma via Activation of the Rac1/Cdc42-mTOR Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]

2021 Jun 18:11:656608. PMID: 34221974
Neurotox Res

Duloxetine-Induced Neural Cell Death and Promoted Neurite Outgrowth in N2a Cells. [Abstract]

2020 Dec;38(4):859-870. PMID: 32415528
Photochem Photobiol Sci

Investigation of the impact of resveratrol on sublethal-dose ALA-PDT in glioblastoma cells. [Abstract]

2026 Apr;25(4):697-709. PMID: 41801670
Mol Carcinog

AOC3 Loss Promotes Imatinib Resistance in GIST by Stabilizing HK2 and Enhancing H3K18la-Driven Myc Transcription. [Abstract]

2026 Apr;65(4):407-421. PMID: 41570175
J Cancer

Resveratrol Induces Oxidative Stress and Downregulates GPX4 and xCT to Activate the Ferroptosis Pathway for Anti-Bladder Cancer Organoids. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 9;16(8):2613-2625. PMID: 40535803
J Cancer

Tanshinone IIA inhibits cell viability and promotes PUMA-mediated apoptosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. [Abstract]

2023 Aug 6;14(13):2481-2490. PMID: 37670974
Environ Toxicol

1-Monopalmitin promotes lung cancer cells apoptosis through PI3K/Akt pathway in vitro. [Abstract]

2023 Nov;38(11):2621-2631. PMID: 37466199
J Inorg Biochem

Metformin attenuates cadmium-induced degeneration of spiral ganglion neuron via restoring autophagic flux in primary culture. [Abstract]

2022 Sep:234:111901. PMID: 35716551
Front Neurosci

Extracellular Adenosine Triphosphate Binding to P2Y1 Receptors Prevents Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity: Involvement of Erk1/2 Signaling Pathway to Suppress Autophagy. [Abstract]

2022 Jun 7;16:901688. PMID: 35747207
Environ Toxicol

SIRT1/mTOR pathway-mediated autophagy dysregulation promotes Pb-induced hepatic lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. [Abstract]

2022 Mar;37(3):549-563. PMID: 34842334
Hum Exp Toxicol

EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor Almonertinib induces apoptosis and autophagy mediated by reactive oxygen species in non-small cell lung cancer cells. [Abstract]

2021 Dec;40(12_suppl):S49-S62. PMID: 34219533
J Dent Sci

3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine induces reactive oxygen species-mediated autophagy and thioredoxin-interactive protein/nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3 inflammasome activation in dental pulp stem cells. [Abstract]

2025 Jul;20(3):1782-1791. PMID: 40654447
Hum Cell

CircTBCK protects against osteoarthritis by regulating extracellular matrix and autophagy. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 25;38(2):60. PMID: 39998739
Hum Cell

Autophagy activation ameliorates the fibrosis of trabecular meshwork cells induced by TGFβ2 through the promotion of fibrotic proteins degradation. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 22;38(1):4. PMID: 39436499
Cancer Med

High glucose inhibits autophagy and promotes the proliferation and metastasis of colorectal cancer through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Jun;13(11):e7382. PMID: 38872380
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol

ent-8(14),15-Pimaradiene-2β,19-diol, a diterpene from Aleuritopteris albofusca, inhibits growth and induces protective autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. [Abstract]

2024 Sep;397(9):6867-6878. PMID: 38568289
Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)

Maintenance of the Expression of c-FLIPL by Hsp70 to Resist Licochalcone A-Induced Anti-Colorectal Cancer Effect through ERK-Mediated Autophagy Induction. [Abstract]

2023 Dec 1;28(12):325. PMID: 38179732
Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis

PIF1 Promotes Autophagy to Inhibit Chronic Hypoxia Induced Apoptosis of Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells. [Abstract]

2023 Jun 26:18:1319-1332. PMID: 37396201
Exp Dermatol

Lipopolysaccharide reduces melanin synthesis in vitiligo melanocytes by regulating autophagy. [Abstract]

2022 Oct;31(10):1579-1585. PMID: 35733278
Hum Cell

Transcription factor p8 regulates autophagy in response to disulfiram via PI3K/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer cells. [Abstract]

2022 Sep;35(5):1464-1474. PMID: 35749047
Mol Immunol

AMPK upregulates SOCS1 to promote TFEB nuclear transfer, enhances autophagy, inhibits macrophage M1 polarization and relieves acute lung injury. [Abstract]

2025 Nov:187:240-253. PMID: 41101172
Curr Issues Mol Biol

Mechanistic Insights into the Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Effects of ACY-1215: p53 Acetylation and Ubiquitination Regulation. [Abstract]

