(Rac)-Anemonin
Based on 1 Customer Validation
(Rac)-Anemonin ((Rac)-Pulsatilla camphor; (Rac)-Anemonine) is an isomer of Anemonin. Anemonin is a naturally occurring bislactone small molecule derived from Ranunculaceae with blood-brain barrier permeability, possessing a variety of activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, melanogenesis-inhibiting, and antiparasitic effects. Anemonin inhibits iNOS to reduce NO release; it inhibits PKC-θ protein expression and downregulates the pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6; it enhances the activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px, and reduces MDA and ROS levels. Anemonin modulates the Bcl-2 / Bax / caspase-3 pathway to inhibit apoptosis; it downregulates melanogenesis-related molecules including MITF, TYR, TRP1, and TRP2, thereby inhibiting melanin synthesis in human melanocytes. Anemonin inhibits Leishmania and Schistosoma mansoni. Anemonin is used in research related to diseases such as hyperpigmentation, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, inflammation, sepsis-induced acute lung injury, acute ulcerative colitis, leishmaniasis, and schistosomiasis.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity : 98.48%
- CAS No.: 90921-11-2
- Formula: C10H8O4
- Molecular Weight:192.17
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Storage:Powder -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 6 months , -20°C, 1 month
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
Biological Activity
Description
In Vitro
Anemonin exhibits low cytotoxicity in human melanocytes, with cell viability remaining above 96% at 50 μM[1].
Anemonin (10-50 μM; 8-48 h) inhibits cellular tyrosinase activity in human melanocytes in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 43.4 μM[1].
Anemonin (20-50 μM; 8-48 h) reduces melanin content in human melanocytes; it decreases TYR, TRP1, and TRP2/DCT protein expression in human melanocytes in a dose- and time-dependent manner, particularly affecting TYR and TRP2[1].
Anemonin (20-50 μM; 24 h) downregulates the mRNA expression of TYR, TYRP1, and TYRP2 in human melanocytes in a dose-dependent manner[1].
Anemonin (20-40 μM; 24 h) downregulates MITF mRNA expression in human melanocytes in a dose-dependent manner[1].
Anemonin does not affect the viability of LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages even at 100 μM[3].
Anemonin (2.5-30 μM; 24 h) inhibits LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages with an IC50 of 5.37 μM[3].
Anemonin (2.5-30 μM; 24 h) inhibits iNOS protein expression in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner[3].
Anemonin (2.5-30 μM; 6 h) inhibits LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner, without affecting GAPDH mRNA expression[3].
Anemonin (2.5-10 μM; 48 h) shows no cytotoxicity in HT-29 cells and attenuates LPS-induced inflammation in HT-29 cells by downregulating the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner[5].
Anemonin (2.5-10 μM; 24 h) is not cytotoxic to LPS-stimulated MH-S and MLE-12 cells[4].
Anemonin (2.5-10 μM; 24 h) dose-dependently inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA expression and secretion in MH-S and MLE-12 cells; combination with the NF-κB inhibitor PDTC enhances the inhibition of inflammatory responses; the anti-inflammatory effect is suppressed under Nrf2 knockdown[4].
Anemonin (2.5-10 μM; 24 h) inhibits LPS-induced activation of the NF-κB pathway and enhances activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in MH-S and MLE-12 cells[4].
Anemonin (2.5-10 μM; 24 h) reverses LPS-induced oxidative stress in MH-S and MLE-12 cells by decreasing MDA content and increasing SOD and CAT activities[4].
Anemonin (2.5-10 μM) inhibits PKC-θ protein expression in a dose-dependent manner in HT-29 cells without affecting PRKCQ gene transcription, significantly reduces TNF-α mRNA levels, and exerts no significant effect on PRKCQ and PTPN2 gene transcription; PRKCQ overexpression reverses the inhibitory effects of Anemonin on cytokine mRNA production and cytokine protein production in HT-29 cells[5].
Anemonin (0.00565-1000 µg/mL; 48 h) exhibits a CC50 of 5.39 µg/mL (28.00 nM) against mouse peritoneal macrophages and shows hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes with an LC50 of 91.00 µg/mL (473.95 nM)[6].
Anemonin (0.000565-100 µg/mL; 72 h) exhibits potent anti-promastigote activity against L. aethiopica and L. donovani with IC50 values of 0.257 µg/mL (1.33 nM) and 0.303 µg/mL (1.58 nM), respectively; and exhibits potent anti-amastigote activity against L. aethiopica and L. donovani with IC50 values of 0.239 µg/mL (1.24 nM) and 0.368 µg/mL (1.91 nM), respectively[6].