2025 May 8;47(5):338. PMID: 40699737
Arch Biochem Biophys

FYCO1 regulates autophagy and senescence via PAK1/p21 in cataract. [Abstract]

2024 Nov:761:110180. PMID: 39395618
Mol Cell Probes

A dual-labeling molecule for efficient drug discovery of mitochondrial-lysosomal interactions. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 5:76:101968. PMID: 38960210
Bioorg Med Chem

A novel selective estrogen receptor degrader induces cell cycle arrest in breast cancer via ERα degradation and the autophagy-lysosome pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Mar 15:82:117235. PMID: 36905762
Mol Immunol

Hydrogen sulfide attenuates ferroptosis and stimulates autophagy by blocking mTOR signaling in sepsis-induced acute lung injury. [Abstract]

2022 Jan:141:318-327. PMID: 34952420
Anticancer Agents Med Chem

Targeting Leptin as a Therapeutic Strategy against Ovarian Cancer Peritoneal Metastasis. [Abstract]

2017;17(8):1093-1101. PMID: 28002999
Oral Dis

Trehalose Alleviates the Advancement of Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis via Regulating the AMPK/ULK1 Autophagy Pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 22. PMID: 41123079
Discov Oncol

Lysionotin promoted apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via inducing autophagy. [Abstract]

2025 May 16;16(1):788. PMID: 40377756
Discov Oncol

ATF6 activation promotes tumorigenesis and drug resistance in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) by regulating the mTOR/S6K signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 9;16(1):499. PMID: 40205285
Am J Cancer Res

LINC02362/hsa-miR-18a-5p/FDX1 axis suppresses proliferation and drives cuproptosis and oxaliplatin sensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma. [Abstract]

2023 Nov 15;13(11):5590-5609. PMID: 38058825
Am J Cancer Res

UBE2S targets RPL26 for ubiquitination and degradation to promote non-small cell lung cancer progression via regulating c-Myc. [Abstract]

2023 Aug 15;13(8):3705-3720. PMID: 37693154
Am J Cancer Res

SIRT6 drives sensitivity to ferroptosis in anaplastic thyroid cancer through NCOA4-dependent autophagy. [Abstract]

2023 Feb 15;13(2):464-474. PMID: 36895980
Toxicol Lett

Low-dose cadmium exposure promotes osteoclastogenesis by enhancing autophagy via inhibiting the mTOR/p70S6K1 signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2022 Aug 15:367:9-18. PMID: 35843418
Endocrine

Thioredoxin-interacting protein: a critical link between autophagy disorders and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. [Abstract]

2020 Dec;70(3):526-537. PMID: 32892310
Toxicol Lett

Cadmium-induced cytotoxicity in mouse liver cells is associated with the disruption of autophagic flux via inhibiting the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes. [Abstract]

2020 Mar 15;321:32-43. PMID: 31862506
Am J Cancer Res

Induction of autophagy-dependent apoptosis in cancer cells through activation of ER stress: an uncovered anti-cancer mechanism by anti-alcoholism drug disulfiram. [Abstract]

2019 Jun 1;9(6):1266-1281. PMID: 31285958
Int J Biochem Cell Biol

EFNA3-mediated autophagy suppression drives breast cancer proliferation, EMT and metastasis via PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis. [Abstract]

2026 May:194:106928. PMID: 41763291
Int J Biochem Cell Biol

PROTAC-mediated degradation of Class I HDACs by JPS016 alleviates septic cardiomyopathy via mitophagy-driven exopher formation and mitochondrial quality control. [Abstract]

2026 Mar:192:106910. PMID: 41687730
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci

Deficiency in beclin1 alleviates doxorubicin-induced liver injury through inhibiting ferroptosis and autophagy. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 15:1274:124971. PMID: 41707439
Mol Biol Rep

Naringin mitigates liver damage in a tissue-engineered liver of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease model by promoting autophagy via the mTOR-ULK1 pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 9;52(1):1000. PMID: 41066001
Mol Biol Rep

GDF15 attenuates myocardial hypoxic injury by inhibiting mitochondrial damage through BNIP3 pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 13;52(1):825. PMID: 40801961
J Cell Biochem

Deficiency of HSF4 Increases the Secretion of Small Extracellular Vesicles via Upregulation of Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy. [Abstract]

2025 Apr;126(4):e70031. PMID: 40211689
Neuroscience

Reduction of Autophagosome Overload Attenuates Neuronal Cell Death After Traumatic Brain Injury. [Abstract]

2021 Apr 15:460:107-119. PMID: 33600885
Onco Targets Ther

ERK Activation-Mediated Autophagy Induction Resists Licochalcone A-Induced Anticancer Activities in Lung Cancer Cells in vitro. [Abstract]

2021 Jan 8:13:13437-13450. PMID: 33447049
J Cell Biochem

Adiponectin receptor agonist AdipoRon attenuates calcification of osteoarthritis chondrocytes by promoting autophagy. [Abstract]

2020 Jun;121(5-6):3333-3344. PMID: 31898335
Vet Microbiol

L-2-aminoadipic acid inhibits porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication by targeting and reducing cellular autophagy. [Abstract]

2026 May:316:110967. PMID: 41793871
Vet Microbiol

Sec6 suppresses BEFV-triggered type I IFN responses by promoting P62-mediated MAVS degradation. [Abstract]

2025 Sep:308:110658. PMID: 40780029
Animals (Basel)

A20 Alleviates the Inflammatory Response in Bovine Endometrial Epithelial Cells by Promoting Autophagy. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 6;14(19):2876. PMID: 39409825
Toxicol In Vitro

Metabolite of esculetin plays an important role in cytotoxic effects induced by chloroquine on porcine immature Sertoli cells. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 13:105941. PMID: 39278285
Arch Physiol Biochem

Mangiferin prevents glucolipotoxicity-induced pancreatic beta-cell injury through modulation of autophagy via AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 3:1-10. PMID: 39225043
Vet Microbiol

Cyclophilin A promotes porcine deltacoronavirus replication by regulating autophagy via the Ras/AKT/NF-κB pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 22:297:110190. PMID: 39084161
Vet Microbiol

Activation of the NLRP3-CASP-1 inflammasome is restrained by controlling autophagy during Glaesserella parasuis infection. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 20:295:110160. PMID: 38964034
BMC Pharmacol Toxicol

Rotenone activates the LKB1-AMPK-ULK1 signaling pathway to induce autophagy and apoptosis in rat thoracic aortic endothelial cells. [Abstract]

2024 May 23;25(1):33. PMID: 38783387
Toxicol In Vitro

PSAT1 promotes autophagy to resist insufficient autophagy caused by cigarette smoke extract in human airway epithelial cells. [Abstract]

2024 Feb:94:105711. PMID: 37832835
Immun Inflamm Dis

Naringenin ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis through activating AMPK-mediated autophagy in macrophages. [Abstract]

2023 Oct;11(10):e983. PMID: 37904715
Vet Microbiol

Newcastle disease virus nucleocapsid protein mediates the degradation of 14-3-3ε to antagonize the interferon response and promote viral replication. [Abstract]

2023 Sep:284:109851. PMID: 37598526
Vet Microbiol

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection inhibits NF-κB signaling pathway through cleavage of IKKβ by Nsp4. [Abstract]

2023 Jul:282:109767. PMID: 37141805
Immun Inflamm Dis

Acinetobacter baumannii outer membrane protein A induces autophagy in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells involving the PI3K/mTOR pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Apr;11(4):e830. PMID: 37102650

Chloroquine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Immun Inflamm Dis. 2023 Apr;11(4):e830. [Abstract]

Chloroquine (10 μM; 30 min) reverses the effect of OmpA on autophagy by inhibiting the expression of LC3 in BMDCs.

Chloroquine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Immun Inflamm Dis. 2023 Apr;11(4):e830. [Abstract]

Chloroquine (10 μM; 30 min) reverses the effect of OmpA on autophagy by inhibiting the expression of Beclin1 and LC3II/I while increasing the expression of P62 in BMDCs.
BMC Mol Cell Biol

RPL11 promotes non-small cell lung cancer cell proliferation by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell autophagy. [Abstract]

2023 Mar 3;24(1):7. PMID: 36869281
Vet Microbiol

GRAMD4 regulates PEDV-induced cell apoptosis inhibiting virus replication via the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Apr:279:109666. PMID: 36738512
BMC Pharmacol Toxicol

Synergistic anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of repurposed anti-parasitic drug combinations. [Abstract]

2022 Jun 18;23(1):41. PMID: 35717393
Virus Res

Channel catfish virus entry into host cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. [Abstract]

2022 Jul 2;315:198794. PMID: 35504448
Vet Microbiol

Lipid metabolism is a novel and practical source of potential targets for antiviral discovery against porcine parvovirus. [Abstract]

2021 Oct:261:109177. PMID: 34391196
Vet Microbiol

Autophagy is a defense mechanism controlling Streptococcus suis serotype 2 infection in murine microglia cells. [Abstract]