Anemonin (1-10 µM; 72 h) exhibits high antischistosomal activity against S. mansoni NTS, with activity of 93.75% at 10 µM and 41.38% at 1 µM; it exhibits moderate antischistosomal activity against adult S. mansoni, with activity of 48.95% at 10 µM[6].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
In Vivo
Anemonin (150 mg/kg; i.p.; single administration) penetrates the blood-brain barrier in rats and reaches a maximum brain-to-plasma partition coefficient (Ri) of 0.7 at 90 min after administration[2].
Anemonin (5-100 μM; incubation; 6 h for endothelium-denuded rings, 20 min for endothelium-intact rings) reverses LPS-induced hyporeactivity of blood vessels to phenylephrine without affecting eNOS-mediated endothelium-dependent relaxation, which is consistent with selective inhibition of iNOS[3].
Anemonin (10 mg/kg; i.p.; single injection simultaneously with LPS) attenuates sepsis-induced acute lung injury in mice by inhibiting inflammatory responses and oxidative stress[4].
Anemonin (10 mg/kg; i.p.) reduces LPS-induced mortality in a mouse model of sepsis-induced ALI[4].
Anemonin (2-10 mg/kg; i.p.; daily; 7 days) alleviates DSS-induced acute ulcerative colitis in mice by inhibiting colonic tissue inflammation and suppressing PKC-θ protein expression[5].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 90921-11-2
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 192.17
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Formula C10H8O4
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Color White to off-white
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SMILES
O=C1C=CC2(C3(CC2)C=CC(O3)=O)O1
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Synonyms
(Rac)-Pulsatilla camphor; (Rac)-Anemonine
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Structure Classification
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Initial Source
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro:
DMSO : ≥ 200 mg/mL (1040.75 mM; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
* "≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
In Vivo:
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 5 mg/mL (26.02 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (50.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 5 mg/mL (26.02 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (50.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
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%DMSO +
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
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%+
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+%Tween-80 + +
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%Saline +
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO. Stock solution concentration: mg/mL.
1. Take μL DMSO stock solution;
2. Add μL .
μL , mix evenly;
3. Then add μL Tween 80, mix evenly;
4. Then add μL
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (306 KB)
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SDS (394 KB)
- English - EN (394 KB)
- Français - FR (394 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (394 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (394 KB)
- Español - ES (394 KB)
- Swedish - SV (394 KB)
- Italian - IT (394 KB)
- Korean - KR (394 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (394 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[3]. Lee TH, et al. Anemonin, from Clematis crassifolia, potent and selective inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2008 Mar 28;116(3):518-27. [Content Brief]
[5]. Jiang L, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of anemonin on acute ulcerative colitis via targeted regulation of protein kinase C-θ. Chinese medicine. 2022 Mar 28;17(1):39. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMSO | 1 mM | 5.2037 mL | 26.0186 mL | 52.0373 mL | 130.0931 mL |
| 5 mM | 1.0407 mL | 5.2037 mL | 10.4075 mL | 26.0186 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5204 mL | 2.6019 mL | 5.2037 mL | 13.0093 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.3469 mL | 1.7346 mL | 3.4692 mL | 8.6729 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.2602 mL | 1.3009 mL | 2.6019 mL | 6.5047 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.2081 mL | 1.0407 mL | 2.0815 mL | 5.2037 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.1735 mL | 0.8673 mL | 1.7346 mL | 4.3364 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.1301 mL | 0.6505 mL | 1.3009 mL | 3.2523 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.1041 mL | 0.5204 mL | 1.0407 mL | 2.6019 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0867 mL | 0.4336 mL | 0.8673 mL | 2.1682 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0650 mL | 0.3252 mL | 0.6505 mL | 1.6262 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0520 mL | 0.2602 mL | 0.5204 mL | 1.3009 mL |
(Rac)-Anemonin Related Classifications
HY-N0278A Related Classifications
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Keywords
- (Rac)-Anemonin
- 90921-11-2
- (Rac)-Pulsatilla camphor
- (Rac)-Anemonine
- PKC
- NO Synthase
- Parasite
- Caspase
- Bcl-2 Family
- Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
- Tyrosinase
- Interleukin Related
- TNF Receptor
- Drug Isomer
- RAW 264.7 macrophages
- MH-S and MLE-12 cells
- HT-29 cells
- cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury
- iNOS inhibitor
- tyrosinase inhibitor
- blood-brain barrier-penetrant
- human melanocytes
- Leishmania
- Schistosoma mansoni
- Inhibitor
- inhibitor
- inhibit