2021 Jul:258:109103. PMID: 33991788
Invest New Drugs

BIX-01294, a G9a inhibitor, suppresses cell proliferation by inhibiting autophagic flux in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. [Abstract]

2021 Jun;39(3):686-696. PMID: 33387131
PLoS One

Curcumin ameliorates aging-induced blood-testis barrier disruption by regulating AMPK/mTOR mediated autophagy. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 24;20(4):e0321752. PMID: 40273194
Arch Microbiol

Outer membrane vesicles from Pseudomonas aeruginosa induce autophagy-regulated pyroptosis in THP-1 cells. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 10;207(3):54. PMID: 39928143
Trop Med Infect Dis

Inhibiting Liver Autophagy and Promoting Hepatocyte Apoptosis by Schistosoma Japonicum Infection. [Abstract]

2024 Feb 4;9(2):42. PMID: 38393131
J Microbiol

Autophagy of bovine mammary epithelial cell induced by intracellular Staphylococcus aureus. [Abstract]

2020 Apr;58(4):320-329. PMID: 32103442
DNA Cell Biol

NUPR1 Silencing Induces Autophagy-Mediated Apoptosis in Multiple Myeloma Cells Through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway. [Abstract]

2020 Mar;39(3):368-378. PMID: 31971825
Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol

Ajugoside Promotes the Repair of Osteoporotic Bone by Inducing Osteogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. [Abstract]

2026 Mar;53(3):e70114. PMID: 41781351
Theriogenology

Regulation of autophagy-Ferroptosis crosstalk by the SLC7A11-GPX4 axis during sperm capacitation. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 24:254:117795. PMID: 41483535
Tissue Cell

WTAP-mediated m6A modification of PRMT1 regulates cuproptosis to promote anaplastic thyroid carcinoma progression. [Abstract]

2026 Feb:98:103221. PMID: 41240789
Tissue Cell

TBL2 modulates glioblastoma progression by inducing autophagy through by the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 14:98:103186. PMID: 41101043
Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol

Kaempferol Ameliorates Sepsis-Acute Lung Injury by Promoting Succinylation of SRPK1. [Abstract]

2025 Nov;52(11):e70077. PMID: 40960006
Chin J Integr Med

Curzerene Induces Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer Cells Through Inhibition of MEK/ERK Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 7. PMID: 40053192
Theriogenology

Melatonin promotes progesterone secretion in sheep luteal cells by regulating autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Jan 15:214:342-351. PMID: 37976799
J Cosmet Dermatol

IL-17A is involved in the hyperplasia of blood vessels in local lesions of psoriasis by inhibiting autophagy. [Abstract]

2024 Jan;23(1):326-338. PMID: 37635345
Traffic

AP2S1 regulates APP degradation through late endosome-lysosome fusion in cells and APP/PS1 mice. [Abstract]

2023 Jan;24(1):20-33. PMID: 36412210
Theriogenology

Melatonin mitigates Chloroquine-induced defects in porcine immature Sertoli cells. [Abstract]

2022 Jan 1:177:1-10. PMID: 34653791
Theriogenology

Lysosomal dysfunction disturbs porcine oocyte maturation and developmental capacity by disorganizing chromosome/cytoskeleton and activating autophagy/apoptosis. [Abstract]

2019 Dec:140:44-51. PMID: 31437668
Prostate

NPRL2 enhances autophagy and the resistance to Everolimus in castration-resistant prostate cancer. [Abstract]

2019 Jan;79(1):44-53. PMID: 30178500

Chloroquine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Prostate. 2019 Jan;79(1):44-53. [Abstract]

Treatment with sub-dose of Everolimus (10 nM), together with CQ (5 µM) increases the levels of Bax and cleaved PARP, and decreases the levels of Bcl-2 expression in both PC3 and LNPER cells.
Virology

Effects of synonymous codons with optimization / deoptimization in nucleoprotein (NP) gene of influenza A virus on interaction between NP and tripartite motif protein 25 (TRIM25). [Abstract]

2025 Sep:610:110626. PMID: 40669436
Toxicon

Ursolic acid enhances radiosensitivity in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by modulating p53/SLC7A11/GPX4 pathway-mediated ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 7:108233. PMID: 39788329
Am J Reprod Immunol

Autophagy activation alleviates the LPS-induced inflammatory response in endometrial epithelial cells in dairy cows. [Abstract]

2024 Feb;91(2):e13820. PMID: 38332507
Exp Ther Med

Ononin alleviates H2O2-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and improves cardiac function by activating the AMPK/mTOR/autophagy pathway. [Abstract]

2021 Nov;22(5):1307. PMID: 34584565
Exp Ther Med

Autophagy promotes invadopodia formation in human ovarian cancer cells via the p62-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway. [Abstract]

2021 Sep;22(3):952. PMID: 34335894
Biochem Biophys Res Commun

Proline metabolism supports the hepatocellular carcinoma cell survival by mitigating ROS generation under nutrient starvation. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 19:805:153392. PMID: 41650851
Biochem Biophys Res Commun

Regorafenib promotes ferroptosis in acute myeloid leukemia by upregulating NOX4. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 15:792:152981. PMID: 41242297
Biochem Biophys Res Commun

Human cytomegalovirus protein UL13 targets to mitochondria to induce cuproptosis. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 1:777:152330. PMID: 40652815
J Mol Histol

The effect of USP17 knockdown on autophagic ferroptosis in gastric cancer by regulating the BNIP3-NCOA4-FTH1 axis. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 31;56(4):245. PMID: 40742478
J Gene Med

Oncogenic tRNA-derived fragment tRF-Leu-CAG promotes tumorigenesis of lung cancer via targeting TCEA3 and increasing autophagy. [Abstract]

2024 Sep;26(9):e3737. PMID: 39198937
Head Neck

iPLA2β regulates the dual effects of arachidonic acid in thyroid cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Feb;47(2):504-516. PMID: 39290130
Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol

Effect of Chloroquine on Type 2 Inflammatory Response in MC903-Induced Atopic Dermatitis Mice. [Abstract]

2024 May 14:17:1093-1105. PMID: 38765196
Biochem Biophys Res Commun

Sesamin alleviates lipid accumulation induced by oleic acid via PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in HepG2 cells. [Abstract]

2024 May 14:708:149815. PMID: 38531220
Oncol Lett

Rapamycin inhibits B16 melanoma cell viability invitro and invivo by inducing autophagy and inhibiting the mTOR/p70‑S6k pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Feb 2;27(4):140. PMID: 38385108
Biochem Biophys Res Commun

Sympathetic β2-adrenergic receptor blockade overcomes docetaxel resistance in prostate cancer. [Abstract]

2023 May 21:657:69-79. PMID: 36989842
Biochem Biophys Res Commun

Autophagy inhibitors enhance biomolecular delivery efficiency of extracellular vesicles. [Abstract]

2022 May 7:603:130-137. PMID: 35287054
Biochem Biophys Res Commun

Identification of a new autophagy inhibitor targeting lipid droplets in vascular endothelial cells. [Abstract]

2021 Sep 24:571:195-200. PMID: 34330064
Oncol Lett

Polysaccharides from sporoderm-removed spores of Ganoderma lucidum induce apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells via disruption of autophagic flux. [Abstract]

2021 May;21(5):425. PMID: 33850566
Biochem Biophys Res Commun

Mild hypothermia pretreatment extenuates liver ischemia-reperfusion injury through Rab7-mediated autophagosomes-lysosomes fusion. [Abstract]

2021 Apr 23:550:15-21. PMID: 33677131
Biochem Biophys Res Commun

Exploring the mechanism of cisplatin resistance by transcriptome sequencing and reversing the chemoresistance by autophagy inhibition in small cell lung cancer. [Abstract]

2020 Dec 10;533(3):474-480. PMID: 32977950
Biochem Biophys Res Commun

Autophagy inhibition by reversine and its suppressive effects on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. [Abstract]

2020 Jul 12;528(1):105-111. PMID: 32456791
Biochem Biophys Res Commun

Combinatorial screening of a panel of FDA-approved drugs identifies several candidates with anti-Ebola activities. [Abstract]

2020 Feb 19;522(4):862-868. PMID: 31806372
Biochem Biophys Res Commun

Vaspin alleviates myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury via activating autophagic flux and restoring lysosomal function. [Abstract]

2018 Sep 5;503(2):501-507. PMID: 29730286

Chloroquine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018 Sep 5;503(2):501-507. [Abstract]

Western blot analysis of autophagy markers and LAMP2 in mice with AAV-vaspin and Chloroquine (CQ) pretreatment after I/R (1d).
Toxicol Res (Camb)

Polygonum barbatum extract induces ER stress-mediated UPR and autophagy to suppress colorectal cancer growth. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 29;15(1):tfaf188. PMID: 41623587
Connect Tissue Res

Creatine promotes osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells via the AMPK-ULK1-autophagy axis. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 11:1-14. PMID: 39930963
J Ocul Pharmacol Ther

Autophagy Protects Ocular Surface Against Overactivated Inflammation by Degrading Retinoic Acid-Induced Gene-I in Human Conjunctival Epithelial Cells. [Abstract]

2022 Jun;38(5):331-338. PMID: 35613408
Curr Eye Res

A Decrease in Autophagy Increases the Level of Collagen Type I Expression in Scleral Fibroblasts. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 4:1-8. PMID: 39229688
Curr Eye Res

FTY720 Suppresses Pathogenic Retinal Müller Cell Activation and Chronic Progression by Inhibiting the mTOR/NF-κB Signaling Pathway and Regulating Autophagy. [Abstract]

2024 Aug;49(8):862-871. PMID: 38577836
BMC Med Genomics

Truncated FRMD7 proteins in congenital Nystagmus: novel frameshift mutations and proteasomal pathway implications. [Abstract]

2024 Jan 26;17(1):36. PMID: 38279119
Reprod Biol

PFOS exposure destroys the integrity of the blood-testis barrier (BTB) through PI3K/AKT/mTOR-mediated autophagy. [Abstract]

2023 Dec 30;24(1):100846. PMID: 38160586
J Med Entomol

ReMOT Control Delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein Complex to Induce Germline Mutagenesis in the Disease Vector Mosquitoes Culex pipiens pallens (Diptera: Culicidae). [Abstract]

2021 May 15;58(3):1202-1209. PMID: 33590868
Neurosci Lett

SPARC induces phenotypic modulation of human brain vascular smooth muscle cells via AMPK/mTOR-mediated autophagy. [Abstract]

2019 Nov 1;712:134485. PMID: 31499136
Neurosci Lett

Low-dose cisplatin causes growth inhibition and loss of autophagy of rat astrocytes in vitro. [Abstract]

2018 Aug 24:682:112-117. PMID: 29913197

Chloroquine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Neurosci Lett. 2018 Aug 24:682:112-117. [Abstract]

After treatment of CDDP with or without the autophagy inhibitor CQ, the expression of LC3-II in the CQ+CDDP group is less than that in the CQ group but is higher than that in the CDDP group at 24 h and 96 h.
Cell Physiol Biochem

Metabolic Shift Induced by ω -3 PUFAs and Rapamycin Lead to Cancer Cell Death. [Abstract]

2018;48(6):2318-2336. PMID: 30114709

Chloroquine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;48(6):2318-2336. [Abstract]

Cells are treated with Rapamycin (Rp; 10 μM)+Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 40 μM) with or without Chloroquine (CQ; 5 μM) for 48 h. Cell extracts are prepared and subjected to western blot analysis.
Biomed Rep

Spermidine mitigates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by enhancing autophagic flux. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 25;23(6):183. PMID: 41089344
J Thorac Dis

Circular RNA circFTO promotes pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy by encoding a novel protein FTO-36aa. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 31;17(8):6127-6150. PMID: 40950872
Drug Chem Toxicol

Acrylamide induces intrinsic apoptosis and inhibits protective autophagy via the ROS mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathway in U87-MG cells. [Abstract]

2022 Nov;45(6):2601-2612. PMID: 34551652
Cancer Invest

Quinacrine Depletes BCR-ABL and Suppresses Ph-Positive Leukemia Cells. [Abstract]

2019;37(6):242-252. PMID: 31296070
Anticancer Res

Combinations of Salmonella typhimurium A1-R, Recombinant Methioninase, and Chloroquine, Each Targeting Fundamental Cancer Hallmarks, Are Selectively Effective on Colon Cancer Cells Compared to Normal Fibroblasts. [Abstract]

2025 Sep;45(9):3661-3668. PMID: 40876983
Anticancer Res

The Triple Combination of Recombinant Methioninase, Rapamycin, and Chloroquine Synergistically Eradicates HCT116 Colon Cancer Cells. [Abstract]

2025 Jul;45(7):2773-2779. PMID: 40578963
Biol Open

Targeted inhibition of GRP78 by HA15 promotes apoptosis of lung cancer cells accompanied by ER stress and autophagy. [Abstract]

2020 Nov 12;9(11):bio053298. PMID: 33115703
In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim

SQSTM1/p62 is involved in docosahexaenoic acid-induced cellular autophagy in glioblastoma cell lines. [Abstract]

2019 Oct;55(9):703-712. PMID: 31429038
Sep Sci Plus

2025 Jan 07.
Biochem Genet

Myricetin Restores Autophagy to Attenuate Lumbar Intervertebral Disk Degeneration Via Negative Regulation of the JAK2/STAT3 Pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Jun;63(3):2743-2759. PMID: 38842745
Am J Transl Res

PCSK9 inhibitors suppress oxidative stress and inflammation in atherosclerotic development by promoting macrophage autophagy. [Abstract]

2023 Aug 15;15(8):5129-5144. PMID: 37692938
Curr Med Sci

Maternal Electronic Cigarette Exposure Induces Dysregulation of Autophagy via Oxidative Stress/DNA Methylation in Pulmonary Hypertension Offspring. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 24. PMID: 40553255
J Nippon Med Sch

Vitamin D Receptor Regulates Autophagy to Inhibit Apoptosis and Promote Proliferation in Hepatocyte Injury. [Abstract]

2023;90(1):89-95. PMID: 36908130
J Asian Nat Prod Res

Iridoid glycosides from Morinda officinalis induce lysosomal biogenesis and promote autophagic flux to attenuate oxidative stress. [Abstract]

2024 May;26(5):562-574. PMID: 37897053
Can J Physiol Pharmacol

Inhibition of autophagy improves resistance and enhances sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to cisplatin. [Abstract]

2020 Jul;98(7):449-458. PMID: 32058824
bioRxiv

Small-molecule modulators of HIPK4 activity and proteostasis. [Abstract]

2026 May 14:2026.05.12.724395. PMID: 42182270
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2026 Apr 9.
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2026 Mar 6.
eGastroenterology

Phosphoinositide kinase PIKfyve inhibitor apilimod blocks hepatitis E virus infection. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 31;4(1):e100348. PMID: 41948149
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2026 Mar 11.
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2026 Feb 5.
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2026 Jan 12.
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2026 Jan 2.
bioRxiv

2026 Jan 10.
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2025 Dec 26.
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2025 Nov 24.
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2025 Sep 30.
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2025 Oct 6.
University of Otago

2025 Oct 7.
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2025 Aug 13.
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2025 Aug 22.
bioRxiv

2025 July 03.
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2025 Jul 27.
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2025 May 18.
Patent

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2025 May 22.
bioRxiv

2025 May 05.
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2025 Mar 26.
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2025 Apr 4.
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2025 Feb 16.
bioRxiv

2025 February 08.
Research Square Preprint

2024 Dec 03.
Research Square Preprint

2025 Jan 08.
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2024 Oct 27.
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2024 Nov 26.
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2024 Nov 18.
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bioRxiv

2024 August 30.
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bioRxiv

LKB1 suppresses growth and promotes the internalization of EGFR through the PIKFYVE lipid kinase. [Abstract]

2023 Oct 20:2023.10.19.563158. PMID: 37904985
bioRxiv

Interpretable representation learning for 3D multi-piece intracellular structures using point clouds. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 27:2024.07.25.605164. PMID: 39091871
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bioRxiv

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DOPAMINE D4 RECEPTOR DOWN-REGULATES RENAL SODIUM CHLORIDE COTRANSPORTER VIA UBIQUITINATION-ASSOCIATED LYSOSOME DEGRADATION. [Abstract]

2024 Feb 16:2024.02.14.580405. PMID: 38405772
bioRxiv

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Medical University of South Carolina

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bioRxiv

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High-Content Small Molecule Screen Identifies a Novel Compound That Restores AP-4-Dependent Protein Trafficking in Neuronal Models of AP-4-Associated Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia. [Abstract]

2023 Jun 12:rs.3.rs-3036166. PMID: 37398196
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bioRxiv

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Evid Based Complement Alternat Med

Hugan Buzure Induces Autophagy and Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]

2022 Dec 19:2022:1618491. PMID: 38094222
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Pharmacological Research-Modern Chinese Medicine

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Oxid Med Cell Longev

Rosin Derivative IDOAMP Inhibits Prostate Cancer Growth via Activating RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]

2022 Aug 4:2022:9325973. PMID: 35965682
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Evid Based Complement Alternat Med

Idebenone-Activating Autophagic Degradation of α-Synuclein via Inhibition of AKT-mTOR Pathway in a SH-SY5Y-A53T Model of Parkinson's Disease: A Network Pharmacological Approach. [Abstract]

2021 Sep 16;2021:8548380. PMID: 34567221
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SMARCB1 Promotes Ubiquitination and Degradation of NR4A3 via Direct Interaction Driven by ROS in Vascular Endothelial Cell Injury. [Abstract]

2020 Oct 23;2020:2048210. PMID: 33163142
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Oxid Med Cell Longev

GPA Peptide-Induced Nur77 Localization at Mitochondria Inhibits Inflammation and Oxidative Stress through Activating Autophagy in the Intestine. [Abstract]

2020 Aug 20;2020:4964202. PMID: 32904539
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Oncotarget

RA and ω-3 PUFA co-treatment activates autophagy in cancer cells. [Abstract]

2017 Nov 22;8(65):109135-109150. PMID: 29312596

Chloroquine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oncotarget. 2017 Nov 22;8(65):109135-109150. [Abstract]

Cells are treated with RA (20 μM) plus ω-3 PUFAs (80 μM) with or without CQ (5 μM) for 24 h. Cell extracts are prepared and subjected to western blotting analysis.
Tumour Biol

Upregulation of CD44v6 contributes to acquired chemoresistance via the modulation of autophagy in colon cancer SW480 cells. [Abstract]

2016 Jul;37(7):8811-24. PMID: 26747179

Chloroquine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Tumour Biol. 2016 Jul;37(7):8811-24. [Abstract]

Assays for autophagy activity. Immunoblot analysis for LC3B. Compared with the Lenti-NC cells, the Lenti-CD44v6 cells display a higher intensity of autophagy flux but not steady-state levels when treated with 5-FU (*P<0.001).

용액&용해도

In Vitro:

DMSO : 200 mg/mL (625.25 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

Ethanol : 100 mg/mL (312.63 mM; Need ultrasonic)

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

3.1263 mL

15.6314 mL

31.2627 mL

5 mM

0.6253 mL

3.1263 mL

6.2525 mL

10 mM

0.3126 mL

1.5631 mL

3.1263 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

몰농도 계산기

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass Mass

Concentration Concentration

Volume Volume

Molecular Weight Molecular Weight

농도 희석 계산기

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

Concentration _(start) Concentration _(start)

Volume _(start) Volume _(start)

Concentration _(final) Concentration _(final)

Volume _(final) Volume _(final)

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

Stock Solution Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline

Solubility: ≥ 5 mg/mL (15.63 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (50.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil

Solubility: ≥ 5 mg/mL (15.63 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 5 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (50.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

Protocol 3

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (7.82 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:

It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.

The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 50% PEG300 50% Saline

Solubility: 10 mg/mL (31.26 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic and warming and heat to 44°C

Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 15% Cremophor EL 85% Saline

Solubility: 10 mg/mL (31.26 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

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The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).

Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL

순도&문서

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (275 KB)
SDS (393 KB)
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COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Said A, et al. Chloroquine promotes IL-17 production by CD4+ T cells via p38-dependent IL-23 release by monocyte-derived Langerhans-like cells. J Immunol. 2014 Dec 15;193(12):6135-43. [Content Brief]

[2]. Tuomela J, et al. Chloroquine has tumor-inhibitory and tumor-promoting effects in triple-negative breast cancer. Oncol Lett. 2013 Dec;6(6):1665-1672. [Content Brief]

[3]. Mohamed FE, et al. Effect of toll-like receptor 7 and 9 targeted therapy to prevent the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int. 2014 Jul 2. doi: 10.1111/liv.12626. [Content Brief]

[4]. Colson P, et al. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as available weapons to fight COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(4):105932. [Content Brief]

[5]. Savarino A, et al. The anti-HIV-1 activity of chloroquine. J Clin Virol. 2001;20(3):131-135. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
Ethanol / DMSO	1 mM	3.1263 mL	15.6314 mL	31.2627 mL	78.1568 mL
	5 mM	0.6253 mL	3.1263 mL	6.2525 mL	15.6314 mL
	10 mM	0.3126 mL	1.5631 mL	3.1263 mL	7.8157 mL
	15 mM	0.2084 mL	1.0421 mL	2.0842 mL	5.2105 mL
	20 mM	0.1563 mL	0.7816 mL	1.5631 mL	3.9078 mL
	25 mM	0.1251 mL	0.6253 mL	1.2505 mL	3.1263 mL
	30 mM	0.1042 mL	0.5210 mL	1.0421 mL	2.6052 mL
	40 mM	0.0782 mL	0.3908 mL	0.7816 mL	1.9539 mL
	50 mM	0.0625 mL	0.3126 mL	0.6253 mL	1.5631 mL
	60 mM	0.0521 mL	0.2605 mL	0.5210 mL	1.3026 mL
	80 mM	0.0391 mL	0.1954 mL	0.3908 mL	0.9770 mL
	100 mM	0.0313 mL	0.1563 mL	0.3126 mL	0.7816 mL

Keywords

Chloroquine

1197 Cited Publications

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Chloroquine

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Chemical Information

Publications (1197)

용액&용해도

순도&문서

References

Help & FAQs

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Chloroquine Related Classifications

Cat. No.: HY-17589A